Implementing Chile's national digital identity strategy

References

[8] Aad, I. (2023), Zero-Knowledge Proof, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33386-6.

[31] Agency for Digital Government (2025), Digital identitetsplånbok: Diggs roll och samverkan med andra, https://www.digg.se/digitala-tjanster/digital-identitetsplanbok/diggs-roll-och-samverkan-med-andra-.

[40] Agency for Digital Government (2025), Erbjud inloggning med svenska e-legitimationer - Inför anslutning, https://www.digg.se/digitala-tjanster/e-legitimering/erbjud-inloggning-med-svenska-e-legitimationer/infor-anslutning-#h-Auktorisationssystemforelektroniskidentifiering.

[34] BankID (2025), BankID and Swedish e-ID, https://www.bankid.com/en/juridik-och-regelverk.

[35] BankID (2025), BankID in numbers, https://www.bankid.com/en/om-oss/statistik.

[32] BankID (2025), Our history, https://www.bankid.com/om-oss/historia.

[33] BankID (2025), Säkerhet i fokus, https://www.bankid.com/foretag/saekerhet.

[13] Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (2024), Defending Against Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Bypass Attacks, https://www.csa.gov.sg/alerts-and-advisories/advisories/ad-2024-020 (accessed on  July 2025).

[44] DDNews (2025), Aadhaar face authentication crosses 200 crore transactions, doubles in just 6 months, https://ddnews.gov.in/en/aadhaar-face-authentication-crosses-200-crore-transactions-doubles-in-just-6-months/.

[26] Dipartimento per la trasformazione digitale (2025), Identità Digitale: firmato il decreto che assegna 40 milioni di euro ai gestori Spid, https://innovazione.gov.it/notizie/comunicati-stampa/identita-digitale-firmato-il-decreto-che-assegna-40-milioni-di-euro-ai-gestori-spid/.

[27] Dipartimento per la trasformazione digitale (2024), IT-Wallet: three digital documents available for all Italian citizens and residents, https://innovazione.gov.it/notizie/articoli/en/it-wallet-three-digital-documents-available-for-all-italian-citizens-and-resident/.

[23] e-estonia (2025), Estonia’s e-ID: The Cornerstone of a Seamless Digital Society, https://e-estonia.com/solutions/estonian-e-identity/id-card/ (accessed on  July 2025).

[12] Entrust (2025), 2025 Identity Fraud Report, https://www.entrust.com/sites/default/files/documentation/reports/2025-identity-fraud-report.pdf.

[36] European Commission (2025), EU Digital Identity Wallet Pilot implementation, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eudi-wallet-implementation.

[7] European Commission (2025), European Business Wallet: digital identity, secure data exchange and legal notifications for simple, digital business, https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/14663-European-Business-Wallet-digital-identity-secure-data-exchange-and-legal-notifications-for-simple-digital-business_en (accessed on  July 2025).

[37] European Commission (2025), European Digital Identity (EUDI) Regulation, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eudi-regulation?.

[6] European Commission (2025), What are EU Digital Identity Wallets, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/sites/spaces/EUDIGITALIDENTITYWALLET/pages/791609471/What+is+the+Wallet (accessed on  July 2025).

[16] G20 Digital Ministers (2024), G20 Maceió Ministerial Declaration on Digital Inclusion for All, https://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2024/240913-digital-ministerial-declaration.html (accessed on  July 2025).

[18] G7 Digital and Tech Ministers (2024), Ministerial Meeting on Technology and Digital - G7 Joint Statement, https://g7g20-documents.org/fileadmin/G7G20_documents/2024/G7/Italy/Ministerial%20Meetings/Science%20and%20Technology%20Ministers/1%20Ministers'%20Language/Final%20G7%20digital%20joint%20ministerial%20statement_20241015.pdf.

[5] Gartner (2024), Gartner Predicts At Least 500 Million Smartphone Users Will Be Using a Digital Identity Wallet by 2026, https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-09-24-gartner-predicts-at-least-500-million-smartphone-users-will-be-using-a-digital-identity-wallet-by-2026 (accessed on  July 2025).

[29] General Services Administration (2025), What is Login.gov?, https://www.login.gov/what-is-login/ (accessed on  July 2025).

[21] Global Government Forum (2021), National digital identity systems: why private sector participation matters, https://www.globalgovernmentforum.com/national-digital-identity-systems-why-private-sector-participation-matters/ (accessed on  July 2025).

[19] gov.br (2024), Brasil e Uruguai apresentam parceria que possibilita uso de serviços digitais transfronteiriços, https://www.gov.br/governodigital/pt-br/noticias/brasil-e-uruguai-apresentam-parceria-que-possibilita-uso-de-servicos-digitais-transfronteiricos (accessed on  July 2025).

[25] Government of Singapore (2025), Corppass - About Us, https://www.corppass.gov.sg/corppass/common/aboutus (accessed on  July 2025).

[24] Government of Singapore (2025), Singpass: Your trusted digital identity, https://www.singpass.gov.sg/main/trusted-identity/ (accessed on  July 2025).

[43] Inter-American Development Bank (2019), Uruguay to simplify procedures for accessing public services with IDB support, https://www.iadb.org/en/news/uruguay-simplify-procedures-accessing-public-services-idb-support.

[10] Iproov (2024), iProov Threat Intelligence Report 2024: The Impact of Generative AI on Remote Identity Verification, https://www.iproov.com/reports/iproov-threat-intelligence-report-2024.

[41] La direction interministérielle du numérique (2025), FranceConnect: Documentation Fournisseur de Service - Fonctionnement général de FranceConnect et FranceConnect +, https://docs.partenaires.franceconnect.gouv.fr/fs/.

[45] Ministerio de Hacienda; Secretaría de Gobierno Digital (2025), Estrategia de Identidad Digital, https://cms-dgd-prod.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/uploads/pdf/ESTRATEGIA_DE_IDENTIDAD_DIGITAL.pdf?.

[38] MitID (2025), About MitID, https://www.mitid.dk/om-mitid/ (accessed on  July 2025).

[28] National Institute of Standards and Technology (2025), NIST Special Publication SP 800-63-4: Digital Identity Guidelines, https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-4.

[39] Norwegian digitalisation agency (2025), Kostnadsmodell for ID-porten, https://samarbeid.digdir.no/id-porten/kostnadsmodell-id-porten/66.

[14] OECD (2025), “A quantum technologies policy primer”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 371, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/fd1153c3-en.

[4] OECD (2024), “Digital public infrastructure for digital governments”, OECD Public Governance Policy Papers, No. 68, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ff525dc8-en.

[17] OECD (2024), G7 Mapping Exercise of Digital Identity Approaches, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/56fd4e94-en.

[9] OECD (2024), OECD – FSB Roundtable on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Finance - Summary of Key Findings, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/digital-finance/OECD%20%E2%80%93%20FSB%20Roundtable%20on%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20(AI)%20in%20Finance.pdf.

[2] OECD (2023), Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Digital Identity, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0491/.

[22] OECD (2020), Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Infrastructure, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0460.

[46] OECD (2019), Digital Government in Chile – Digital Identity, OECD Digital Government Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9ecba35e-en.

[1] OECD (2019), Digital Government in Chile – Digital Identity, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9ecba35e-en.

[42] Public Digital (2023), Show the Thing 5: Uruguay (AGESIC) - Digital ID and digital signature, https://public.digital/pd-insights/blog/2023/11/show-the-thing-5-uruguay-agesic-id-uruguay-y-firma-gub-uy?.

[20] RedGEALC (2025), Digital signature and authentication, https://www.redgealc.org/lineas-de-trabajo/servicios-transfronterizos/.

[11] Shahid Hanif, M. (2024), “Synthetic Identities: The Darker Side Of Generative AI”, Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbestechcouncil/2025/08/29/the-gen-z-effect-will-drive-insurance-to-become-hyper-personalized-and-ai-native/.

[15] SVT Nyheter (2025), Avancerad överbelastningsattack mot Bank-id: ”Kommer definitivt hända igen”, https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/avancerad-overbelastningsattack-mot-bank-id-kommer-definitivt-handa-igen.

[30] Swedish Government Offices (2025), Regeringen ger Polismyndigheten i uppdrag att utfärda statlig e-legitimation, https://regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2025/03/regeringen-ger-polismyndigheten-i-uppdrag-att-utfarda-statlig-e-legitimation/.

[3] White, O. et al. (2019), Digital Identification: A key to inclusive growth, McKiney Global Institute, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital/our%20insights/digital%20identification%20a%20key%20to%20inclusive%20growth/mgi-digital-identification-report.pdf.