Government at a Glance 2025: Korea
Table of contents
Good governance is instrumental for enhancing individuals’ sense of dignity in their interaction with governments, restoring individual and collective sense of security in the face of rapid societal and economic changes, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of government to boost productivity. Central to this effort is the strategic use of digital technologies to increase transparency, responsiveness, and data-driven decision-making. Equally important are the modernisation of procurement systems, the upgrading of budgeting frameworks, and the reform of regulatory structures - all of which are essential for navigating the complex challenges ahead.
Governments today must navigate a fast-changing digital landscape and growing public expectations of seamless services. The Digital Government Index (DGI) benchmarks digital government policies along six dimensions: digital by design, data-driven public sector, government as a platform, open by default, user-driven, and proactiveness, with scores ranging from 0 (the lowest) to 1 (the highest) for each dimension. The total DGI score is the average score of all dimensions.
Korea scored above the OECD average on the Digital Government Index in 2022 with 0.93 compared to the OECD average of 0.61. Korea’s strongest dimension was “Data-Driven Public Sector”.
Translating green objectives into concrete obligations, such as predefined targets, helps governments in implementing, monitoring, reporting, and evaluating environmental policy objectives. Korea incorporates environmental objectives in its procurement-specific policy documents and sets quantitative targets for green public procurement to operationalise these objectives and track progress in green public procurement. In comparison, 24 OECD countries out of 35 (69%) with available data define quantitative targets, while 11 (31%) do not.
Spending reviews, through systematic analyses of existing expenditure, help governments managing their overall level of expenditure, identifying savings or reallocation measures to fund new priorities, and improving effectiveness within programmes and policies. Korea conducts annual spending reviews. Across 35 OECD countries, 20 (57%) conduct annual spending reviews, while 9 (26%) do them periodically, 5 (14%) have piloted such reviews, and 1 (3%) is considering them.
Regulatory impact assessments (RIAs) are used to assess the potential impact of new regulations, both positive and negative. They provide decision makers with crucial information on whether and how to regulate to achieve public policy goals. The OECD Indicators of Regulatory Policy and Governance (iREG) measure the quality of RIA systems for primary laws in OECD countries across 4 dimensions: oversight and quality control, transparency, systematic adoption, and methodology. In the 2024 survey, Korea scored 3.3 on the index (on a 0-4 scale), above the OECD average of 2.3. Korea’s strongest dimension was ‘Systematic Adoption’, where it scored 1 out of 1.
Government levers for policy development and implementation are increasingly constrained by limited fiscal space. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that resources are managed and allocated both effectively and efficiently. This includes equipping public institutions with the necessary skills and competences to deliver to citizens according to their needs and expectations.
The fiscal balance is the difference between a government’s revenues and its expenditures in a year. It indicates whether public accounts are in surplus or deficit. In 2023, Korea had a fiscal deficit of 0.7% of GDP, in comparison to the OECD fiscal deficit of 4.6% the same year. The fiscal balance has deteriorated in Korea in comparison with 2019, when it had a surplus of 0.9%.
The level of public provision of goods and services varies significantly between countries depending on policy choices, priorities and traditions. The general government expenditures capture the totality of financial commitments across all levels of government. These expenditures not only indicate current policy priorities and the structure of service provision, but also provide a basis for assessing the effectiveness and sustainability of public action.
In 2023, Korea had expenditure levels of 35.2% of GDP, below the OECD average of 42.6% the same year. Compared with 2019 (31.9%), a pre-pandemic year, general government expenditure in Korea increased by 3.3 percentage points.
Age diversity can strengthen public administrations by improving innovation, representation and service delivery. Understanding the age profile of the central administration workforce helps determine current and future workforce management challenges, including planning for recruitment, engagement and retention.
In 2023, Korea had a larger share of young employees (18-34 years old) in the central administration than on average across the OECD, 22% in Korea and 19% in the OECD, and a smaller share of older employees (55 years or older), 10% in Korea and 27% in the OECD.
Government at a Glance presents the most up-to-date internationally comparable data on how public administrations function and perform in OECD countries, accession countries, and other major economies. Country factsheets highlight key indicators against the OECD average. Data included in the factsheets are derived from the new Government at a Glance data portal, which allows for a more user-friendly and interactive way of comparing countries with each other and the OECD average. The factsheets do not provide a comprehensive picture of public governance performance, but rather a snapshot of key indicators in the three sections of the publication: a) Trust, prosperity and satisfaction with public services; b) Achieving results with good governance practices, and; c) what resources public institutions use and how they are managed.
Data on public finance and economics are derived from the System of National Accounts (SNA) and were extracted on 8 May 2025.
The data on indicators of age profile in the central administration workforce-based on the OECD Survey on the composition of the workforce in central/federal governments-were validated and finalised on 30 November 2024.
OECD average refers to the unweighted average with the exception of public finance indicators.
For more information see https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/government-at-a-glance-2025_0efd0bcd-en.html.
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD.
This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
The full book is available in English: OECD (2025), Government at a Glance 2025, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0efd0bcd-en
© OECD 2025
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Attribution – you must cite the work.
Translations – you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.
Adaptations – you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.
Third-party material – the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement.
You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.
Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one.