[38] ADB (2024), Aging Well in Asia: Asian Deveopment Policy Report, Asian Development Bank, https://doi.org/10.22617/SGP240253-3.
[43] ADB (2020), Lessons from Thailand’s National Community-Based Long-Term Care Program for Older Persons, Asian Development Bank, https://www.adb.org/publications/thailand-long-term-care-older-persons.
[85] Allan, S. and F. Vadean (2021), “The Association between Staff Retention and English Care Home Quality”, Journal of Aging & Social Policy, Vol. 33/6, pp. 708-724, https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1851349.
[88] Amaral, E. and J. Norcini (2022), “Quality assurance in health professions education: Role of accreditation and licensure”, Medical Education, Vol. 57/1, pp. 40-48, https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14880.
[14] Anderson, M. et al. (2021), “Securing a sustainable and fit-for-purpose UK health and care workforce”, The Lancet, Vol. 397/10288, pp. 1992-2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00231-2.
[81] Anthony, B. et al. (2019), “General medical services by non-medical health professionals: a systematic quantitative review of economic evaluations in primary care”, British Journal of General Practice, Vol. 69/682, pp. e304-e313, https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19x702425.
[29] Apollo MedSkills (n.d.), About us, https://apollomedskills.com/Home (accessed on December 2024).
[30] Apollo MedSkills (n.d.), Apollo MedSkills Courses, https://www.apollohospitals.com/academics-research/courses/apollo-medskills/ (accessed on December 2024).
[70] Bes et al. (2023), “Recruitment and retention of general practitioners in European medical deserts: a systematic review”, Rural and Remote Health, https://doi.org/10.22605/rrh7477.
[76] California Health Workforce Alliance (2013), Taking Innovation To Scale: Community Health Workers, Promotores, and the Triple Aim, https://www.phi.org/thought-leadership/taking-innovation-to-scale-community-health-workers-promotores-and-the-triple-aim/.
[46] CHW Central (2018), Zimbabwe’s Village Health Worker Program, https://chwcentral.org/zimbabwes-village-health-worker-program/.
[69] Cosgrave, C., C. Malatzky and J. Gillespie (2019), “Social Determinants of Rural Health Workforce Retention: A Scoping Review”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 16/3, p. 314, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030314.
[41] Department of Health and Aged Care (2023), My Aged Care Workforce Learning Strategy 2023, https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-12/my-aged-care-workforce-learning-strategy-2023.pdf.
[31] Dubey, M. (2016), National Skills Network, https://nationalskillsnetwork.in/apollo-medskills-medvarsity/ (accessed on December 2024).
[35] Echo India (2024), About, https://echoindia.in/about/.
[54] Elderly Service Providers Association (2025), Career Level Classification System for Long-term Care Professionals, https://careprofessional.org/careproweb/summary (accessed on 2 June 2025).
[26] European Commission (2021), Adult education and training in Europe: Building, European Union Publications Office, https://doi.org/10.2797/788535.
[42] Federal Ministry of Health (2023), Nursing care reforms set in motion, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/law-nursing-care-reform-2183506.
[22] Frogner, B., B. Stubbs and S. Skillman (2018), Emerging Roles and Occupations in the Health Workforce, Center for Health Workforce Studies, University of Washington.
[49] Frontline Media (2025), Zimbabwe to Absorb 22,000 Community Health Workers Into Civil Service by Year-End, https://frontlinemedia.news/2025/08/zimbabwe-to-absorb-22000-community-health-workers-into-civil-service-by-year-end/.
[75] Fulton, B. et al. (2011), “Health workforce skill mix and task shifting in low income countries: a review of recent evidence”, Human Resources for Health, Vol. 9/1, https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-9-1.
[16] German Federal Ministry of Health (2023), Digital Together: Germany’s Digitalisation Strategy for Health and Care, https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/3_Downloads/D/Digitalisierungsstrategie/Germany_s_Digitalisation_Strategy_for_Health_and_Care.pdf.
[77] Hartzler, A. et al. (2018), “Roles and Functions of Community Health Workers in Primary Care”, The Annals of Family Medicine, Vol. 16/3, pp. 240-245, https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2208.
[72] Hoeft, T. et al. (2017), “Task‐Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low‐Resource Settings: A Systematic Review”, The Journal of Rural Health, Vol. 34/1, pp. 48-62, https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12229.
[21] ITU (2025), Facts and Figures 2023 - The Gender Digital Divide, International Telecommunication Union, https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/2023/10/10/ff23-the-gender-digital-divide/.
[20] ITU (2023), Facts and Figures 2023 - Internet Use, International Telecommunication Union, https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/2023/10/10/ff23-internet-use/ (accessed on 28 April 2025).
[3] Jun, J. et al. (2021), “Relationship between nurse burnout, patient and organizational outcomes: Systematic review”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 119, p. 103933, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJNURSTU.2021.103933.
[2] Kane, R. et al. (2007), “Nurse staffing and quality of patient care.”, Evidence Report/technology Assessment 151, pp. 1-115, http://europepmc.org/books/NBK38315 (accessed on 16 August 2022).
[86] Leese, B., C. Storey and F. Cheater (2009), “Retaining primary and community nurses over the age of 50 years: the views of managers”, Journal of Nursing Management, Vol. 17/8, pp. 975-985, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01019.x.
[80] Leong, S. et al. (2021), “Task shifting in primary care to tackle healthcare worker shortages: An umbrella review”, European Journal of General Practice, Vol. 27/1, pp. 198-210, https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2021.1954616.
[7] Lozano, Rafael et al. (2020), “Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019”, The Lancet, Vol. 396 (10258), pp. pp. 1250-1284, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30750-9/fulltext.
[84] Macinko, J. et al. (2010), “Major Expansion Of Primary Care In Brazil Linked To Decline In Unnecessary Hospitalization”, Health Affairs, Vol. 29/12, pp. 2149-2160, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0251.
[78] Maier, C., L. Aiken and R. Busse (2017), “Nurses in advanced roles in primary care: Policy levers for implementation”, OECD Health Working Papers, No. 98, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a8756593-en.
[24] Maier, C. et al. (eds.) (2022), Education and planning: anticiâting and responding to skill gaps, changing skill needs and competencies, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies/ Cambridge University Press.
[79] Maier, C. et al. (2023), “Skill-Mix Changes Targeting Health Promotion and Prevention Interventions and Effects on Outcomes in all Settings (Except Hospitals): Overview of Reviews”, International Journal of Public Health, Vol. 68, https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2023.1605448.
[48] Medina, L., A. Jonelis and M. Cangul (2017), “The Informal Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Size and Determinants”, IMF Working Papers, Vol. 2017/156, https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484305942.001.
[52] Mignote, H. et al. (2023), Establishing Career Pathways for Community Health Workers – Models and Key Considerations, https://conference.coregroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/poster-presentations-updated-aug-30-2.pdf.
[66] Ministry of Health and Care Services (2023), State Budget, https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-s-20222023/id2931020/?ch=1.
[47] Munyai, O., A. Mudau and N. Mashau (2025), “Village health work in the primary healthcare of Zimbabwe: Health workers’ perspectives”, PLoS One, Vol. 20/8, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326956.
[33] Murray, S. (2019), Moocs struggle to lift rock-bottom completion rates | Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/60e90be2-1a77-11e9-b191-175523b59d1d.
[28] National Skill Development Corporation (n.d.), About us, https://nsdcindia.org/about-us (accessed on 2024).
[37] NITI Aayog (2024), Senior Care Reforms in India: Reimagining the Senior Care Paradigm, NITI Aayog Government of India, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-02/Senior%20Care%20Reforms%20in%20India%20Final%20Version%20Website-compressed.pdf.
[17] Norwegian Health Workforce Commission (2023), NOU: Tid for handling - Personell i en bærekraftig helse- og omsorgstjeneste, https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2023-4/id2961552/.
[62] NOU (2018), Kvalifisert, forberedt og motivert: Et kunnskapsgrunnlag om struktur og innhold i videregående opplæring.
[71] Noya, F. et al. (2021), “Strategies to Facilitate Improved Recruitment, Development, and Retention of the Rural and Remote Medical Workforce: A Scoping Review”, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.160.
[6] Noyes, J. et al. (2020), “A systematic review of digital badges in health care education”, Medical Education, Vol. 54/7, pp. 600-615, https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14060.
[61] OECD (2023), Beyond Applause? Improving Working Conditions in Long-Term Care, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/27d33ab3-en.
[11] OECD (2023), Flexible adult learning provision: What it is, why it matters and how to make it work, OECD, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topic/policy-sub-issues/adult-learning/booklet-flexibility-2023.pdf.
[25] OECD (2023), Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7a7afb35-en.
[63] OECD (2023), Recognition of prior learning: A practical guide for policy makers, OECD, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/adult-learning/booklet-rpl-2023.pdf.
[65] OECD (2021), Career Guidance for Adults in a Changing World of Work, Getting Skills Right, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9a94bfad-en.
[64] OECD (2021), OECD Skills Outlook 2021: Learning for Life, OECD Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1787/0ae365b4-en.
[53] OECD (2020), Increasing Adult Learning Participation: Learning from Successful Reforms, Getting Skills Right, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/cf5d9c21-en.
[34] OECD (2020), “The potential of online learning for adults: Early lessons from the COVID-19 crisis”, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ee040002-en.
[39] OECD (2020), Who Cares? Attracting and Retaining Care Workers for the Elderly, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/92c0ef68-en.
[4] OECD (2016), Getting Skills Right: Assessing and Anticipating Changing Skill Needs, Getting Skills Right, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264252073-en.
[15] OECD (2016), Health Workforce Policies in OECD Countries: Right Jobs, Right Skills, Right Places, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239517-en.
[23] OECD (forthcoming), Digital, AI and soft skills in major health occupations. What do we know about new demand?.
[87] OECD/Department of Social Protection, Ireland/EC-JRC (2024), Impact Evaluation of Ireland’s Active Labour Market Policies, Connecting People with Jobs, OECD Publishing, Paris/Department of Social Protection, Ireland, Dublin/European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Brussels, https://doi.org/10.1787/ec67dff2-en.
[1] OECD/ILO (2022), Equipping Health Workers with the Right Skills: Skills Anticipation in the Health Workforce, Getting Skills Right, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9b83282e-en.
[13] Ono, T., G. Lafortune and M. Schoenstein (2013), “Health Workforce Planning in OECD Countries: A Review of 26 Projection Models from 18 Countries”, OECD Health Working Papers, No. 62, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k44t787zcwb-en.
[36] Panda, R. et al. (2024), “A mixed methods evaluation of the impact of ECHO® telementoring model for capacity building of community health workers in India”, Human Resources for Health, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-024-00907-y.
[51] Pharmacy Council (2015), Improving Access to Essential Medicines in Tanzania: The role of ADDO Program., https://www.pc.go.tz/files/The%20ADDO%20Program%20%20Story-%20Feb%202015.pdf.
[67] Rao, K. and A. Schmidt (2023), “Human Resources for Health in South-East Asia: Challenges and Strategies”, WHO South East Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol. 12, pp. 1-3, https://doi.org/10.4103/2224-3151.386476.
[44] ReBUILD Consortium (2015), Understanding health worker incentives in post-crisis settings: Zimbabwe review, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a089fbe5274a27b2000365/UnderstandinghealthworkerincentivesdocreviewZimFinal210115.pdf.
[32] Rivard, R. (2013), Researchers explore who is taking MOOCs and why so many drop out, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/03/08/researchers-explore-who-taking-moocs-and-why-so-many-drop-out.
[73] Roman, L. et al. (2007), “Addressing Mental Health and Stress in Medicaid‐Insured Pregnant Women Using a Nurse‐Community Health Worker Home Visiting Team”, Public Health Nursing, Vol. 24/3, pp. 239-248, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2007.00630.x.
[50] Rutta, E. et al. (2009), “Creating a new class of pharmaceutical services provider for underserved areas: the Tanzania accredited drug dispensing outlet experience”, Progress in community health partnerships : research, education, and action, Vol. 3/2, pp. 145-153, https://doi.org/10.1353/cpr.0.0063.
[60] SAQA (2014), Current Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) initiatives in South Africa, South African Qualifications Authority, https://www.saqa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Current-Recognition-of-Prior-Learning-RPL-initiatives-in-South-Africa.pdf.
[56] SAQA (2014), National Policy for Implementation of Recognition of Prior Learning, South African Qualifications Authority, https://www.dhet.gov.za/Part%20C%20%20Policies/NQF/7.National%20Policy%20for%20the%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Recognition%20of%20Prior%20Learning.pdf.
[57] SAQA (2002), The Recognition of Prior Learning in the context of the South African National Qualifications Framework, South African Qualifications Authority, https://chieta.org.za/wp-content/uploads/easydocs/uploads/2022/09/6336068b18445_RPL%20-%20SAQA.pdf.
[82] Scheffler, R. and D. Arnold (2018), “Projecting shortages and surpluses of doctors and nurses in the OECD: what looms ahead”, Health Economics, Policy and Law, Vol. 14/2, pp. 274-290, https://doi.org/10.1017/s174413311700055x.
[89] Scheffler, R. et al. (2009), “Estimates Of Health Care Professional Shortages In Sub-Saharan Africa By 2015”, Health Affairs, Vol. 28/Supplement 1, pp. w849-w862, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.w849.
[40] Skills for Care (2024), Care workforce pathway for adult social care, https://www.skillsforcare.org.uk/Developing-your-workforce/Care-workforce-pathway-for-adult-social-care.aspx.
[59] South African Career Development Association (2022), Recognition of Prior Learning for Career Development Practitioners, https://cdn.sacda.org.za/media/files/RPL-Policy-v1.1.pdf.
[58] South African Nursing Council (2009), Guide for the Implementation of Recognition of Prior Learning by Nursing Education Institutions, https://www.sanc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/SANC-Guide-RPL.pdf.
[83] Sripathy, A. et al. (2017), “Health Professional Education And Universal Health Coverage: A Summary Of Challenges And Selected Case Studies”, Health Affairs, Vol. 36/11, pp. 1928-1936, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0517.
[55] Study team (2021), Cross-border Care Workers in Japan: Immigration Policy for Care, ERIA Research Project Report FY2021 No. 09, https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Research-Project-Report/2021-09-Framework-Qualification-Long-term-Care-India-Japan-Philippines/10_ch.3-Cross-border-Care-Worker-Japan.pdf.
[18] Sutherland, E. (2023), OECD.AI Policy Observatory, https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/artificial-intelligence-in-health-big-opportunities-big-risks.
[27] Technical Edcuation and Skills Development Authority (2024), Ladderized Education Program, https://tesda.gov.ph/About/TESDA/87.
[74] Waitzkin, H. et al. (2010), “Promotoras as Mental Health Practitioners in Primary Care: A Multi-Method Study of an Intervention to Address Contextual Sources of Depression”, Journal of Community Health, Vol. 36/2, pp. 316-331, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9313-y.
[8] WHO (2024), A decade review of the health workforce in the WHO African Region, 2013-2022, WHO Africa Region, https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/9789290314981-eng.pdf.
[12] WHO (2024), Monitoring progress on universal health coverage and the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in the South-East Asia Region: 2024 update, World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290229636.
[9] WHO (2019), Classifying health workers: mapping occupations to the international standard classification, https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/health-workforce/dek/classifying-health-workers.pdf?sfvrsn=7b7a472d_3&download=true.
[68] WHO (2010), Increasing Access to Health Workers in Remote and Rural Areas Through Improved Retention: Global Policy Recommendations, World Health Organization, https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/44369.
[10] WHO (2010), Monitoring the building blocks of health systems: A handbook of indicators and their measurement strategies, World Health Organization, https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/258734.
[45] WHO Africa (2024), Zimbabwe launches Health Workforce Strategy 2023–2030 and signs Health Workforce Compact, https://www.afro.who.int/countries/zimbabwe/news/zimbabwe-launches-health-workforce-strategy-signs-health-workforce-compact.
[19] World Bank (2023), Individuals using the Internet (% of population), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=8S-Z4&type=shaded (accessed on 28 April 2025).
[5] World Health Organization (2016), Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030, World Health Organization, https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/250368.