Examining Illicit Trade Challenges in the Belt and Road Initiative

Annex A. Additional data

Figure A A.1. Evolution in number and value of reported seizures of goods departing from China and Hong Kong, China, 2015-2022

Note: OECD calculations based on COPIS seizures data. As from 2020 onwards seizures reported by the United Kingdom are no longer included in the COPIS, UK data was removed altogether. Nominal value of seizures expressed in euros.

Figure A A.2. Distribution of in the value of reported seizures of goods departing from China and Hong Kong, China by transport mode, 2015-2022

Figure A A.3. Correlation between the value of EU seizures related to maritime transport and combined China’s and Hong Kong, China’s share in the total value of EU seizures, 2015-22

Figure A A.4. Evolution in the number and value of reported EU seizures of goods shipped from China and Hong Kong, China and transported by sea, 2015-22

Figure A A.5. Share of EU seizures of goods shipped from China and Hong Kong, China in total EU seizures by mode of transport, 2015-22

Table A A.1. Top 100 container ports in the world

Rank	Port	Economy	X2022.TEUs	Year	Majority stake
1	Shanghai	China	47 300 000
2	Singapore	Singapore	37 300 000	2003	No
3	Ningbo-Zhoushan	China	33 350 000
4	Shenzhen	China	30 040 000
5	Qingdao	China	25 670 000
6	Guangzhou	China	24 600 000
7	Busan	Korea	23 500 000	2003	Yes
8	Tianjin	China	20 120 000
9	Hong Kong, China	Hong-Kong, China SAR	16 570 000
10	Rotterdam	Netherlands	14 455 000	2016	Yes
11	Dubai	United Arab Emirates	14 000 000
12	Port Kelang	Malaysia	13 740 000	2000	No
13	Antwerp	Belgium	13 500 000	2004	No
14	Xiamen	China	12 430 000
15	Tanjung Pelepas	Malaysia	10 500 000
16	Los Angeles	United States	9 911 156	2002	No
17	New York/New Jersey	United States	9 493 664
18	Kaohsiung	China/Chinese Taipei	9 490 000	2012	No
19	Long Beach	United States	9 133 657	2001	No
20	Laem Chabang	Thailand	8 740 000	2004	Yes
21	Hamburg	Germany	8 256 300	2021	No
22	Suzhou	China	8 000 000
23	Tanger Med	Morocco	7 596 845	2013	No
24	Beibu Gulf	China	7 020 000
25	Colombo	Sri Lanka	6 860 000	2011	Yes
26	Mundra	India	6 600 000	2020	No
27	Tanjung Priok	Indonesia	6 417 053	2014	No
28	Jawaharlal Nehru	India	6 050 000
29	Savannah	United States	5 892 131
30	Rizhao	China	5 800 000
31	Lianyungang	China	5 570 000
32	Ho Chi Minh City	Viet Nam	5 500 000	2007	No
33	Manila	Philippines	5 474 483
34	Valencia	Spain	5 052 272	2017	Yes
35	Cai Mep-Thi Vai	Viet Nam	5 000 000	2007	Yes
36	Jeddah	Saudi Arabia	5 000 000	2019	No
37	Santos	Brazil	5 000 000
38	Yingkou	China	5 000 000
39	Piraeus	Greece	4 939 983	2009	Yes
40	Algeciras	Spain	4 762 808
41	Bremen/Bremerhaven	Germany	4 614 000
42	Salalah	Oman	4 503 837
43	Dalian	China	4 460 000
44	Khalifa	Abu Dhabi	4 330 000	2016	Yes
45	Tokyo	Japan	4 300 000
46	Colon	Panama	4 100 000	2017	No
47	Durban	South Africa	4 000 000
48	Houston	United States	3 974 901	2013	No
49	Tanjung Perak	Indonesia	3 800 000
50	Felixstowe	United Kingdom	3 700 000	2022	Yes
51	Virginia/Norfolk	United States	3 695 156
52	Vancouver	Canada	3 600 000
53	Barcelona	Spain	3 522 944	2016	Yes
54	Cartagena	Colombia	3 500 000
55	Fuzhou	China	3 450 000
56	Gioia Tauro	Italy	3 400 000
57	Manzanillo	Mexico	3 400 000	2007	Yes
58	Nw Seaport Alliance	United States	3 384 018
59	Melbourne	Australia	3 230 000
60	Incheon	Korea	3 174 000
61	Chittagong	Bangladesh	3 133 020
62	Nanjing	China
63	Le Havre	France	3 100 000	2013	No
64	King Abdullah Port	Saudi Arabia	2 910 000
65	Kobe	Japan	2 890 000
66	Marsaxlokk	Malta	2 888 685	2013	No
67	Ambarli	Türkiye	2 867 215	2015	Yes
68	Yokohama	Japan	2 800 000
69	Genoa	Italy	2 799 123
70	Charleston	United States	2 792 313
71	Nagoya	Japan	2 680 000
72	Guayaquil	Ecuador	2 400 000
73	Callao	Peru
74	Oakland	United States	2 337 607
75	Bandar Abbas-Shahid Raja	Iran	2 160 000
76	Balboa	Panama	2 100 000	2022	Yes
77	Sydney	Australia	2 077 442
78	Gdansk	Poland	2 072 000
79	Kocaeli	Türkiye	2 059 310
80	London	United Kingdom	2 050 000
81	Dammam	Saudi Arabia	2 038 787
82	Kingston	Jamaica	2 000 000	2020	Yes
83	Yeosu Gwangyang	Korea	2 000 000	2001	Yes
84	Mersin	Türkiye	1 989 585
85	Osaka	Japan	1 843 000
86	Southampton	United Kingdom	1 800 000
87	Tekirdag	Türkiye	1 773 228
88	Lazaro Cardenas	Mexico	1 700 000	2003	Yes
89	Montreal	Canada	1 700 000
90	Sines	Portugal	1 663 000
91	Keelung	Chinese Taipei	1 610 000
92	Taipei	Chinese Taipei	1 600 000
93	Yangpu	China	1 546 000
94	Marseilles-Fos	France	1 530 000	2013	No
95	San Juan	Puerto Rico	1 500 000
96	Aliaga	Türkiye	1 493 841
97	Jacksonville	United States	1 298 132
98	La Spezia	Italy	1 262 496
99	Miami	United States	1 197 644	2013	No
100	Chennai-Kamarajar	India

Note: Ports located in China and Special Administrative Zones are shown in red; Ports where China has a majority shareholding are shown in orange; Yellow means Chinese investment without a majority shareholding; The list of top 100 container ports in the world has been sourced from the American Journal of Transportation. Information on the Chinese investments in the ports has been drawn from multiple sources.

Table A A.2. Ownership of COSCO and CMP in EU container ports

Company and port	Country	Ownership (%)
COSCO
Antwerp Gateway	Belgium	20
Container Terminal Tollerort (Hamburg)	Germany	35
Piraeus Container Terminal	Greece	100
Vado Reefer Terminal	Italy	40
CSP Zeebrugge Terminal	Belgium	85.5
Euromax Terminal (Rotterdam)	Netherlands	35
CSP Valencia Terminal	Spain	51
CSP Bilbao Terminal	Spain	39.5
CMP
Terminal des Flandres	Belgium	44.6
Antwerp Gateway	Belgium	4.9
Terminal de France and Terminal Nord	France	24.5
Terminal du Grand Ouest	France	24.5
Terminal du Méditerranée	France	24.5
Port of Thessaloniki	Greece	10.8
Malta Freeport Terminal	Malta	24.5
Rotterdam World Gateway	Netherlands	14.7

Source: Ghiretti, Gunter and Mardell (2022[9])