| ACER | Australian Council for Educational Research |
| CPC | Chicago Child-Parent Center Program |
| ECEC | Early childhood education and care |
| EPPE | Effective Pre-school and Primary Education Project |
| GDP | Gross domestic product |
| IEA | International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement |
| IELS | International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study |
| ISCED | International Standard Classification of Education |
| PISA | Programme for International Student Assessment |
| SDG | Sustainable Development Goal |
| SES | Socio-economic status |
Early Learning and Child Well‑being
A Study of Five-year-Olds in England, Estonia, and the United States
