Closing Broadband Connectivity Divides for All

Annex A. National broadband targets, public funding programmes and cost studies quantifying the cost of universal connectivity

Table A ‎A.1. National broadband access targets, public programmes and studies to quantify deployment costs

Country	Year	Coverage and speeds	Related public funding programmes	Recent studies to quantify the costs of full broadband deployment
Australia	2025	93% of all premises with access to 100 Mbps fixed. 90% of fixed-line households with access to 1 Gbps download.	2022-23 Federal Budget Equity Investment AUD 2.4 billion (USD 1.7 billion) It will be provided over four years to National Broadband Network (NBN) in the form of equity towards a commercial fibre upgrade within the fixed-line network footprint. Better Connectivity Plan AUD 1.1 billion (USD 0.8 billion) The Plan includes AUD 656 million (USD 455 million) in the 2022‑23 October Budget over five years to improve mobile and broadband connectivity and resilience in rural and regional Australia. It also includes AUD 480 million (USD 333 million) already provided to NBN Co to upgrade the NBN fixed wireless network and to improve broadband and mobile coverage in regional area. Better Connectivity Plan for Regional and Rural Australia | Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts.	A strategic review comparing costs of different scenarios for the NBN was created in December 2013 (NBNCo, 2013[1]).
Austria	2030	Nationwide coverage with symmetric gigabit fixed connections. Nationwide coverage of 5G.	Initiative Broadband Austria 2030 EUR 1.4 billion (USD 1.47 billion) It will be invested in the deployment of fibre in underserved regions.	NA
Belgium	2025 & 2030	100% of households with access to 100 Mbps fixed. All households with gigabit fixed coverage by 2030. Nationwide coverage of 5G by 2030. All urban areas and major terrestrial transport paths with access to uninterrupted coverage of 5G. All the main socio-economic drivers with gigabit connectivity.	Plan national pour le haut débit (“National Plan for High-speed Broadband”) Two calls for projects were launched in 2022 and 2023, with a total allocated subsidy budget of EUR 26.5 million (USD 28.7 million) and the objective to cover the investment gap (up to 60% of the cost) for the deployment of fixed very high-capacity networks (VHCNs) in underserved areas. “Glasfaser Ostbelgien” or GO Fiber A public-private co‑operation (joint venture) between Proximus, Ethias and the German-speaking community of Belgium that aims at deploying fibre across the entire German-speaking community by 2026.	NA
Canada	2026 & 2030	98% of households with access to 50/10 Mbps fixed by 2026. 100% of households with access to 50/10 Mbps fixed by 2030. Where Canadians live and work and along highways and major roads access to the latest mobile wireless services.	Universal Broadband Fund (UBF) CAD 3.225 billion (USD 2.4 billion) (2020‑27) UBF supports high-speed Internet projects across the country. Approved projects are bringing access to 50/10 Mbps fixed to underserved households. CRTC Broadband Fund Up to CAD 675 million (USD 503 million) (2020‑24) It supports projects to build or upgrade access and transport infrastructure to provide fixed and mobile wireless broadband Internet access services in eligible underserved areas.	The government conducted internal analysis on the costs of universal broadband deployment to inform its Connectivity Strategy and broadband programmes and published an estimate in the Strategy (ISED, 2025[2]).
Chile		In development.	Telecommunications Development Fund (FDT) CLP 75 billion (USD 90 million) National Fibre Optic Project (FON) The FON, a project within the FDT, will establish terrestrial fibre connections between the communal capitals of the country and their respective regional capitals.	Not published
Colombia		85% of the country with access to fixed and/or mobile broadband subscriptions.	The Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MinTIC) established its “Conecta TIC 360” plan, which sets forth its goal to connect 85% of the country with broadband services with a special focus on ten departments that have particularly severe spatial connectivity divides. In 2022, MinTIC funded the National Universal Access Project that seeks to establish rural ICT access centres with satellite connection. Data Flash 2023-025 - Observatorio de inversión en telecomunicaciones | Postdata. In 2023, MinTIC invested in the National Connectivity Project to Change Lives to bring Internet to 175 municipalities with low broadband penetration levels. Data Flash 2024-019 - Observatorio de inversión en telecomunicaciones | Postdata	NA
Costa Rica	2027	27.1 fixed Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. 24 fixed Internet subscriptions higher than 15 Mbps per 100 inhabitants. Average mobile download speeds of 4G connections 32 Mbps.	SUTEL began the execution of the Bicentennial Educational Network Program (REB) in 2021. This programme is financed with the National Telecommunications Fund (Fonatel) and seeks to provide connectivity to 2 375 public schools in rural areas. The REB will cover 53% of public schools and 262 895 students. The public schools will connect to the Internet with speeds between 15‑500 Mbps. The REB will subsidise installation of the telecommunications infrastructure necessary to implement three levels: level 1 (connectivity services), level 2 (passive infrastructure) and level 3 (equipment of access switches, wireless access points). On March 2023, the REB had 607 public schools connected. https://www.sutel.go.cr/pagina/programa-5-red-educativa-del-bicentenario.	SUTEL published technical studies that support tenders of the projects to extend coverage (SUTEL, 2021[3])
Czechia	2030	100% of households with access to 1 Gbps fixed. 5G available for all populated areas. Interim goals for 2027: 100% households with access to 100 Mbps fixed with possibility for 1 Gbps speeds download. 100% businesses, government, local authorities and socio-economic entities 1 Gbps symmetrical fixed.	In 2021, the Czech Recovery and Resilience Plan was approved by the European Commission, with 22% of the EUR 7 billion in subsidies allocated for the digital transition. Component 1.3 of the plan outlines reforms and investments in connectivity, with a total budget of around EUR 227 million (USD 269 million). Examples of specific projects include providing Internet access to remote homes, schools, businesses and government agencies, measuring and mapping network quality, and building 5G passive infrastructure in rural and railway corridors. Czechia’s recovery and resilience plan - European Commission (europa.eu).	NA
Denmark	2025	100% of households and businesses with access to 100 Mbps/30 Mbps fixed. 98% of households and businesses with 1 Gbps fixed. Identify needs for gigabit speeds by 2030.	Broadband pool DKK 680 million (USD 101 million) (2016‑22) DKK 100 million (USD 14.5 million) (2023) Subsidy for associations of citizens, companies and possibly municipalities in partnership with broadband providers to establish high-speed broadband in areas with poor coverage.	NA
Estonia	2030	100% of households and businesses with access to 100 Mbps fixed, which can be increased to 1 Gbps.	Construction of a very high-capacity electronic communications access network EUR 24.29 million (USD 25.56 million) (2022‑25) The purpose of the grant is to contribute to the construction of a very high-capacity electronic communications access network in the eligible target area, where there is no fixed connection with a download speed of at least 30 megabits per second, and where it is not planned to be established with the investment of a communications company within the next three years. The budget is financed by the European Union from the resources of the NextGenerationEU regeneration fund.	NA
Finland	2030	100% of households with access to 1 Gbps fixed. 100% of populated areas with 5G coverage.	National Broadband State Aid Programme EUR 32 million (USD 33.7 million) (2022‑23) Traficom grants state aid for the construction of fixed broadband connections offering minimum download speeds of 300 Mbps and upload speeds of 100 Mbps.	NA
France	2022 & 2025	100% of households, businesses and public offices with access to 30 Mbps fixed by 2022. 100% national coverage with fibre by 2025.	Very high-speed plan The total amount of public investment for projects supported under the very high-speed France plan is EUR 12.9 billion (USD 17.1 billion) for 2013‑22, including EUR 3.51 billion (USD 4.66 billion) from the state along with funding from the European Union and subnational governments. The national government mobilised an additional EUR 570 million (USD 600 million) to strengthen the France Very High-Speed Plan.	NA
Germany	2025 & 2030	100% of households and businesses with fibre coverage and latest mobile wireless standard by 2030. Intermediate target: 50% of households covered by fibre by the end of 2025.1	The German fibre-optic funding scheme: EUR 17 billion (USD 18.9 billion) (2015), including the Gigabit Funding 2.0 (2023). Gigabit Funding 2.0 focuses on encouraging dialogue between municipalities and private communications companies about potential private sector expansion and then provides the necessary funding to deploy fibre infrastructure. The Federal Mobile Funding Scheme with a total budget of EUR 1.1 billion (USD 1.3 billion) aims to ensure 5G-capable funded mobile sites with at least 4G-coverage in white spots that have no or only 2G connectivity.	WIK published a report on Germany’s fibre network costs to determine profitability of private investment and requirement of state aid to achieve 100% coverage of broadband access using FTTH (WIK, 2020[4]).
Greece	2027	100% buildings in independent urban and rural areas with access to 100 Mbps fixed, immediately upgradable to 1 Gbps. 100% of major socio-economic gathering sites with gigabit fixed. 100% of the population in organised communities and major terrestrial transport routes with uninterrupted 5G with 100 Mbps download. 50% of households subscribed to Internet at speeds of at least to 100 Mbps download.	Ultra-Fast Broadband Infrastructure Project EUR 870 million (USD 940.7 million) (2023) This project seeks to cover areas across the Greek territory, which are estimated to remain “white NGA areas” after implementation of the private sector investment plans and the already completed Rural Broadband project, as well as areas where there is no offering of Internet connectivity of a downlink of at least 100 Mbps, readily upgradable to 1 Gbps.	NA
Hungary	2023 & 2030	100% of transport routes and cities with 5G by 2023. 95% of households with access to 1 Gbps Mbps fixed by 2030.	The Gigabit Hungary network deployment programme aims to deliver gigabit connections to households where the 1 Gbps connection is not available using public funding for fibre or 5G FWA.	NA
Iceland	2026, 2028 & 2034	Almost all households and businesses covered by fibre by end of 2028. 95% of population with access to mobile with 150 Mbps download by 2026. 97% of population with access to mobile with 1 Gbps download by 2034.	Rural fibre programme ISK 3.5 billion (USD 29 million) (2016‑21) The programme was organised and financed by The Telecommunications Fund (fjarskiptasjóður) on behalf of the government. Co-funding was made available to all municipalities in Iceland for fibre rollout in rural areas.	NA
Ireland	2026	100% of households with access to 500 Mbps fixed.	National Broadband Plan EUR 2.7 billion (USD 3 billion) It is the government’s initiative to deliver high-speed broadband services to all premises in Ireland. This will be delivered through investment by commercial enterprises coupled with intervention by the state in those parts of the country where private companies have no plans to invest. The maximum possible cost to the state will be EUR 2.7 billion (USD 3 billion) over 25 years.	The Department of Communications, Climate Action and Energy commissioned PwC to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of the National Broadband Plan. The analysis costed 100% coverage of FTTP (PwC, 2019[5])
Israel	2024	95% of households covered by fibre.	Israel has conducted incentive tenders to establish deployment obligations for fibre infrastructure. These are intended to ensure the provision of infrastructure in areas where the incumbent Bezek has chosen not to deploy fibre infrastructure. The first incentive tender determined deployment obligations for 95% of households and second incentive tender for 4.7% of households. The tenders are funded from a universal broadband fund levied on operator revenues.	NA
Italy	2026	Increase coverage of 1 Gbps in download and 200 Mbps upload fixed in grey and market failure areas (8.6 million households), to be determined after the completion of a mapping exercise.	National Strategy for Ultra Broadband EUR 6.7 billion (USD 7.24 billion) The strategy consists of six plans focused on fixed connections to households, 5G, schools, health care facilities, islands and completion of white areas.	NA
Japan	2023, 2027 & 2030	99.9% of households covered by fibre by 2027. 95% population with 5G by 2023. 99% population coverage with 5G and 100% expressway coverage by 2030.	Project to Promote Advanced Wireless Environment JPY 4.2 billion (USD 31.9 million) This project is a measure by which the government subsidises part of the deployment costs for transmission line facilities, etc. in geographically disadvantaged areas where there is no prospect of voluntary deploy by the private sector because profitability cannot be expected.	NA
Korea	2024	Over 95% coverage with 5G.	NA	NA
Latvia	2027	100% of households with access to 100 Mbps fixed. Four largest cities and highways with 5G coverage.	Construction of passive infrastructure in the Via Baltica corridor to ensure 5G coverage EUR 16.85 million (USD 20 million) (2021) The project aims to create a passive electronic communication infrastructure, which will support the provision of continuous 5G coverage of the mobile communication network on the Via Baltica road. Development of broadband or very high-performance networks’ “Last Mile” infrastructure EUR 12.7 million (USD 15 million) (2021) The project aims to create very high-performance network "last mile" (at least 100 Mbit/s) connections to households, companies, schools, hospitals and other public buildings. Development of the infrastructure of electronic communication networks “middle mile” EUR 13.05 million (USD 15.4 million) (2021‑27) The project aims to create very high-performance electronic communications network (with a data transmission speed of at least 100 Mbit/s) infrastructure, including backhaul (“middle mile”) and “last mile”. Construction of 5G supporting infrastructure in the Rail Baltica corridor EUR 8.265 million (USD 9.78 million) (2021‑27) The project aims to construct passive electronic communication infrastructure and energy supply networks, which will support the provision of continuous 5G coverage in the Rail Baltica corridor.	A mapping of the availability and quality of existing and planned broadband access infrastructure and services has been prepared. An analysis of the most appropriate intervention model based on broadband state financial aid policy planning has been performed (PwC, 2020[6]).
Lithuania	2027	100% of households access to 100 Mbps fixed. 65% of households use 100 Mbps connections. 80% of businesses use 100 Mbps connections.	National Broadband Plan (for gigabit broadband infrastructure) EUR 49 million (USD 58 million) (2021‑27) Development of gigabit broadband infrastructure for digitally sensitive objects (private companies, non-governmental and governmental organisations, municipalities and municipal companies). National Broadband Plan (for white area) EUR 25 million (USD 29.6 million) (2021‑27) At least 100 Mbps speed broadband communication infrastructure implementation in the “white” rural areas of the country by building communication towers and laying fibre optic cable lines.	A preliminary evaluation for investments of EU funds in the improvement of digital connectivity in Lithuania in 2021‑27 was published. It estimates the costs in terms of state aid to reach targets and provides recommendations for further analysis (Smart Continent LT, 2020[7]).
Luxembourg	2025	100% of the country access to at least one type of Very High-Capacity Network (i.e. fibre network or a network capable of delivering similar network performance to fibre).	NA	NA
Mexico	2028	92.2% of population coverage of 4G (Red Compartida).	Cobertura Social (2022‑23) The programme considers vulnerable areas (low income and remote locations) and groups (low income, Indigenous, Afro-Mexican).	IFT published a study on fixed broadband connectivity, including the costing of extending of fixed broadband access with fibre optic networks (IFT, 2023[8]).
Netherlands	2023	100% of households with access to 100 Mbps fixed and the vast majority with access to 1 Gbps.	NA	NA
New Zealand	2023 & 2032	99.8% of households with improved broadband access by 2023. 87% of households with FTTH by 2023. 100% broadband coverage that meets needs by 2032.	Ultra-Fast Broadband programme NZD 1.785 billion (USD 1.4 billion) (2011‑23) It provided fibre to over 390 cities and towns, and key institutions (schools, hospitals, medical centres). Rural Broadband Initiatives Phase 1 NZD 302 million (USD 217.6 million) (2010) It aims to provide enhanced broadband in rural areas. Mobile Black Spot Fund and Rural Broadband Initiative Phase 2 (RBI2) (2016) It aims to improve availability of mobile services on state highways and tourism sites.	NA
Norway	2025	100% of households and businesses with access to 100 Mbps download speeds fixed, with certain sectors (public administration, emergency centres, transport hubs) with access to 1 Gbps. National 5G coverage, equivalent to 4G coverage in 2020.	Broadband support scheme (Nkom fund) (2014) NOK 304.6 million (USD 31.7 million) (2022) This national public fund is distributed to the county municipalities and is a means of stimulating development of broadband in areas where it is not commercially profitable to develop digital infrastructure.	The Ministry of Local Government and District Affairs commissioned and published a report by Analysys Mason with calculations of investment costs and public support needs associated with the future development of high-speed broadband for households and businesses in Norway (Analysys Mason, 2023[9]).
Poland	2025	100% of households and businesses with 100 Mbps fixed with the possibility to upgrade to gigabit speeds. All socio-economic drivers (schools, transport hubs, major public service buildings) with access to 1 Gbps. All major communication routes and urban centres with 5G coverage.	Increasing access to ultra-fast broadband Internet PLN 2.9 billion (USD 690 million) (2023) Funding to build broadband networks with a capacity of at least 300 Mb/s in areas where Internet access is difficult. Providing access to very fast Internet in areas of white spots PLN 4.2 billion (USD 999 million) (2023) Funding for construction of broadband networks to ensure high-speed Internet access in the “white spot”.	Poland’s regulatory agency has calculated the costs of providing access to the remaining 1.7 million white households. The costs are basis for the co-financing rate under the recently announced calls for proposals under ERDF & RRF funds (Republic of Poland, 2024[10]).
Portugal	2030	100% of households and all industrial, commercial and agricultural premises with access to 1 Gbps download and 150 Mbps upload speeds fixed.	The National Strategy for Connectivity in Very High-Capacity Electronic Communications Networks 2023-2030 State aid of EUR 172 million (USD 186 million) The measure aims to promote investments in the deployment of fixed access networks providing to all households, as well as to all industrial, commercial and agricultural premises, connectivity of at least 1 Gbps download speed and 150 Mbps upload speed (the target speeds).	ANACOM assessed the amount of investment needed for a public tender for the deployment of VHCN networks pursuant to the EU objectives for connectivity (ANACOM, 2024[11]).
Slovak Republic	2030	100% of households with access to 100 Mbps fixed with the possibility to upgrade to 1 Gbps. 100% of major socio-economic drivers (e.g. schools, transport hubs and major public service providers), as well as businesses using digital services, with access to 1 Gbps.	Programme Slovakia EUR 112 million (USD 133 million) (2021) It aims to support private sector investment and achieve connectivity goals.	The National Broadband Plan included a calculation of the investment gap to achieve the target (Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatization of the Slovak Republic, 2021[12]).
Slovenia	2025 & 2030	100% of households with 100 Mbps fixed with the possibility to upgrade to 1 Gbps by 2025. 100% of major socio-economic drivers and digitally intensive businesses with access to 1 Gbps by 2025. All urban areas and major roads with 5G coverage by 2025. 100% of households, businesses and all major socio-economic drivers with access to 1 Gbps fixed and 5G by 2030.	Co-financed the construction of open BB networks EUR 27.8 million (USD 36.9 million) (2014‑20) from the European Regional Development Fund and EUR 9.9 million (USD 13.1 million) (2014‑20) from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. Co-financing projects are being implemented for construction of open broadband networks, which will provide access to such networks with a speed of at least 100 Mb/s.	The GDI Plan included a calculated the amount of public funds needed to achieve the strategic goals of the Republic of Slovenia in the development of gigabit infrastructure until 2030 (Republic of Slovenia, 2022[13]).
Spain	2023 & 2025	100% population coverage with mobile broadband capable of speeds of 30 Mbps by 2023. 100% of households with access to 100 Mbps fixed by 2025. 100% of industrial parks with scalable connection to 1 Gbps fixed by 2025. 75% of population covered by 5G using the bands designated as preferential by 2025. Main roads and highways and singular points such as airports with uninterrupted 5G coverage.	UNICO Broadband Programme EUR 1.508 million (USD 1.780 million) (2018) It aims to deploy infrastructures that enable the provision of 300 Mbps services, symmetrical and scalable to 1Gbps. UNICO 5G Backhaul Networks (Optical Fibre) EUR 450 million (USD 474 million) (2022) This measure is intended to ensure that eligible base stations are provided with a fibre-based backhaul connection. UNICO 5G Redes Activas More than EUR 500 million (USD 480.6 million) (2023) It is a grant for active equipment and auxiliary infrastructure necessary for the provision of mobile communications services with 5G technology in areas with no 4G mobile coverage with a minimum service of 50 Mbps. UNICO Demanda Rural EUR 84.8 million (USD 89.3 million) (2022‑25) It aims to enable all end-users to have access to a fixed broadband connection of at least 100 Mbps (DL) in those geographic areas of the country without adequate fixed coverage of at least 50 Mbps. Maximum prices are set to meet affordability targets.	NA
Sweden	2025	98% of households and businesses with access to 1 Gbps fixed. 1.9% of remaining households with access to 100 Mbps. Remaining 0.1% should have access to 30 Mbps.	State aid programme for broadband infrastructure investments (gigabit connectivity) Just over SEK 2.9 billion (USD 315 million) (2020‑22) Approximately SEK 5.1 billion (USD 504 million) (2023‑27) The state funding is directed to sparsely populated areas where access to high-capacity broadband infrastructure is lacking and commercial broadband deployment is not feasible.	In 2021, the PTS estimated the cost of connecting the 1.9% of households and businesses with infrastructure necessary to achieve 99.9% coverage of at least 100 Mbps, a national target for 2025.
Switzerland	No	No	NA	OFCOM commissioned WIK Consult to model the investment and support needs for different broadband deployment objectives throughout Switzerland (WIK Consult, 2022[14]).
Türkiye	2028	11% fibre penetration by 2028. 100% mobile broadband population coverage and penetration by 2028. 96.5% of population ages 16-74 using Internet by 2028.	The Call for Supporting the 5th Generation (5G) Mobile Communication Infrastructure Development Projects TRY 200 million (USD 12 million) (2022) It aims to encourage domestic and national manufacturing for all products needed for 5G infrastructure.	NA
United Kingdom	2025	85% households and businesses covered with 1 Gbps fixed. 95% geographical coverage with 4G mobile technology.	Project Gigabit GBP 5 billion (USD 6.41 billion) (2022) It aims to subsidise the rollout of gigabit broadband to the “hardest to reach” premises in the country that will not be reached by private investment, mostly in rural areas.	In 2018, the UK Government estimated the total level of investment required for the national rollout of full fibre (DCMS, 2018[15]).
United States	2026	100% of the country with affordable, reliable, high-speed broadband.	Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) programme USD 42.45 billion (2023) It aims to bring affordable, reliable, high-speed Internet service to everyone in the United States and supports infrastructure deployment, mapping and implementation. FCC’s High-Cost programme USD 87.5 billion (2001-21) It allows eligible carriers that serve rural, insular and high-cost areas to recover some of their costs from the federal Universal Service Fund so that those consumers have access to broadband services at rates that are reasonably comparable to consumers in urban areas.	NA

Notes: Exchange rates from OECD.stat have been used for the year in which the funding was granted. If the funding spans multiple years, the exchange rate of the first year was used. If the funding duration is unknown the exchange rate for 2023 was used. Please note that the Table is based on responses to the CSI Regulatory Questionnaire and may not be exhaustive. 1. Since May 5, 2025, Germany has a new federal government that may modify these coverage targets, if considered necessary.

Source: OECD elaboration based on CSI Regulatory Questionnaire responses collected in 2023.

References

[11] ANACOM (2024), “High quality telecommunications and Internet access now a reality throughout the country”, 1 May, ANACOM, Lisbon, https://www.anacom.pt/render.jsp?contentId=1771040 (accessed on 16 May 2025).

[9] Analysys Mason (2023), “Kostnadsanalyse november 2022 - bredbåndsdekning i ulike varianter”, [Cost analysis November 2022 – broadband coverage in different variants], webpage, https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/kostnadsanalyse-november-2022-bredbandsdekning-i-ulike-varianter/id2961496/ (accessed on 12 May 2025).

[15] DCMS (2018), Future Telecoms Infrastructure Review, Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport, Government of the United Kingdom, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5b6aa54d40f0b62ea600fd39/Future_Telecoms_Infrastructure_Review.pdf (accessed on 16 May 2025).

[8] IFT (2023), Conectividad de banda ancha fija y costeo de redes de fibra óptica a nivel municipal en México (Fixed broadband connectivity and costing of fiber optic networks at municipal level in Mexico), Instituto Federal de Telecommunciones, Mexico City, https://despliegueinfra.ift.org.mx/docs/Estudio%20conectividad%20y%20costeo_DGCI_UPR_0_0.pdf (accessed on 16 May 2025).

[2] ISED (2025), “High-Speed Access for All: Canada’s Connectivity Strategy”, webpage, https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/high-speed-internet-canada/en/canadas-connectivity-strategy/high-speed-access-all-canadas-connectivity-strategy (accessed on 12 May 2025).

[12] Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatization of the Slovak Republic (2021), Národný plán širokopásmového pripojenia – nové znenie (National Broadband Plan – new version), https://rokovania.gov.sk/RVL/Material/25814/1 (accessed on 16 May 2025).

[1] NBNCo (2013), Strategic Review, National Broadband Network, North Sydney, New South Wales, https://www.nbnco.com.au/content/dam/nbnco/documents/NBN-Co-Strategic-Review-Report.pdf.coredownload.pdf.

[6] PwC (2020), “Pētījums Eiropas Savienības fondu 2021. -2027. gada plānošanas perioda ieguldījumu priekšnosacījumu izpildei” (gala ziņojums), [Study on fulfilling the investment preconditions for European Union funds for the 2021-2027 programming period (final report)], Pricewaterhouse Coopers, https://www.sam.gov.lv/lv/media/1391/download?attachment (accessed on 16 May 2025).

[5] PwC (2019), NBP Cost Benefit Analysis Report, PricewaterhouseCoopers, London, https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/govieassets/8527/a8f88041f1f44255b0716f38e17b9448.pdf (accessed on 16 May 2025).

[10] Republic of Poland (2024), “Zwiększenie dostępu do ultra-szybkiego internetu szerokopasmowego (pierwszy nabór) (Increasing access to ultra-fast broadband Internet (first call))”, webpage, https://www.gov.pl/web/cppc/zwiekszenie-dostepu-do-ultra-szybkiego-internetu-szerokopasmowego-1-nabor (accessed on 4 June 2025).

[13] Republic of Slovenia (2022), Načrt razvoja gigabitne infrastrukture do 2030 (Gigabit Infrastructure Development Plan), Republic of Slovenia.

[7] Smart Continent LT (2020), Išankstinis ES fondų investicijų į skaitmeninio junglumo gerinimo veiklą 2021–2027 m. finansavimo laikotarpiu vertinimas, [Pre-evaluation of EU funds’ investments in activities to improve digital connectivity for the 2021-2027 funding period], Smart Contient LT, https://2014.esinvesticijos.lt/lt/dokumentai/isankstinis-es-fondu-investiciju-i-skaitmeninio-junglumo-gerinimo-veikla-2021-2027-m-finansavimo-laikotarpiu-vertinimas (accessed on 16 May 2025).

[3] SUTEL (2021), Carteles Proyectos FONATEL, SUTEL, https://www.sutel.go.cr/fonatel/carteles-proyectos-fonatel.

[4] WIK (2020), “Kosten von Breitband-Zugangsnetzen (Nr. 473)”, [Costs of Broadband Access Networks (No. 473)], webpage, https://www.wik.org/veroeffentlichungen/veroeffentlichung/nr-473-kosten-von-breitband-zugangsnetzen (accessed on 4 June 2024).

[14] WIK Consult (2022), Modellierung des Investitions- und Förderbedarfs verschiedener Breitband-Ausbauziele in der Schweiz, [Modelling the investment and funding needs of various broadband expansion targets in Switzerland], BAKOM, https://www.bakom.admin.ch/dam/bakom/de/dokumente/bakom/das_bakom/rechtliche_grundlagen/Gesch%C3%A4fte%20des%20Bundesrates/nachhaltiges_mobilfunknetz/modellierung_des_investitions_und_foerderbedarfs_verschiedener_breitband_ausbauziele_in_der_schweiz.pdf.