This report was written by Jonas Fluchtmann and Alexander Hijzen (OECD, Jobs and Income Division) under the leadership of Stefano Scarpetta (OECD, Director of ELS) and Mark Pearson (OECD, Deputy-Director of ELS) and supervised by Stéphane Carcillo (OECD, Head of the Jobs and Incomes Division). Agnès Puymoyen (OECD, Jobs and Income Division) provided statistical assistance and Hanna Varkki (OECD, ELS) provided editorial support and prepared the report for publication.
We are grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from Tom Bevers, Ann Coenen, Lieve Rams (FPS Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue), Michiel Segaert, Marthe Didier, Nathalie Nuyts (ONEM / RVA), Yves Saks (National Bank of Belgium), Jarmila Botev (OECD Economics Directorate), as well as participants of the OECD Working Party on Employment on the 9th of November 2025. We are further grateful to Chris Brijs and Vivien Gain (KSZ / BCSS) for ensuring access to Belgian matched administrative data. The OECD gratefully acknowledges the financial support by FPS Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue.