This report was prepared by Ali Bargú, Stewart Butler, Valentina Contreras, Damiano Pregaldini and Ioanna Pantelaiou in the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, under the guidance and supervision of Anne Lauringson (Team Leader) and Theodora Xenogiani (Head of Employability Division). Statistical assistance was provided by Dana Blumin and editorial support by Assa Fofana and Natalie Corry. Feedback from Sebastian Königs and Alexander Hijzen in the OECD’s Jobs and Income Division is gratefully acknowledged.
This report is produced within the framework of the project “Strengthening social protection capacity and enhancing the labour market integration of minimum income scheme (MIS) beneficiaries through the application of artificial intelligence (AI) for improved job matching” (www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/sg-reform/using-AI-to-improve-job-matching-tools-for-minimum-income-scheme-beneficiaries.html; September 2024‑October 2026). The project was funded by the European Union via the Technical Support Instrument, and implemented by the OECD, in co‑operation with the Reform and Investment Task Force of the European Commission (SG REFORM). The project aims to support Belgium and Greece to develop digital solutions enriched by AI aiming to enhance the matching of MIS beneficiaries with labour demand.
This report and the project as a whole have profited from excellent collaboration and fruitful discussions with the counterparts in Belgium and Greece including staff from the Federal Public Service Social Security and the Federal Public Planning Service for Social Integration, Anti-Poverty Policy, Social Economy and Federal Urban Policy in Belgium and the Ministry of Social Cohesion and Family and the Ministry of Labour and Social Security in Greece. The report and the project implementation would not have been possible without the continuous support, collaboration and constructive comments of Marine Borchardt and Hana Lucic from the European Commission’s SG REFORM.
This report has greatly benefitted from exchanges with numerous stakeholders in Belgium and Greece throughout the project implementation and, in particular, the discussions held during the fact-finding missions in November 2024 (in Greece) and January 2025 (in Belgium) as well as during workshops and capacity-building events. Contributions of international experts during the two international workshops – the first one held in May 2025 on identifying employment obstacles and opportunities for vulnerable groups and the second one in November 2025 on digital and AI-powered job matching and career recommendation tools – as well as from a study visit to the Swedish PES in February 2026, are greatly acknowledged.
Finally, valuable comments and feedback on this report were provided by the delegates to the OECD Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee as well as by Mark Pearson, Acting Director for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs.