Richard Desjardins (University of California, Los Angeles, United States) and Jan Kalenda (Tomas Bata University, Czechia) authored this report. It is an output of a Center for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) “Agility and Innovation” project. Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin, Senior Education Economist and Deputy Head of the Innovation and Measuring Progress division at the OECD Directorate for Education and Skills, led the project and edited the report.
The topic of the project was selected by the CERI Governing Board upon the proposition of a member country. Agility and innovation projects are requested to come up with a report that cast initial light on the topic in a short period of time.
The development of the report benefited from two expert meetings that were held on 23 May and 19 September: the first one provided advice on the scope of the work while the second one discussed an initial version of the report. The following experts are thankfully acknowledged for their contributions to defining the scope of the paper and for providing oral and written feedback on its first draft: Ellen Boeren (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom); Satya Brink (Jönköping University, Sweden); Francesca Borgonovi (OECD); Alex Gordon (Australia); Petya Illieva (Bulgarian Academy of Science, Bulgary); Hyerim Kim (OECD); Ann-Charlott Larsson (Statistics Sweden, Sweden); Alexandra Loannidou (German Institute for Adult Learning, Germany); Marco Paccagnella (OECD); Teresa Parsons (Canada); Glenda Quintini (OECD); Gara Rojas Gonzalez (OECD); Josef Schrader (German Institute for Adult Learning, Germany); Thomas Schuller (Independent scholar, former Head of CERI); Bart Staats (OECD); Claudia Tamassia (OECD); Quentin Vidal (OECD); Emanuel Von Erlach (Office fédéral de la statistique, Switzerland); Yixi Wang (OECD).
A revised draft was then commented at the November 2025 meeting of the CERI Governing Board. CERI GB members are thanked for their insightful comments.
Edmund Misson, Head of the Innovation and Measuring Progress (IMEP) division is thanked for providing very helpful comments on the different versions of the document.
Chloe Acas, Jennifer O’Brien, and Brianna Jesme provided excellent assistance to the project and prepared the document for publication with the support of Rachel Linden (OECD).