Reading performance, for PISA, measures the capacity of a 15-year-old to understand, use and reflect on written texts to achieve personal goals, develop knowledge and potential, and participate in society.
An asterisk (*) next to the name of a country or economy indicates that caution is required when interpreting results, as one or more PISA sampling standards were not met. A double asterisk (**) indicates that caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries or economies, as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established.
This indicator is measured as a mean score.
