In a context of changing trade policy patterns and increased frequency of shocks to international supply chains, it is increasingly important for policymakers to understand where value is created, where vulnerabilities arise, how shocks travel through production networks and how firms reorganise when confronted with geopolitical tensions, price volatility, technological change and new policy priorities. The OECD Trade in Value Added (TiVA) initiative has helped better understand these questions for more than a decade. Three complementary datasets are available for further understanding how global production is organised: the OECD Previous Year’s Prices Inter-Country Input-Output (PYP ICIO) database, the OECD Analytical Activities of Multinational Enterprises (Analytical AMNE) database and the TiVA indicators for services by mode of supply (TiVA-MoS).
Global value chain data across trade, multinationals and services
Explore three complementary GVC datasets that provide a more complete picture of how global production is organised.
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OECD Previous Year’s Prices Inter-Country Input-Output tables
About the dataset
The OECD Previous Year’s Prices Inter-Country Input-Output (PYP ICIO) tables provide a framework for analysing global value chains in real terms. By expressing each year’s flows of goods and services at the prices of the previous year, the dataset helps users distinguish changes in economic activity from changes caused by inflation and movements in relative prices.
ICIO tables trace flows of intermediate and final goods and services across countries and industries. They can be used to examine how economies participate in global production networks, where value is created and how foreign inputs contribute to domestic production and exports.
Conventional ICIO tables are expressed in current prices. The PYP ICIO tables are constructed using detailed price information for output, value added and final demand at the country and industry level. They are subsequently balanced using a GRAS procedure to preserve the accounting consistency of the ICIO framework. Combined with tables in current prices, the PYP ICIO tables provide the basis for constructing chain-linked volume indicators of trade in value added (TiVA) and GVC indicators.
The 2026 edition covers 80 economies, plus a rest-of-the-world aggregate, and 50 industries over the period 1995-2024. Data in current prices come from the 2025 edition of OECD ICIO tables (link). Data for 2023 and 2024 come from projected tables using more recent information from national accounts and international trade statistics.
Trade via global value chains has reached historical highs in the post-pandemic period in real terms
Trade via GVCs, measured as imported intermediate inputs as a share of world GDP, provides a broad indication of the extent to which production relies on inputs sourced internationally. Both nominal and real measures show a strong increase prior to the Global Financial Crisis, reflecting the rapid expansion of GVCs. After 2011, however, the two measures diverged. The current-price indicator points to a more pronounced decline, while the real-terms measure suggests that international input use broadly stabilised.
After the COVID-19 pandemic, sharp movements in energy and commodity prices substantially affected the value of imported inputs, producing large changes in the current-price indicator. Once these prices effects are removed, trade via GVCs remains at historical highs.
Access the data and related documents
- More information on the database: Read Me (.xlsx)
- Chain-linked volume indicators
- Trade via GVCs: TRADE_GVC
- Foreign value added in gross exports: EXGR_FVA
- Domestic value added in gross exports: EXGR_DVA
- Foreign value added in gross exports, as a share of gross exports: BACKWARD_GVC_PARTICIPATION
- Domestic value added in gross exports of third countries, as a share of gross exports: FORWARD_GVC_PARTICIPATION
- Tables in current and previous year’s prices
OECD Analytical Activities of Multinational Enterprises database
About the dataset
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are central actors in global value chains. They organise production across countries, combine trade and investment in their international operations and connect domestic suppliers and customers to global markets. However, their activities are only partly visible in conventional trade and input-output statistics.
The OECD Analytical Activities of Multinational Enterprises (Analytical AMNE) database links information on the activities of MNEs with OECD ICIO tables and allows for the analysis of MNE activities in value-added terms. The database distinguishes between three types of firms: foreign affiliates (firms with at least 50% foreign ownership), domestic MNEs (domestic firms with foreign affiliates) and domestic firms not involved in international investment. The database draws on official statistics on the activities of MNEs, foreign affiliate statistics, trade by enterprise characteristics, foreign direct investment statistics and other national sources to provide a complete picture of multinational production and the role of MNEs in GVCs, filing gaps with estimates in a consistent ICIO framework.
The Analytical AMNE database comprises three components:
- Statistics on gross output, value added, exports and imports of intermediate inputs by country, industry and type of firms.
- A bilateral output matrix that identifies the host economy and industry in which production takes place and the parent economy in which the controlling entity (ultimate owner) is located.
- ICIO tables split between domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms.
The 2026 edition covers 80 economies, plus a rest-of-the-world aggregate, and 41 industries over the period 2000-2023. The detailed distinction between domestic MNEs and other domestic-owned firms is available from 2008 because of more limited information in earlier years.
Multinational is comparable in scale to world trade
Multinational production is a major channel of international integration. The figure shows the evolution of the gross output of foreign affiliates between 2000 and 2023 (multinational production), compared with world trade in goods and services. There is an overlap between the two that corresponds to exports of foreign affiliates. In 2023, the gross output of foreign affiliates reached about USD 25.6 trillion (including the overlap with trade). This is a bit lower but comparable with world trade in goods and services (estimated at USD 26.6 trillion in the TiVA framework). This comparison highlights that foreign affiliate production is not a secondary channel of internationalisation. It is a major form of global economic integration, comparable in magnitude to international trade.
Access the data and related documents
- More information on the database: Read Me (.xlsx)
- Output, value added and trade (domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms) (.csv)
- Bilateral output matrix (.csv)
- Domestic MNEs (output, value added and trade of foreign-owned, domestic-owned multinational and other domestic-owned firms) (.csv)
- 2025 OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables split according to ownership (domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms): 2000-2003, 2004-2007, 2008-2011, 2012-2015, 2016-2019, 2020-2023
- More information on the database: Read Me (.xlsx)
- Output, value added and trade (domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms) (.csv)
- Bilateral output matrix (.csv)
- Domestic MNEs (output, value added and trade of foreign-owned, domestic-owned multinational and other domestic-owned firms) (.csv)
- 2024 OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables split according to ownership (domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms): 2000-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2015, 2016-2020
- More information on the database: Read Me (.xlsx)
- Output, value-added and trade (domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms) (.csv)
- Bilateral output matrix (.csv)
- Preliminary 2023 OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables split according to ownership (domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms): 2000-2004, 2005-2009, 2010-2014, 2015-2019
- Read Me (.xlsx) More information on the database:
- Analytical AMNE (.xlsx) Output, value-added and trade (domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms
- Analytical AMNE domestic MNEs (.xlsx) Output, value-added and trade (including domestic MNEs)
- 2005-2008, 2009-2012, 2013-2016 (.zip)
2018 OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables split according to ownership (domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms) - Domestic sales decomposition (.xlsx) Value-added decomposition of domestic sales of domestic-owned and foreign-owned firms
Related analytical, policy and methodology papers
- The role of multinational enterprises in the United Kingdom (2025)
- Multinational enterprises and intangible capital (2021)
- Multinational enterprises in domestic value chains (2019)
- Multinational production and trade in services (2018)
- Multinational enterprises and global value chains: New insights on the trade-investment nexus (2018)
- Multinational enterprises in the global economy: Heavily debated but hardly measured (2018)
- International trade and investment: Two sides of the same coin? (2018)
OECD Trade in value-added indicators for services by mode of supply
About the dataset
Services are supplied internationally through several channels. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) distinguishes four modes of supply:
- Mode 1 – Cross-border supply: a service is supplied from the territory of one economy to a consumer in another economy, including many digitally delivered services.
- Mode 2 – Consumption abroad: the consumer travels to another economy to obtain a service, as in tourism, international education or certain health services.
- Mode 3 – Commercial presence: a service supplier establishes or acquires an affiliate in another economy through which services are supplied locally.
- Mode 4 – Presence of natural persons: an individual travels temporarily to another economy to supply a service.
The OECD Trade in value-added indicators for services by mode of supply (TiVA-MoS) dataset extends the TiVA framework by distinguishing bilateral services trade across Modes 1 and 4 combined, Mode 2 and Mode 3. It provides value-added indicators that show how domestic and foreign services contribute to exports, manufacturing production and final demand.
The database combines information from the OECD ICIO tables and the Analytical AMNE database. It provides bilateral trade values by mode of supply (Mode 1 and 4 combined, Mode 2 and Mode 3) together with a set of indicators decomposing the services value added embodied in trade and final demand by mode of supply.
The 2026 edition covers 80 economies, plus a rest-of-the-world aggregate, and 19 services industries over the period 2000-2023.
Commercial presence is the largest channel for supplying services internationally
A decomposition of world trade in services according to their mode of supply shows that commercial presence is the largest channel for supplying services internationally. In 2023, services supplied through commercial presence reached about USD 8.8 trillion, compared with USD 6.9 trillion for Modes 1 and 4 combined and USD 0.7 trillion for Mode 2. Adding the estimated overlap between Mode 3 and cross-border trade (USD 2.4 trillion), total international services supply reached around USD 18.9 trillion.
Access the data and related documents
TiVA-MoS 2026 Data
- More information on the database: Read Me (.xlsx)
- Gross exports – bilateral trade in services by mode of supply: EXGR
- Services value added content of manufacturing gross exports: MFG_EXGR_SVC_VA
- Foreign services value added in gross exports: EXGR_SVC_FVA
- Domestic services value added in foreign gross exports: FEXGR_SVC_DVA
- Foreign value added in domestic final demand for services: SVC_DFD_FVA
- Domestic value added in foreign final demand for services: SVC_FFD_DVA
- Ratio of Mode 3 to cross-border trade in services: SVC_EXGR_MOS3_XB
