Publications

Comment les pays en développement producteurs de combustibles fossiles et riches en ressources minérales peuvent-ils concevoir des trajectoires de transition bas carbone qui soient réalistes, équitables et d'un bon rapport coût-efficacité ? Tenant compte de l’hétérogénéité des trajectoires bas carbone, Un cadre et un financement équitables pour la transation des pays reposant sur les industries extractives (ou cadre EFFECT – « Equitable Framework and Finance for Extractive-based Countries in Transition ») propose des pistes d'action pour les autorités publiques, les industries et les institutions financières en quête de solutions. L’objectif de cet outil est de les aider à saisir les opportunités de transformation qu’offre une croissance durable à faible émission de carbone. Il recense les moyens permettant d’atténuer les impacts de la transition sur les industries utilisant des combustibles fossiles, les travailleurs et les ménages défavorisés, ainsi que de prévenir les risques de verrouillage carbone et d’actifs échoués. Reconnaissant la responsabilité partagée des pays producteurs et consommateurs en ce qui concerne la réduction de la production et de la consommation de combustibles fossiles, le cadre EFFECT préconise la création de partenariats porteurs de transformation pour les transferts de technologies, le financement vert et le renforcement des capacités. Enfin, il soutient une répartition équitable des avantages et des coûts de la transition, à la fois entre les différents pays et en leur sein.

Located in the state of Western Australia, the Pilbara is a large region and one of the least densely populated within the OECD. The Pilbara's mining sector is a top supplier of iron ore in the world, which has fuelled the economic growth of both the state and the country. While Pilbara’s industrialisation is relatively recent, dating back to the 1960s, First Nations peoples have inhabited the region for approximately 50 000 years. Despite the wealth generated by mining and extractive industries, the Pilbara faces important challenges to improve its attractiveness and well-being standards, especially for First Nations and non-mining workers. Well-being challenges also stifle growth opportunities and responsible mining investments in the region. The green transition presents the Pilbara with an opportunity to diversify its economy and improve well-being conditions of its communities, while becoming a strategic player in the global shift towards more sustainable mining. This study offers guidance on how the Pilbara can shape a more inclusive and sustainable development model that supports economic diversification and prioritises improving the living conditions of its communities, particularly First Nations.

Grande puissance agroalimentaire mondiale, l’Union européenne se caractérise par un système agroalimentaire résilient et capable de maintenir la productivité à la hausse dans un contexte économique et politique en constante évolution. Mais il en faudra plus pour que le secteur agricole réponde aux attentes en matière de durabilité environnementale. Le présent rapport, Politiques au service de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation de demain dans l’Union européenne, est le résultat de l’application du cadre d’analyse de la productivité, de la durabilité et de la résilience (PSR) mis au point par l’OCDE, avec les valeurs les plus récentes de ses indicateurs agroenvironnementaux, pour comparer le bilan du secteur agricole de l’UE en termes de productivité durable et pour recenser les principaux défis à venir. La Politique agricole commune (PAC) de l’UE est appelée à jouer un rôle de premier plan dans la mise en œuvre des buts et objectifs du pacte vert pour l’Europe. Les préoccupations urgentes qui touchent l’environnement imposent de repenser les paiements de la PAC, de combler le déficit de mise en œuvre sur le plan de la durabilité, d’appliquer une stratégie ambitieuse dans les domaines des données et du numérique et d’amener l’innovation au centre de la politique agricole.

A megadiverse county, Costa Rica is known globally for its success in reversing deforestation and pursuing a growth model based on the sustainable use of its environmental resources. However, energy use and related greenhouse gas emissions increased in the last decade. Private cars are a major and growing source of emissions affecting climate and air quality. Waste disposal still relies on landfills, and much wastewater is untreated. Costa Rica’s extensive protected area network and pioneering programme of payments for ecosystem services have helped reduce biodiversity loss and extend forests’ carbon sequestration capacity. However, more should be done to tackle pressures on biodiversity from development of infrastructure and settlements, tourism, farming and fishing. The sheer scale of investment needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals calls for improving the efficiency of public spending, mobilising private finance, strictly enforcing regulations and providing adequate incentives. This is the first OECD Environmental Performance Review of Costa Rica. It evaluates the country’s progress towards sustainable development, with a special chapter focusing on biodiversity, and provides 52 recommendations.

Antofagasta is a world leader in copper and lithium production, with strategic importance for the global energy transition and for the economic development of Chile. Located in north Chile, Antofagasta is carved by the natural contours of the Atacama Desert and home to diverse Indigenous communities. Despite the wealth brought by mining, communities in Antofagasta lag on a number of well-being dimensions. At the same time, Antofagasta’s mining industry is entering a new phase of development, driven by the expected surge in global demand for its minerals and the imperative to adapt to the green and digital transitions. Against this backdrop, a new development vision with a long-term strategy is warranted in the region to leverage mining benefits to improve well-being standards and take advantage of the opportunities brought by the digital and green transition in mining. This study presents the diagnosis, rationale and building blocks for a new mining strategy in the region of Antofagasta, Chile that prioritises well-being standards and opportunities for local communities. This medium and long-term strategy aims to create a new pact amongst different societal stakeholders to build trust and unite efforts for more inclusive and sustainable growth in the region.

This report explores how institutional investors can apply risk-based due diligence as recommended by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct and help them prevent and mitigate adverse climate impacts associated with their investee companies on society and the environment. It provides practical recommendations on how to conduct due diligence as a way to connect climate commitments at portfolio level with real-economy impacts and draws on other frameworks and tools for assessing, managing or disclosing climate impacts associated with investments.

Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE mène tous les cinq à six ans un examen par les pairs qui passe en revue les efforts de coopération pour le développement de chacun de ses membres. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leur coopération, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. Les Pays-Bas continuent de se concentrer sur leurs atouts et conduisent des réformes internes pour un impact durable. Ils maintiennent leur engagement dans les contextes fragiles, avec un financement à long terme et flexible. Le pays est grandement apprécié pour son rôle pionnier dans l’égalité des genres, il soutient fermement les sociétés civiles locales et s’attaque aux effets de son empreinte économique. Cet examen formule des recommandations pour renforcer l’engagement des Pays-Bas dans les pays partenaires par la concrétisation de leur ambition en faveur d’un développement mené au niveau local, leurs efforts pour adapter leur approche thématique à chaque contexte et la définition plus précise de leur appétence pour le risque. L’inversion de la baisse des budgets est une réalisation importante, mais il faudra gérer l’effet des dépenses consacrées aux réfugiés dans le pays sur le programme néerlandais de développement.

An alarming number of women and girls become victims/survivors of gender-based violence (GBV) at least once during their lifetime. While GBV has garnered more attention from policymakers in recent years, and has become a top gender-equality priority for OECD countries, significant challenges remain in all countries. This report promotes a comprehensive approach to breaking the cycle of GBV by combining insights from recent OECD work with robust evidence from surveys and questionnaires conducted in OECD Member countries. It offers recommendations for a comprehensive OECD GBV Governance Framework encompassing laws and access to justice, transforming restrictive gender norms, and integrating service delivery to prevent, address and - ultimately - end this violation of human rights.

This report builds on work presented in the OECD’s 2019 report Regions in Industrial Transition: Policies for People and Places. It considers industrial transition as a complex and enduring challenge in regional development that traditional policy levers have not always been able to satisfactorily address. Beginning with an overview of how to characterise these regions, it then explores why they require tailored policy approaches and posits whether adopting a more experimental path in governance arrangements and policy initiatives could make inroads in meeting industrial transition objectives. The report shares findings emanating from the experiences of eight regions and two countries that designed and implemented experimental initiatives to advance their industrial transition process and Smart Specialisation Strategies, with the support of the European Commission. It features a framework of governance and policy areas that influence industrial transition, and applicable to experimentation. Combining this with insights from each experiment studied, the report presents a toolkit of policy levers for policy makers grappling with industrial transition, and a checklist for those wishing to apply an experimental approach to industrial transition initiatives. Finally, the report contains a synopsis of the initiatives designed and implemented by the regions and countries participating in this project.

Spain has a high share of the working age population at risk of poverty or social exclusion and a high incidence of child poverty. While Spain has introduced a minimum income at the national level, social inclusion policies are the responsibility of the regions. At present, the coverage of the minimum income remains low and there are many differences in the design and implementation of social inclusion policies across regions, especially as a number of regions do not develop social inclusion strategies. There is also a lack of a multidimensional approach to social inclusion. This report develops options for new inclusion models that address current challenges and help formulate a coherent inclusion strategy. It also sets out a blueprint for developing a monitoring and evaluation framework. The recommendations aim to increase the effectiveness of minimum income policies and strengthen the co-ordination between social services, employment, health and housing.