Long COVID

Defining Long COVID remains complex due to its wide-ranging symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems. As a result, patients frequently report difficulties in having their symptoms recognised or correctly diagnosed as Long COVID. There is therefore an urgent need for clearer, more coordinated care to ensure consistent support and treatment across health systems. While the evidence on Long COVID is still evolving, it is already clear that the condition significantly affects patients’ health and social well-being, and places a substantial economic burden on health systems and economies.

Estimates of the prevalence of Long COVID vary considerably. Earlier published research suggested that between 10% and 30% of patients who experience COVID-19 may develop Long COVID, while more recent publications have placed the figure between 5% and 15%. What’s more, it is still uncertain if the prevalence will increase or decrease over time. Findings from the OECD Patient Reported Indicator Surveys (PaRIS) conducted in 2023 estimated that approximately 7% of the primary care population in 16 OECD countries have experienced Long COVID. This analysis provides country specific estimates of Long COVID, as well as measures the impact on health and social outcomes.

The chronic and debilitating symptoms of Long COVID can affect cognitive function, as well as both physical and mental health, significantly hindering patients’ ability to participate in social activities, education and the workforce. To better understand its economic implications, the OECD is looking to quantify both the direct and indirect costs of Long COVID across member economies. This analysis looks beyond direct healthcare expenditure to capture the broader socioeconomic impacts, including reduced workforce participation, higher demand for social welfare programs, and the overall effects on economic growth and productivity.