Western Balkans Competitiveness Outlook 2024: Montenegro

Abbreviations and acronyms

5G	Fifth-generation Technology Standard for Cellular Networks
AC23	Action Plan for Chapter 23 “Judiciary and Fundamental Rights”
ACER	Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
ADR	Alternative Dispute Resolution
AEO	Authorised Economic Operator
AEOI	Automatic exchange of information
AI	Artificial intelligence
AIFMD	Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive
AIMS	Albania, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia
AKIS	Agriculture Knowledge and Innovation System
ALMPs	Active labour market programmes
AMLD5	Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive
APC	Agency for Prevention of Corruption
AZLP	Agency for Personal Data Protection and Free Access to Information
B2C	Business-to-consumer
BAN	Business Angel Network
BAT	Best available techniques
BCR	EU Broadband Cost Reduction
BEPS	Base erosion and profit shifting
BIT	Bilateral Investment Treaty
BREF	Best available techniques reference documents
CACM	Capacity Allocation and Congestion Management
CADR	Centre for Alternative Dispute Resolution
CAP	Common Agricultural Policy
CARF	Crypto Asset Reporting Framework
CBA	Cost-benefit analysis
CBAM	Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
CbC	Country-by-country
CBCG	Central Bank of Montenegro (Centralna Banka Crne Gore)
CBDC	Central Bank Digital Currency
CDO	Chief Data Officer
CE	Circular economy
CEDIS	Electricity Distribution System Operator
CEFTA	Central European Free Trade Agreement
CEO	Chief Executive Officer
CERT	National Montenegrin Computer Emergency Response Team
CGES	Electric Power Transmission System Operator
CGI programme	Collaborative grants for innovation programme
CIRT	National Montenegrin Computer Incident Response Team
CIS	Customs Information System
CIT	Corporate income tax
CLRTAP	Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
CMA	Capital Market Authority
CMO	Common Market Organisation
CO	Competitiveness Outlook
CORE	Cyber Security Coordination and Response Network
COSME	Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
COTEE	Montenegrin Electricity Market Operator
CRM	Customer relations management
CRPS	Central Register of Business Entities
DA	Digital Academy
DAM	Day-Ahead Market
DESI	Western Balkans Digital Economy Society Index
DLT	Distributed Ledger Technology
DMOs	Destinations Management Organizations
DPR	Directorate for Protection and Rescue
EAM	Employment Agency of Montenegro
EASI	Programme for Employment and Social Innovation
EBRD	European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC	European Commission
ECE	Early Childhood Education
EEA	European Environment Agency
EFTA	European Free Trade Association
EIC	European Innovation Council
e-ID	Electronic Identification
eIDAS	Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services
EIS	European Innovation Scoreboard
EKIP	Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services
EMAS	EU Eco Management and Audit Scheme
EMD2	Second Electronic Money Directive
EnC	Energy Community
ENISA	European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
EPR	Extended producer responsibility
ESA	Education Sector Analysis
ESFRI	European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures
ESW	Electronic Single Window
ETS	Emissions Trading System
EU	European Union
EU 27	27 European Union countries
EU NIS/NIS2	Networks and Information Security Directive
EUA	European University Association
EUR	Euros
EURES	European Employment Services
EVCS	Electric vehicle charging stations
FAB	Functional Airspace Block
FADN	Farm Accountancy Data Network
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FiT	Feed-in tariff
FTAs	Free Trade Agreements
FTTP	Fibre to the premises
GCF	Green Climate Fund
GDP	Gross domestic product
GDPR	General Data Protection Regulation
GERD	Gross domestic expenditure on research and development
GHG	Greenhouse gas
GHz	Gigahertz
GI	Geographical indications
GIS	Geographic information system
GIZ	Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Development Cooperation)
GloBE	Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules
GRECO	Groupe d'États contre la corruption
GST	Goods and services tax
GSTC	Global Sustainable Tourism Council
Ha	Hectare
HE	Higher education
HEI	Higher education institution
HS	Harmonised System
IACS	Integrated administration and control system
IAP	Adriatic-Ionian Gas Pipeline
IBRD	International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICO	Initial Coin Offering
ICP Forests	International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests
ICSID	International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
ICT	Information and communications technology
IDF	Investment and Development Fund of Montenegro
IEP	Institutional Evaluation Programme
IFAD	International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC	International Finance Corporation
IHMS	Institute for Hydrometeorology and Seismology
ILO	International Labour Organization
IMF	International Monetary Fund
INSTAT	Montenegrin Institute of Statistics
IOM	International Organization for Migration
IoT	Internet of Things
IP	Intellectual property
IPARD	Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance for Rural Development
IPPC	Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
IPR	Intellectual property rights
ISCED	International Standard Classification of Education
ISPS	International Ship and Port Facility Security
ISS Council	Council for Innovation and Smart Specialisation
IT	Information technology
ITE	Initial teacher education
ITF	International Transport Forum
ITS	Intelligent Transport Systems
ITU	International Telecommunication Union
IVET	Initial vocational education and training
JBCP	Joint border crossing point
JRC	Joint Research Centre
JSERP	Unified System for Electronic Data Exchange
JSI	(WTO) Joint Statement Initiative
KAP	Kombinat Aluminijuma Podgorica (Aluminium Plant Podgorica)
KGF	Credit Guarantee Fund of Montenegro
KPIs	Key performance indicators
LAG	Local action group
LED	Light emitting diode
LGUs	Local self-government units
LLC	Limited liability company
LNG	Liquefied natural gas
LPC	Law on Prevention of Corruption
LPIS	Land parcel identification system
MAFWM	Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management
MAIA	Montenegrin Artificial Intelligence Association
MEBAN	Montenegrin Business Angels Network
MEIS	Montenegrin Education Information System
MEPX	Montenegrin Power Exchange
MHz	Megahertz
MIA	Montenegro Investment Agency
MNE	Multinational enterprises
MONSTAT	Statistical Office of Montenegro
MoU	Memorandum of understanding
MPA	Ministry of Public Administration of Montenegro
MRL	Maximum residue levels
MSCA	Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action
MSDT	Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism
MSMEs	Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
MTA	Montenegro Tax Administration
MTMA	Ministry of Transport and Maritime Affairs
MVP	Minimum viable product
NAP	National Adaptation Plans
NBDP	Montenegrin National Broadband Development Plan
NCSS	National Cyber Security Strategy
NCT	National Council for Tourism
NDC	Nationally Determined Contribution
NECP	Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan
NECP	National Energy and Climate Plan
NEET	Not in education, employment or training
NEMO	Nominated Electricity Market Operator
NGO	Non-governmental organisation
NIA	National Integrity Agency
NIS	Networks and Information Security EU Directive
NMSW	National Maritime Single Window
NSA	National Safety Authority
NSSD	National Strategy for Sustainable Development
NTFC	National Trade Facilitation Committee
OD	Operating Document for the prevention of corruption in areas exposed to special risk
ODO	Open Data Officer
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
ÖREK	Österreichisches Raumentwicklungskonzept (Austrian Spatial Development Concept)
ÖROK	Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz (Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning)
PCB	Polychlorinated biphenyls
PDI Fund	Pension and Disability Insurance Fund
PEM	Pan-Euro-Mediterranean
PES	Public employment service
PIRLS	Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
PISA	Programme for International Student Assessment
PIT	Personal income tax
PPP	Public-private partnerships
PRTR	Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
PSD2	Second Payment Services Directive
QDMTT	Qualified domestic minimum top-up tax
R&D	Research and development
R&I	Research and innovation
RAMS	Road Asset Management System
RCC	Regional Cooperation Council
REA	Real Estate Administration
REACH	Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
REGAGEN	Energy and Water Regulatory Agency
RES	Renewable energy sources
RFID	Radio-frequency identification
RIA	Regulatory impact assessment
RITTD	Research, innovation, technology transfer and digitisation
RMS	Risk management system
RRA	Regulatory Body for Railways
RSV	Register of Beneficial Owners
RTCG	Radio and Television of Montenegro
S3	Smart Specialisation Strategy
SAAB	Scottish Apprenticeship Advisory Board
SAI	State Audit Institution
SCC	Secretariat of the Competitiveness Council
SDGs	Sustainable Development Goals
SEECAO	South East European Coordinated Auction Office
SEEIIST	South East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies
SEPA	Single Euro Payment Area
SES	Single European Sky
SMART	Specific, measurable, attainable, real and time-based
SMATSA	Serbia and Montenegro Air Traffic Services
SME	Small and medium-sized enterprises
SOE	State-owned enterprise
SPD	Special Police Division
SPP	Single Project Pipeline
SPS	Sanitary and phytosanitary
SSC	Social security contributions
SSPO	Supreme State Prosecution Office
STEM	Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
STI	Science, technology and innovation
STO	Security Token Offering
STP	Science and technology park
SwEPA	Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
TCT	Transport Community Treaty
TDS	Transport Development Strategy for 2019-35
TE	Tax expenditure
TEUs	Twenty-foot equivalent units
TFA	Trade Facilitation Agreement
TFI	Trade Facilitation Indicators
TIMSS	Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
TO	Tourism Organisations
TPPs	Third-party payment services providers
TPP	Thermal power plant
TSA	Tourism Satellite Account
TTO	Technology Transfer Office
TVET	Technical and vocational education and training
UCITS	Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive
UIS	UNESCO Institute for Statistics
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNECE	United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP	United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNCITRAL	United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
VAT	Value added tax
VET	Vocational education and training
VHCN	Very High-Capacity Network
WB3C	Regional Centre for Cybersecurity Capacity Building
WB6	Western Balkan 6
WBG	World Bank Group
WBIF	Western Balkans Investment Framework
WBL	Work-based learning
WHO	World Health Organization
WTTC	World Travel and Tourism Council
WWTPs	Wastewater treatment plants