The State of Cardiovascular Health in the European Union

Acronyms

AAA	Abdominal aortic aneurism
ACC	American College of Cardiology
ACE	Angiotensin-converting-enzyme
ACE‑I	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
ACHD-PRO	Adult Congenital Heart Disease – Patient-Reported Outcome
ACR	Albumin to creatinine ratio
ACS	Acute coronary syndrome
ADR	Adverse drug reactions
AED	Automated external defibrillator
AF	Atrial fibrillation
AF-PROMs	Atrial fibrillation patient-reported outcome measures
AHA	American Heart Association
AI	Artificial intelligence
AIS	Acute ischemic stroke
ALS	Advanced life support
AMI	Acute myocardial infarction
ANGPTL3	Angiopoietin-like protein 3
ApoC-III	Apolipoprotein C-III
ARB	Angiotensin receptor blockers
ARNI	Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors
ART	Assisted reproductive technologies
ASA	American Stroke Association
ASCVD	Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
ASMRs	Age standardised mortality rate
BI	Behavioural insights
BLS	Basic life support
BMI	Body mass index
BP	Blood pressure
CABG	Coronary artery bypass grafting
CAD	Coronary artery disease
CARDS	Cardiology audit and registration data standards
CCBs	Calcium channel blockers
CCM	Chronic care model
CDSS	Clinical decision support systems
CHD	Coronary heart disease
CHF	Congestive heart failure
CIED	Cardiac implantable electronic devices
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
CPI	Consumer price index
CPR	Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
CR	Cardiac rehabilitation
CRT	Cardiac resynchronisation therapy
CSS	Comprehensive Stroke Centers
CT	Computed tomography
CV	Cardiovascular
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
CWJ	Cluster of Western Jutland
DALYs	Disability-adjusted life years
DAPT	Dual antiplatelet therapy
DDDs	Defined daily doses
DOACs	Direct oral anticoagulants
DRG	Diagnostic-related group
DTN	Door-to-needle
DVT	Deep vein thrombosis
EACTS	European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
ECG/EKG	Electrocardiogram
ED	Emergency department
eGFR	Estimated glomerular filtration rate
EHDS	European Health Data Space
EHIS	European Health Interview Survey
EHRs	Electronic health records
EMS	Emergency medical service
EMT	Emergency medicine technicians
EPIC	End-gaming tobacco with personalised and integrate care
ESC	European Society of Cardiology
ESO	European Stroke Organisation
EuReCa	European Registry of Cardiac Arrest
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FH	Familial hypercholesterolemia
FHF	French Hospitals Federation
FSA	Food Standards Agency
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
G-BA	Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss
GDPR	General Data Protection Regulation
GLP‑1 RAs	Glucagon-Like Reptide‑1 Receptor Antagonists
GP	General practitioner
GPI	German Statutory Pension Insurance
GYTS	Global Youth Tobacco Survey
H@H	Hospital-at-Home
H1N1	Hemagglutinin type 1 / Neuraminidase type 1
H2O	Health Outcomes Observatory
HAS	Haute Autorité de Santé
HbA1c	Hemoglobin A1C
HBPT	Home blood pressure telemonitoring
HCQO	Healthcare quality and outcomes
HDL	High density lipoprotein
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HELENA	Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence
HEPA	Health-Enhancing Physical Activity
HERA	Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
HF	Heart failure
HF-NET	Heart Failure Network
HFpEF	Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
HFrEF	Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
HiAP	Health in All Policies
HMG-CoA	Hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
HR	Hazard ratio
HRPP	High-risk prevention programme
HTA	Health technology assessment
ICD	Implantable cardioverter defibrillators
ICERs	Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios
ICHOM	International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement
ICT	Information and communication technologies
IDEFICS	Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle‑induced health effects in children and infants
IHD	Ischaemic heart disease
IHME	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
IL‑1	Interleukin‑1
IMPALA	Improving infrastructure for leisure‑time physical activity in the local arena
IVT	Intravenous thrombolysis
JACARDI	Joint Action on Cardiovascular diseases and Diabetes
JA-CHRODIS	Joint Action on Chronic Diseases and Promoting Healthy Ageing
KCCQ	Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire
KYN	Know Your Numbers!
LDL	Low density lipoprotein
LDL-C	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LLMs	Large language models
LLT	Lipid lowering therapy
LPA	Low physical activity
LVEF	Left ventricular ejection fraction
LVO	Large vessel occlusion
LYs	Life years
MACE	Major adverse cardiovascular events
MDR	Medical Device Regulation
MECU	Mobile emergency care unit
MET	Metabolic equivalent
MetS	Metabolic syndrome
MI	Myocardial infarction
MICA	Mobile intensive care ambulance
MICU	Mobile intensive care unit
MINOCA	Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease
MMM	May Measurement Month
MRAs	Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
mRS	Modified ranking score
MSU	Mobile stroke unit
MT	Mechanical thrombectomy
NASH	Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NCD	Non-communicable disease
NCDR	The Norwegian Cardiovascular Disease Registry
NHS	National Health Service
NICE	National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NIHSS	National Institute of Health Stroke Severity
NLRP3	Nucleotide‑binding domain, leucine‑rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing‑3
NP	Natriuretic peptide
NYHA	New York Heart Association
OHCA	Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
OIM	Operational integration management
OOH	Outside of office hours
PAD	Peripheral arterial disease
PAD	Publicly accessible defibrillators
PaRIS	Patient-Reported Indicator Surveys
PCCs	Primary healthcare centres
PCI	Percutaneous coronary intervention
PCOS	Polycystic ovary syndrome
PCSK9	Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
PE	Pulmonary embolism
PEA	Pulseless electrical activity
PHC	Primary healthcare
PHPT	Public health product tax
PPAR	Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated receptor
PPCI	Primary percutaneous coronary intervention
PPG	Photoplethysmography
PPP	Purchasing power parity
PREMs	Patient-reported experience measures
PROMs	Patient-reported outcome measures
PSC	Primary stroke centres
PSOM	PROMs Standard Operating Model
PTCA	Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PYLL	Potential years of life lost
QALYs	Quality-adjusted life years
RAAS	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
RACECAT	Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation Trial
RCTs	Randomised controlled trials
RD	Risk difference
ROSC	Return of spontaneous circulation
RSD	Respiratory diseases
SAFE	Stroke Alliance for Europe
SAMU	Service d’Aide Médicale Urgente
SAP-E	Stroke Action Plan for Europe
SC	Stroke centre
SCAD	Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
SCD	Sudden cardiac death
SDIL	Soft Drinks Industry Levy
SDM	Shared decision making
SGLT2i	Sodium-glucose cotransporter‑2 inhibitors
SHI	Statutory Health Insurance
siRNA	Small interfering RNA
SPICES	Scaling up Packages of Interventions for Cardiovascular disease prevention in selected sites in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa
STEMI	ST-elevation myocardial infarction
SU	Stroke unit
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TAVI	Transcatheter aortic valve implantation
TFG	Tobacco-free generation
THL	Finland’s public health institute
TIA	Transient ischaemic attack
TMREL	Theoretical minimum risk exposure level
TPD	Tobacco Products Directive
UPF	Ultra processed foods
VF	Ventricular fibrillation
VKAs	Vitamin K antagonists
VT	Ventricular tachycardia
VTE	Venous thromboembolism
YLLs	Years of life lost