Strengthening Place-Based Regional Development Policy in Estonia

Annex B. Additional figures

Net internal and external migration

Figure A B.1. Net internal migration

Net number of internal migrants by TL3 region, 2017-23

Note: In 2022, the Estonian Government introduced a new index to more accurately gauge residence, drawing on multiple datasets to determine places of residence (e.g. looking at addresses in the Population Register, property ownership, electricity connections, education information, healthcare data, etc.). Internal migration is one of the statistics that uses place of residence, so caution should be used when comparing internal migration statistics from before and after 2022 (Statistics Estonia, 2022[1]).

Source: Statistics Estonia (2023[2]), RVR02: Migration by Administrative Unit/Type of Settlement Region, Sex and Type of Migration, https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikusundmused__ranne/RVR02.

Figure A B.2. Net external migration

Net number of external migrants by TL3 region, 2017-23

Notes: In 2022, the Estonian Government introduced a new index to more accurately gauge residence, drawing on multiple datasets to determine places of residence (e.g. looking at addresses in the Population Register, property ownership, electricity connections, education information, healthcare data, etc.). Internal migration is one of the statistics that uses place of residence, so caution should be used when comparing internal migration statistics from before and after 2022 (Statistics Estonia, 2022[1]).

In 2022-23, 44 480 Ukrainian citizens immigrated to Estonia, and population growth during that period was driven mostly by Ukrainians arriving in Estonia (Statistics Estonia, 2024[3]).

Source: Statistics Estonia (2023[2]), RVR02: Migration by Administrative Unit/Type of Settlement Region, Sex and Type of Migration, https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikusundmused__ranne/RVR02.

Value added by region, sector and subsector

Figure A B.3. Value-added by region and sector

Shares of value‑added from agriculture, forestry and fishing, industry and construction, and services by TL3 region, 2023

Notes: Services include: wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transportation and storage; accommodation and food service activities; information and communication; financial and insurance activities; real estate activities; professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities; public administration and defence, compulsory social security; education; human health and social work activities; arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; households as employers and other activities.

Industry and construction include: mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities; construction.

Source: Statistics Estonia (Statistics Estonia, 2023[4]), RAA0051: Gross Domestic Product by County and Economic Sector T (ESA 2010), https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/majandus__rahvamajanduse-arvepidamine__sisemajanduse-koguprodukt-(skp)__regionaalne-sisemajanduse-koguprodukt/RAA0051/table/tableViewLayout2.

Table A B.1. Value-added by region, sector, and subsector, 2023

		Value at current prices (EUR million)	Share of economic activity in region’s value-added (%)
Central Estonia	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	184.2	9.4
	Industry and construction	720.5	36.8
	Mining and quarrying; manufacturing	536.0	27.4
	Electricity and water supply	18.7	1.0
	Construction	165.8	8.5
	Services	1 052.9	53.8
	Services of the business economy	702.5	35.9
	Public administration, education, health; other services	350.4	17.9
	Value-added total	1 957.6	100.0
Northeast Estonia	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	28.1	1.2
	Industry and construction	1 174.8	50.9
	Mining and quarrying; manufacturing	433.8	18.8
	Electricity and water supply	661.9	28.7
	Construction	79.1	3.4
	Services	1 103.7	47.8
	Services of the business economy	714.0	31.0
	Public administration, education, health; other services	389.7	16.9
	Value-added total	2 306.6	100.0
North Estonia	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	66.4	0.3
	Industry and construction	3 959.5	19.0
	Mining and quarrying; manufacturing	2 130.9	10.2
	Electricity and water supply	638.5	3.1
	Construction	1 190.1	5.7
	Services	16 769.2	80.6
	Services of the business economy	13 053.8	62.8
	Public administration, education, health; other services	3 715.4	17.9
	Value-added total	20 795.1	100.0
South Estonia	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	325.3	5.2
	Industry and construction	1 704.7	27.2
	Mining and quarrying; manufacturing	1 178.9	18.8
	Electricity and water supply	85.4	1.4
	Construction	440.5	7.0
	Services	4 227.3	67.6
	Services of the business economy	2 552.4	40.8
	Public administration, education, health; other services	1 675.0	26.8
	Value-added total	6 257.3	100.0
West Estonia	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	131.8	5.6
	Industry and construction	743.3	31.4
	Mining and quarrying; manufacturing	469.2	19.8
	Electricity and water supply	44.5	1.9
	Construction	229.6	9.7
	Services	1 493.5	63.1
	Services of the business economy	1 023.4	43.2
	Public administration, education, health; other services	470.1	19.8
	Value-added total	2 368.6	100.0
Whole country	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	735.8	2.2
	Industry and construction	8 302.8	24.6
	Mining and quarrying; manufacturing	4 748.8	14.1
	Electricity and water supply	1 449.0	4.3
	Construction	2 105.0	6.2
	Services	24 646.6	73.2
	Services of the business economy	18 046.1	53.6
	Public administration, education, health; other services	6 600.5	19.6
	Value-added total	33 685.2	100.0

Notes: “Electricity and water supply” refers to: electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities.

“Services of the business economy” refers to: wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transportation and storage; accommodation and food service activities; information and communication; financial and insurance activities; real estate activities; professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities.

“Public administration, education, health; other services” refers to: public administration and defence; compulsory social security; education; human health and social work activities; arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; households as employers and other activities.

Source: Statistics Estonia (2023[5]), RAA0052: Gross Domestic Product by Region and Economic Activity (ESA 2010), https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/majandus__rahvamajanduse-arvepidamine__sisemajanduse-koguprodukt-(skp)__regionaalne-sisemajanduse-koguprodukt/RAA0052/table/tableViewLayout2.

Labour productivity by main economic activity

Figure A B.4. Labour productivity in agriculture, forestry and fishing, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.5. Labour productivity in industry (except construction), 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.6. Labour productivity in manufacturing, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.7. Labour productivity in construction, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.8. Labour productivity in wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, transportation and storage, accommodation and food service activities, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.9. Labour productivity in information and communication, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.10. Labour productivity in financial and insurance activities, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.11. Labour productivity in real estate activities, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.12. Labour productivity in professional, scientific and technical activities, administrative and support service activities, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.13. Labour productivity in public administration, defence, education, human health and social work activities, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Figure A B.14. Labour productivity in arts, entertainment and recreation, other service activities, activities of household and extraterritorial organisations and bodies, 2013-22

USD per worker, PPP converted, units, constant prices (2020)

Source: OECD (2022[6]), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

Educational attainment by region over time

Figure A B.15. Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary educational attainment

Educational attainment by region, percentage of the population from 25 to 65 years, 2015-21

Note: 2015 is used as the start year as it marks the start of a new time series for these data.

Source: OECD (2025[7]), Educational Attainment – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1l0.

Figure A B.16. Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment

Note: 2015 is used as the start year as it marks the start of a new time series for these data.

Source: OECD (2025[7]), Educational Attainment – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1l0.

Figure A B.17. Tertiary educational attainment

Note: 2015 is used as the start year as it marks the start of a new time series for these data.

Source: OECD (2025[7]), Educational Attainment – Regions, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1l0.

References

[7] OECD (2025), Educational Attainment - Regions, OECD Data Explorer, OECD, Paris, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1l0.

[6] OECD (2022), Labour Productivity by Main Economic Activity - Regions, OECD Data Explorer, OECD, Paris, http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1yx.

[3] Statistics Estonia (2024), Estonia’s population is increasing due to Ukrainian immigration, https://stat.ee/en/news/estonias-population-increasing-due-ukrainian-immigration.

[4] Statistics Estonia (2023), RAA0051: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (ESA 2010) by Year, County, Component/ Economic sector and Indicator, https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/majandus__rahvamajanduse-arvepidamine__sisemajanduse-koguprodukt-(skp)__regionaalne-sisemajanduse-koguprodukt/RAA0051/table/tableViewLayout2.

[5] Statistics Estonia (2023), RAA0052: Gross Domestic Product by Region and Economic Activity (ESA 2010), https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/majandus__rahvamajanduse-arvepidamine__sisemajanduse-koguprodukt-(skp)__regionaalne-sisemajanduse-koguprodukt/RAA0052/table/tableViewLayout2.

[2] Statistics Estonia (2023), RVR02: Migration by Administrative Unit/Type of Settlement Region, Sex and Type of Migration, https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikusundmused__ranne/RVR02.

[1] Statistics Estonia (2022), Households and Dwellings in Registers, https://www.stat.ee/sites/default/files/2022-05/Households%20and%20residences%20in%20registers.pdf.