Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean 2025

Annex B. The local dimension of regional integration in the UfM: Cooperation between Alicante and Oran

This Annex presents an example of the local dimension in the process of regional integration in the Union for the Mediterranean that captures how cities and municipalities contribute their views to integration; and, in turn, it can highlight the opportunities of cooperation opened by regional integration.

Alicante and Oran: A strategic partnership for economic, cultural, and educational advancement

prepared by Casa Mediterráneo

Alicante, a historic port city on Spain's Mediterranean coast, has long served as a critical maritime gateway between Europe and North Africa. Its strategic geographic location, coupled with its robust port infrastructure, has fostered strong socio-economic and cultural ties with Algeria, particularly with the city of Oran. This cooperation, spanning decades, has become a vital channel for trade, cultural exchange, and educational collaboration between Spain and Algeria. The Alicante-Oran connection stands as a model of cross-border cooperation, integrating historical relationships with contemporary needs in both economic and cultural spheres.

Historical context and maritime significance

The strategic relationship between Alicante and Algeria has deep roots. Since the 19^th century, a migration movement from south Spain to Algeria took place; after Algeria gained independence from France in 1962 there was a movement of return, and residents in Algeria, particularly those of Spanish descent, migrated to Spain, establishing a firm socio-cultural and economic bond between the two regions. Over time, Alicante emerged as a central hub for the movement of people, goods, and ideas, strengthening its historical connection with Algeria.

In the late 20th century, Alicante was instrumental in connecting Spain with Algeria through maritime routes, notably the ferry services operating between the two cities. Though other Spanish ports such as Almería and Valencia eventually began to offer links to Algeria, Alicante remained a critical maritime entry point, reflecting its historical role as a bridge between Europe and North Africa.

Trade and transportation: Economic underpinnings of cooperation

The Alicante-Oran ferry route, operated by companies like Baleària and Algérie Ferries, is the backbone of economic interaction between the two cities. With weekly sailings, this maritime connection enables the transportation of goods, vehicles, and passengers across the Mediterranean in just eight hours. This route facilitates key economic exchanges, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, consumer goods, and construction materials, driving trade between Spain and Algeria. In 2023, the trade volume between Spain and Algeria exceeded 3 EUR billion, with Alicante’s port playing a pivotal role in this exchange.

Alicante exports a variety of products to Algeria, including machinery, foodstuffs, and chemicals, while Algeria supplies Spain primarily with hydrocarbons and raw materials. This bilateral trade enhances Alicante’s status as a gateway for North African goods and promotes local business growth and tourism. By maintaining this robust maritime link, Alicante continues to be a vital economic partner for Algeria in the Mediterranean region.

Migration: The role of Spain as a destination for Algerian nationals

Spain has become the second-largest destination for Algerian migrants in Europe, following France. According to recent data, approximately 81,675 Algerians reside in Spain, with 15,357 living in the Valencian Community, particularly in Alicante. The proximity of Spain to Algeria, coupled with economic opportunities, particularly in agriculture and service industries, has driven this migration trend. Alicante’s significant Algerian population contributes to the city’s socio-cultural diversity, strengthening the bonds between the two nations.

This growing Algerian diaspora in Alicante has further solidified the city’s connection to Algeria, both socially and economically, facilitating deeper ties in education, business, and cultural exchange.

Institutional framework and governance

The cooperation between Alicante and Oran is bolstered by formal agreements, such as the sister-city agreement signed in 1985, which serves as a foundation for collaboration in areas like urban planning, cultural exchange, and tourism development. Regular meetings between the two cities’ municipal authorities ensure continued alignment on shared goals.

Several key institutions play vital roles in advancing cooperation between Alicante and Oran:

• Casa Mediterráneo – Based in Alicante, this institution fosters cultural, academic, and diplomatic ties between Spain and Algeria, organizing events that promote mutual understanding.

• Chambers of Commerce – Both Alicante and Oran’s business organizations contribute to advancing economic collaboration through trade fairs, business delegations, and networking events.

• University Collaboration – The University of Alicante and the University of Oran have maintained long-standing partnerships in areas such as marine sustainability, cultural studies, and educational exchange. The University of Alicante, in particular, has been a hub for Algerian students, further cementing academic ties between the two regions.

Cultural and informal collaboration

Beyond formal institutional frameworks, Alicante and Oran enjoy rich cultural exchanges that help deepen bilateral relations. Cultural festivals, people-to-people diplomacy, and educational programs strengthen ties between the two cities and their respective populations. In Alicante, several cultural associations, such as Cultura Árabe Alicante and the Asociación El-Djazairia, play an important role in promoting Algerian culture through events, language courses, and performances. Additionally, Casa Mediterráneo regularly hosts cultural events that celebrate Algeria's rich heritage, including exhibitions, culinary festivals, and traditional music performances. These informal channels provide flexibility and innovation in addressing local needs, contributing to greater understanding and respect between the two communities.

Strengthening Cooperation: Recommendations by Casa Mediterráneo

Despite the successes, cooperation between Alicante and Oran faces challenges. Differences in legal and regulatory frameworks between Spain and Algeria can create administrative hurdles, hindering the seamless implementation of joint projects. Disparities in financial resources also pose challenges, particularly for cultural and educational initiatives. Furthermore, shifts in political leadership in either country can impact the continuity of bilateral cooperation, making sustained political will essential.

The cooperation between Alicante and Oran has yielded several positive outcomes, including increased trade, educational collaboration, and cultural exchange. However, challenges such as logistical barriers, funding constraints, and political factors have occasionally hindered the full potential of this partnership. Moving forward, strengthening infrastructure, simplifying administrative procedures, and increasing community engagement will be essential for deepening ties between the two cities.

To further enhance collaboration between Alicante and Oran, several strategies are recommended:1

• Joint Coordination Committee – A dedicated body should be established to oversee and monitor the progress of joint projects, ensuring that both cities remain aligned on shared goals.

• Harmonization of Administrative Processes – Simplifying regulatory procedures and improving communication channels between Alicante and Oran will reduce bureaucratic barriers and encourage smoother cooperation.

• Increased Funding and Multilateral Support – Engaging international organizations, such as the OECD and the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), to provide technical expertise and financial support will help ensure the sustainability of collaborative projects.

• Enhanced Community Engagement – Involving local stakeholders in the planning and implementation of initiatives will help foster ownership and long-term success.

The strategic partnership between Alicante and Oran exemplifies the potential of cross-border collaboration in the Mediterranean region. By building on existing frameworks and addressing governance challenges, both cities can continue to enhance their cooperation, serving as a model for regional collaboration that fosters economic growth, cultural exchange, and sustainable development.

Note

← 1.  These recommendations are proposed by Casa Mediterráneo and do not engage the OECD or UfM.