| AMR | Antimicrobial resistance |
| AOP | Adverse outcome pathway |
| API | Active pharmaceutical ingredient |
| BAT | Best available techniques |
| BCF | Bioaccumulation factor |
| BEP | Best environmental practices |
| CECs | Contaminants of emerging concern |
| CEPA | Canadian Environmental Protection Act |
| CIP | Chemical investigations programme |
| E1 | Oestrone |
| E2 | 17β- estradiol |
| EE2 | 17α- ethinylestradiol |
| EDA | Effect-directed analysis |
| EDC | Endocrine-disrupting chemicals |
| EIA | Environmental impact assessment |
| EPPs | Environmentally persistent pharmaceutical pollutants |
| EPR | Extended producer responsibility |
| ERA | Environmental risk assessment |
| EU | European Union |
| EQN | Environmental quality norm |
| EQS | Environmental quality standard |
| FDA | [U.S.] Food and Drug Administration |
| GAC | Granular activated carbon |
| GMP | Good manufacturing practice |
| LC-HSMS | Liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry |
| LNG | Levonogestrel |
| LoQ | Limit of quantification |
| MSC | Minimum selective concentration |
| NOAEL | No observed adverse effect level |
| NSAID | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| OTC | Over-the-counter |
| PAC | Powered activated carbon |
| PBT | Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic |
| PEC | Predicted environmental concentration |
| PNEC | Predicted no effect concentration |
| POP | Persistent organic pollutants |
| PPCPs | Pharmaceuticals and personal care products |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| U.S. | United States of America |
| vPvB | Very persistent and very bioaccumulative |
| WASH | Water supply, sanitation and hygiene |
| WFD | [EU] Water Framework Directive |
| WHO | World Health Organisation |
| WSP | Water safety plan |
| WWTP | Wastewater treatment plant |
Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater
Hazards and Policy Responses
