OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2025

Abbreviations and acronyms

AI	Artificial intelligence
BCI	Brain-computer interface
CCS	Carbon capture and storage
CCU	Carbon capture and utilisation
CCUS	Carbon capture, utilisation and storage
CLACSO	Latin American Council for Social Sciences
CPC	Co-operative patent classification
CSTP	Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy
EEG	Electroencephalogram
EII	Energy-intensive industry
EO	Earth observation
EU	European Union
EUR	Euro
FAIR	Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable
FTA	Forward-looking technology assessment
GDP	Gross domestic product
GERI	Global Ecosystem Research Infrastructure
GUF	General university funds
IP	Intellectual property
ISIC	International Standard Industrial Classification
JST	Japan Science and Technology
LLM	Large language model
LMIC	Low- and middle-income country
M&A	Mergers and acquisitions
METI	Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)
MOIP	Mission-oriented innovation policy
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)
NSF	National Science Foundation
ODISSEI	Open Data Infrastructure for Social Science and Economic Innovations
PIL	Policy innovation lab
PPP	Purchasing power parity
PRO	Public research organisation
R&D	Research and development
R&I	Research and innovation
RCT	Randomised control trial
RDD	Research, development and deployment
RDI	Research, development and innovation
ReICO	Research and Innovation Careers Observatory
RI	Research infrastructure
RTA	Revealed technological advantage
SDG	Sustainable Development Goal
SME	Small and medium-sized enterprise
SSH	Social sciences and humanities
STEM	Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
STI	Science, technology and innovation
STIP	Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (Database)
TA	Technology assessment
TiVA	Trade in Value Added
TRL	Technology-readiness level
TRUST	Trusted Research Using Safeguards and Transparency
USD	United States dollar
VC	Venture capital