| AI | Artificial Intelligence |
| CEPR | Contrat de plan État-région |
| COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
| EC | European Commission |
| ERDF | European Regional Development Fund |
| EU | European Union |
| EUR | Euro |
| FDI | Foreign Direct Investment |
| FUA | Functional Urban Area |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
| GFC | Global Financial Crises |
| GHG | Greenhous Gas |
| GVA | Gross Value Added |
| GVC | Global Value chain |
| HEI | Higher Education Institutions |
| ICT | Information and Communication Technologies |
| IFCMA | Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches |
| IPAC | International Programme for Action on Climate |
| KAU | Karlstad University |
| NEG | New Economic Geography |
| R&D | Research and Development |
| RDPC | Regional Development Policy Committee |
| SME | Small and Medium-sized Enterprise |
| TL2 | Territorial Level 2 |
| TL3 | Territorial Level 3 |
| USD | United States dollar |
OECD Regional Outlook 2023
The Longstanding Geography of Inequalities
