OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Finland 2021

Basic statistics of Finland

2020 or latest available year (Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)1

PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
Population (million)	5.5		Population density per km2	16.4	(36)
Share of population by type of region			Population annual growth rate, latest 5 years	0.2	(0.5)
Predominantly urban (%)	31	(48)	Income inequality (Gini coefficient)	0.27	(0.31)
Intermediate (%)	30	(28)	Poverty rate (% of pop. with less than 50% med. income)	6	(11)
Rural (%)	39	(24)	Life expectancy	82	(81)
ECONOMY
Total GDP (National currency, billion)	241		Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)	39.5	(28.9)
Total GDP (USD billion, current PPPs)	285		Value added shares (%)
GDP annual real growth rate, latest 5 years	1.9	(2.2)	Agriculture	2.7	(1.8)
GDP per capita (1 000 USD, current PPPs)	51.6	(46.5)	Industry including construction	28.0	(24.4)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)	39.0	(29.4)	Services	69.4	(73.8)
GENERAL GOVERNMENT Percent of GDP
Expenditure	57	(41)	Education expenditure	5.6	(5.0)
Revenue	51	(38)	Health expenditure	7.1	(7.8)
Gross financial debt	82	(109)	Environment protection expenditure	0.2	(0.5)
Fiscal balance	-5.4	-(3.2)	Environmental taxes (% of GDP)	2.8	(1.5)
			(% of total tax revenue)	6.6	(5.0)
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Unemployment rate (% of civilian labour force)	7.8	(7.1)	Patent in environment-related technologies (% of all technologies, average of latest 3 years)2	13	(12)
Tertiary educational attainment of 25-64 year-olds (%)	46	(38)	Environmental management	8	(4)
Gross expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)	2.8	(2.5)	Climate mitigation technologies	9	(10)
ENVIRONMENT
Energy intensity			Renewables (% of TES)	37	(12)
TES per capita (toe/cap.)	5.7	(3.7)	Road vehicle stock (vehicles/100 inhabitants)	88	(66)
TES per GDP (toe/1 000 USD, 2010 PPPs)	0.13	(0.09)	Mean population exposure to air pollution (PM2.5), μg/m3	5.6	(13.9)
Carbon intensity (energy-related CO2)			Municipal waste per capita (kg/capita)	565	(538)
Emissions per capita (t/cap.)	6.5	(7.6)	Material productivity (USD, 2010 PPPs/DMC, kg)	1.5	(2.9)
Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2010 PPPs)	0.15	(0.19)	Land area (1 000 km2)	304
GHG intensity3			% of arable land and permanent crops	7	(11)
Emissions per capita (t CO2 eq/cap.)	9.6	(11.3)	% of permanent meadows/pastures	0.1	(23)
Emissions per GDP (t CO2 eq/1 000 USD, 2010 PPPs)	0.21	(0.26)	% of forest area	74	(33)
			% of other land (built-up/other land)	19	(32)

1. Values earlier than 2014 are not taken into consideration. Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for a significant number of countries.

2. Patent applications for higher‑value inventions that have sought protection in at least two jurisdictions.

3. Excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry.

Source: Calculations based on data extracted from the databases of the following organisations: OECD, Eurostat, International Energy Agency and the World Bank.