OECD Economic Surveys: Estonia 2024

Basic Statistics Of Estonia, 2023

 

(Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)²

LAND, PEOPLE AND ELECTORAL CYCLE
Population (million, 2022)	1.3		Population density per km² (2022)	31.6	(39.0)
Under 15 (%, 2022)	16.4	(17.2)	Life expectancy at birth (years, 2021)	76.7	(78.7)
Over 65 (%, 2022)	20.6	(18.0)	Men (2021)	72.4	(75.9)
International migrant stock (% of population, 2019)	14.4	(13.2)	Women (2021)	81.3	(81.7)
Latest 5-year average growth (%)	0.5	(0.4)	Latest general election	March 2023
ECONOMY
Gross domestic product (GDP)			Value added shares (%, 2022)
In current prices (billion USD)	40.7		Agriculture, forestry and fishing	2.9	(2.8)
In current prices (billion EUR)	37.7		Industry including construction	27.3	(28.0)
Latest 5-year average real growth (%)	1.3	(1.6)	Services	69.8	(69.2)
Per capita (thousand USD PPP, 2022)	47.9	(60.2)
GENERAL GOVERNMENT (Per cent of GDP)
Expenditure (OECD: 2022)	43.5	(43.0)	Gross financial debt (OECD: 2022)	28.6	(113.3)
Revenue (OECD: 2022)	40.1	(39.7)	Net financial debt (OECD: 2022)	-2.4	(67.5)
EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS
Exchange rate (EUR per USD)	0.92		Main exports (% of total merchandise exports, 2022)
PPP exchange rate (USA = 1)	0.57		Machinery and transport equipment	25.8
In per cent of GDP			Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials	18.4
Exports of goods and services	78.6	(31.2)	Manufactured goods	14.4
Imports of goods and services	77.9	(31.4)	Main imports (% of total merchandise imports, 2022)
Current account balance	-2.5	(-0.0)	Machinery and transport equipment	26.2
Net international investment position	-22.1		Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials	18.9
			Manufactured goods	14.6
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Employment rate (aged 15 and over, %)	62.2	(58.0)	Unemployment rate, Labour Force Survey (aged 15 and over, %)	6.4	(4.8)
Men	67.2	(65.6)	Youth (aged 15-24, %)	17.2	(10.6)
Women	57.9	(50.8)	Long-term unemployed (1 year and over, %, 2022)	1.2	(1.2)
Participation rate (aged 15 and over, %)	66.5	(60.9)	Tertiary educational attainment (aged 25-64, %, 2022)	42.1	(40.7)
Average hours worked per year (2022)	1,770	(1,752)	Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP, 2021)	1.8	(3.0)
ENVIRONMENT
Total primary energy supply per capita (toe, 2022)	3.7	(3.8)	CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion per capita (tonnes, 2022)	6.6	(7.8)
Renewables (%, 2022)	26.4	(12.0)	Water abstractions per capita (1 000 m³, 2022)	0.9
Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 μg/m³ of PM 2.5, % of population, 2020)	0.0	(56.5)	Municipal waste per capita (tonnes, 2022)	0.4	(0.5)
SOCIETY
Income inequality (Gini coefficient, 2021, OECD: latest available)	0.321	(0.316)	Education outcomes (PISA 2022 score)
Relative poverty rate (%, 2021, OECD: 2020)	16.5	(11.8)	Reading	511	(476)
Median disposable household income (thousand USD PPP, 2021, OECD: 2020)	26.1	(26.6)	Mathematics	510	(472)
Public and private spending (% of GDP)			Science	526	(485)
Health care (2022)	6.9	(9.2)	Share of women in parliament (%, 2022)	25.7	(32.5)
Pensions (2019)	6.7	(9.5)	Net official development assistance (% of GNI, 2017)	0.2	(0.4)
Education (% of GNI, 2021)	4.83	(4.4)

Note: The year is indicated in parenthesis if it deviates from the year in the main title of this table. Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 80% of member countries. ² Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 80% of member countries. ³ This indicator includes education expenditure at primary, primary to post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary levels.

Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the following organisations: OECD, International Energy Agency, International Labour Organisation.