This publication was planned and developed by the OECD’s Artificial Intelligence and Future of Skills project team – Stuart Elliott (Project lead), Abel Baret, Shivi Chandra, Marc Fuster-Rabella, Brianna Jesme, Margarita Kalamova, Aurelija Masiulytė, Sam Mitchell, Nóra Révai, Gianluca Risi, Mila Staneva and Chi Sum Tse.
This publication would not have been possible without the invaluable contributions of the renowned computer scientists and psychologists who are supporting the project.
First, we would like to express our gratitude to the experts who developed the first OECD AI Capability Indicators (in alphabetical order): Ana Teresa Antunes, Joana Brito, Regina de Brito Duarte, Kexin-Jiang Chen, Anthony G. Cohn, Henrique Correia da Fonseca, Haohua Dong, Nicholas C. Georgiou, Miguel Faria, António M. Fernandes, Robert B. Fisher, Kenneth D. Forbus, Giorgio Franceschelli, Jonathan Francis, Arthur C. Graesser, Yvette Graham, José Hernández-Orallo, Cherie Ho, Ryota Kanai, Patrick Kyllonen, Christian Lebiere, Inês Lobo, Christopher Lochhead, Rebecca Martin, Elena R. Messina, Mirco Musolesi, Jean Oh, Ana Paiva, Rui Prada, Rebecca Ramnauth, Swen Ribeiro, Brian Scassellati and Ana Vilaça Carrasco.
Second, we would like to thank the experts who provided reviews or advice on the development of the Indicators (in alphabetical order): Phillip L. Ackerman, John Anderson, Guillaume Avrin, Eva L. Baker, Chandra Bhagavatula, Oliver Bown, Adrien Doerig, Angelo Cangelosi, Lucy Cheke, Emmanuel Chemla, Henrik I. Christensen, Michael Cohen, Ernest Davis, Charles Fadel, Dan Gutfreund, David Hogg, Jonathan Gratch, Sam Johnson, Zeid Kootbally, Noémie Le Donné, Joel Leibo, Martha Lewis, Matthias Michel, Harold F. O’Neil, Britta Rüschoff, Ute Schmid, Eric Schwitzgebel, Lorrie Shephard, Tadahiro Taniguchi, Marko Tešić, David Traum, Michael Witbrock and Hiroshi Yamakawa.
We wish to thank our colleagues in the Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI). Edmund Misson, Head of CERI, and Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin, Deputy Head of IMEP Division, provided oversight, direction and valuable advice during the process.
This project and its team have greatly benefited from the dedicated support, thoughtful leadership and guidance of Tia Loukkola, former Head of Division. Before her untimely passing, her vision and commitment were instrumental to the project’s development and success. We remember her with deep gratitude and admiration, and her contributions will remain a lasting part of this work.
Colleagues within the Directorate for Education and Skills communications team and the Public Affairs and Communications Directorate contributed to both formatting and the preparation of the publication.
Our thanks are extended to Mark Foss, who made substantive and structural edits to the publication, ensuring coherent, comprehensible reading.
We are grateful for the encouragement and support of the CERI Governing Board in the development of the project.
This publication contributes to the OECD’s Artificial Intelligence in Work, Innovation, Productivity and Skills (AI-WIPS) programme, which provides policy makers with new evidence and analysis to keep abreast of the fast-evolving changes in AI capabilities and diffusion, and their implications for the world of work. The programme aims to help ensure that adoption of AI in the world of work is effective, beneficial to all, people‑centred and accepted by the population at large. AI-WIPS is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS) and will complement the work of the German AI Observatory in the ministry’s Policy Lab Digital, Work & Society. For more information, visit https://oecd.ai/en/work-innovation-productivity-skills and https://denkfabrik-bmas.de/.