Effective Carbon Rates 2025: Sweden

Abstract

Countries balance diverse and interconnected policy objectives when deciding how to tax energy use or price carbon emissions. These country notes take stock of where Net Effective Carbon Rates stood in 2023 and are based on final emissions trading systems (ETS) estimates released in the 2025 edition of Effective Carbon Rates. They highlight rates (in EUR per tonne of CO2 equivalent) and emissions coverage (in percent) resulting from carbon taxes, emissions trading systems, and fuel excise taxes net of fossil fuel subsidies, as they apply on CO2 emissions from energy use in six economic sectors and on other greenhouse gases. The data are designed to support consistent cross-country comparisons, though estimates may differ from those produced by individual governments because of differences in data sources and methodological choices.