[14] Aaronson, S. (2018), “Data Is Different: Why the World Needs a New Approach to Governing Cross-border Data Flows”, CIGI Papers No. 197 — November 2018, https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/documents/paper%20no.197_0.pdf.
[38] Acquisti, A., C. Taylor and L. Wagman (2016), “The Economics of Privacy”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 54/2, pp. 442-492, https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.54.2.442.
[23] Agrawal, A., J. Gans and A. Goldfarb (2019), The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, National Bureau of Economic Research ISBN:978-0-226-61333-8.
[33] Aguiar, A. et al. (2019), “The WTO Global Trade Model: Technical Documentation”, World Trade Orgnanisation Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-10, https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/207086/1/1683686403.pdf.
[11] Bauer, M. et al. (2014), “The costs of data localisation: friendly fire on economic recovery”, ECIPE Occasional Paper. No. 3/2014, http://www.ecipe.org/app/uploads/2014/12/OCC32014__1.pdf.
[34] Bekkers, E. and J. Francois (2018), “A parsimonious approach to incorporate firm heterogeneity in cge-models”, Journal of Global Economic Analysis, Vol. 3/2, pp. 1-68, https://doi.org/10.21642/JGEA.030201AF.
[5] Casalini, F. and J. López González (2019), “Trade and Cross-Border Data Flows”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 220, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b2023a47-en.
[9] Casalini, F. and J. López González (2019), Trade and Cross-Border Data Flows, https://doi.org/10.1787/b2023a47-en.
[26] Casalini, F., J. López González and T. Nemoto (2021), “Mapping commonalities in regulatory approaches to cross-border data transfers”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 248, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ca9f974e-en.
[12] CISCO (2020), “Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018–2023)”, White Paper, Cisco public, https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/executive-perspectives/annual-internet-report/white-paper-c11-741490.pdf.
[36] Ciuriak, D. (2017), “The Knowledge-based and data-driven economy: quantifying the impacts of trade agreements”, CIGI Papers No. 156, https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/documents/Paper%20no.156web.pdf.
[3] Cory, N. (2017), “Cross-Border Data Flows: Where Are the Barriers, and What Do They Cost?”, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION, http://www2.itif.org/2017-cross-border-data-flows.pdf?_ga=2.170878624.1422429408.1619522271-643310589.1613547417.
[4] Cory, N. and L. Dascoli (2021), “How Barriers to Cross-Border Data Flows Are Spreading Globally, What They Cost, and How to Address Them”, Information Technology & Inovation Foundation, https://itif.org/sites/default/files/2021-data-localization.pdf.
[8] Del Giovane, C., J. López González and J. Ferencz (2023), The Nature, Evolution and Potential Implications of Data Localisation Measures, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 278, OECD Publishing, Paris., https://doi.org/10.1787/179f718a-en.
[10] Evenett, S. and J. Fritz (2022), Emergent Digital Fragmentation: The perils of unilateralism, CEPR Press, 2022, https://digitalpolicyalert.org/report/emergent-digital-fragmentation.
[29] Ferencz, J. (2019), The OECD Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index, https://doi.org/10.1787/16ed2d78-en.
[20] Ferencz, J., J. López-González and I. Oliván-García (2022), “Artificial Intelligence and international trade: Some preliminary implications”, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 260, OECD Publishing, Paris,, https://doi.org/10.1787/13212d3e-en.
[1] Flaig, D. et al. (2016), “Modelling data localisation measures”, Paper prepared for the 19th Annual conference on Global Economic Analysis, https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/8275.pdf.
[39] Goes, C. and E. Bekkers (2022), “The impact of geopolitical conflicts on trade, growth and innovation”, WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2022-9, https://doi.org/10.30875/25189808-2022-9.
[41] IMF (2023), “Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism”, IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/2023/001, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2023/01/11/Geo-Economic-Fragmentation-and-the-Future-of-Multilateralism-527266.
[37] IMF et al. (2023), Digital trade for development, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/dtd2023_e.pdf.
[25] Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (2019), Canada’s Digital Charter in Action: A plan by Canadians, for Canadians, https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/062.nsf/vwapj/Digitalcharter_Report_EN.pdf/$file/Digitalcharter_Report_EN.pdf.
[6] López González, J., F. Casalini and J. Porras (2022), “A preliminary mapping of data localisation measures”, OECD Trade Policy Papers N. 262, OECD Publishing, Paris.
[35] López González, J., S. Sorescu and P. Kaynak (2023), “Of bytes and trade: The impact of digitalisation on trade”, OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 273, https://doi.org/10.1787/11889f2a-en.
[18] Mandel, M. (2017), “The Economic Impact of data: Why data is not like oil”, Progressive Policy Institute, https://www.progressivepolicy.org/publications/economic-impact-data-data-not-like-oil.
[40] Métivier, J. et al. (2023), “International Trade Cooperation’s impact on the World Economy”, Journal of Policy Modelling, Vol. 45/4, pp. 713-744, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2023.06.007.
[22] OECD (2024), “AI, data governance and privacy: Synergies and areas of international co-operation”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 22, OECD Publishing, Paris,, https://doi.org/10.1787/2476b1a4-en.
[30] OECD (2023), “Moving forward on data free flow with trust: New evidence and analysis of business experiences”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 353, OECD Publishing, Paris,, https://doi.org/10.1787/1afab147-en.
[31] OECD (2022), “Fostering cross-border data flows with trust”, OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 343, https://doi.org/10.1787/139b32ad-en.
[28] OECD (2022), OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index: Policy trends up to 2022, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate, https://issuu.com/oecd.publishing/docs/oecd_stri_policy_trends_up_to_2022.
[16] OECD (2021), “Recommendation of the Council on Enhancing Access to and Sharing of Data”, OECD/LEGAL/0463, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0463.
[13] OECD (2020), “Keeping the Internet Up and Running in Times of Crisis”, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris,, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=130_130768-5vgoglwswy&title=Keeping-the-Internet-up-and-running-in_times-of-crisis.
[24] OECD (2020), “Mapping Approaches to data and data flows”, Report for the G20 Digital Economy Task Force, http://www.oecd.org/trade/documents/mapping-approaches-to-data-and-data-flows.pdf.
[15] OECD (2019), Enhancing Access to and Sharing of Data: Reconciling Risks and Benefits for Data Re-use across Societies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/276aaca8-en.
[19] Rowley (2007), “The Wisdom Hierarchy: Representations of the DIKW Hierarchy”, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 33/163, https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551506070706.
[32] Sun, R. and D. Trefler (2023), “The impact of AI and Cross-border data regulation on international trade in digital services: a large language model”, NBER Working Paper 31925 November, https://doi.org/10.3386/w31925.
[27] Svantesson, D. (2020), “Data localisation trends and challenges: Considerations for the review of the Privacy Guidelines”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 301, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7fbaed62-en.
[17] The Economist (2017), “The world’s most value resource is no longer oil, but data”, The Economist.
[7] WEF (2020), “Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT): Paths towards Free and Trusted Data Flows”, World Economic Forum White Paper, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Paths_Towards_Free_and_Trusted_Data%20_Flows_2020.pdf.
[2] World Bank (2016), World Development Report: Digital Dividends, https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016.
[21] WTO (2024), Trading with Intelligence: How AI Shapes and is Shaped by International Trade, WTO Publishing.