Data on homelessness and housing exclusion 2026: Belgium

Summary of key data and information

	Summary of key data and information
Official statistical definition of homelessness (Table 1)	Belgium follows the definition of homelessness provided by the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (ETHOS light). Note that an ETHOS 6+1 definition is used, which includes people at risk of homelessness in the next month.
Latest national estimates of homelessness (Table 2, Table 3)	Flanders (Table 2, Panel A; Table 3, Panel A)	21 428 individuals, representing 0.31% of the total population (2025)
		Point-in-time count
		ETHOS Light groups included	Included: ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents) ETHOS Light 6: Living temporarily with others in conventional housing (e.g. sofa-surfing)
	Brussels-Capital Region (Table 2, Panel B; Table 3, Panel B)	9 777 individuals, representing 0.78% of the total population (2024)
		20% are women, 49% are men
		Point-in-time count, based on the Bruss’help street count
		ETHOS Light groups included	Included: ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents) ETHOS Light 6: Living temporarily with others in conventional housing (e.g. sofa-surfing)
	Wallonia (Table 2, Panel C; Table 3, Panel C)	18 812 individuals, representing 0.50% of the total population (2025)*
		Point-in-time count
		ETHOS Light groups included	Included: ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents) ETHOS Light 6: Living temporarily with others in conventional housing (e.g. sofa-surfing)
	Notes: Each ETHOS Light group includes one or more sub-categories of living situations. ETHOS Light groups are considered as “included” in the data collection approach if at least one of the sub-categories is counted. *The figures for the German-speaking Community are reported separately from the Walloon counts, as responsibility for social action is transferred to the Community. In 2022, 131 adults and 61 children were counted in the German-speaking Community. The counts are conducted by CIRTES in cooperation with the Ministry, using the same methodology as in Flanders and Wallonia.
Legal framework to collect data on homelessness (Table 4)	The interfederal Cooperation Agreement on Homelessness organises the collection of research-based data on homelessness for each authority (federal State, Regions and Communities). In Article 16 of the Cooperation Agreement on Homelessness, the various governments of Belgium (federal State, Regions and Communities) commit to pursuing a policy on preventing and combating homelessness based on objective data, which each party will collect autonomously. Article 17 provides that the various authorities will make these data available to one another - as well as to the Interfederal Combat Poverty Service as the general collection point for data. The Interfederal Combat Poverty Service also organizes an interfederal working group with the various authorities and stakeholders regarding the collection of the different data, and created a specific section on its website on the collection and availability of homelessness data in Belgium.
Homelessness Strategy (Table 5)	National Homelessness Strategy: Inter-federal Cooperation Agreement involving all the federated and federal entities. Regional and/or local homelessness strategies exist.
Approaches to collect data on homelessness (Table 6)	Flanders	Flandres: Extrapolation based on point-in-time counts (Table 6.1).
	Brussels-Capital Region	Brussels Count: Brussels Observatory for Homelessness (Bruss'help) (Table 6.2).
	Wallonia	Walloon counting: The Walloon Observatory on Homelessness works closely with the research team of CIRTES UCLouvain to carry out counts in Wallonia, using a shared methodology and in contact with the other regions of Belgium. The counting is carried out once a year in predetermined areas with the collaboration of cities, services, and local associations, using a standardised questionnaire (Table 6.3).

Table 1. Official statistical definition of homelessness

	Statistical definition
Homelessness	Belgium follows the definition of homelessness provided by the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (ETHOS light). Note that an ETHOS 6+1 definition is used, which includes people at risk of homelessness in the next month.

Table 2. Data on people experiencing homelessness: Headline estimate, by living situation

Panel A: Flanders (presented according to ETHOS Light Typology)
Year	Headline estimate of homelessness (Individuals)	% of total population	ETHOS Light 1 People living rough	ETHOS Light 2 People in emergency accommodation	ETHOS Light 3 People in accommodation for the homeless	ETHOS Light 4 People living in institutions	ETHOS Light 5 People living in unconventional dwellings	ETHOS Light 6 People staying with family/friends
2024	20 363 (1)	0.30% (3)	720	438	5 589	2 453	2 157	6 579
2025	21 428 (2)	0.31% (3)	653	446	5 925	2 512	2 307	6 769
Metadata: Type of count: Point-in-time Data are comparable across years: No Included in headline estimate: Children: Yes Temporary accommodation for: Asylum seekers: Yes Refugees: Yes Victims/survivors of domestic violence: Yes
Note: (1) The 2024 headline estimate includes 14 068 adults and 6 295 minor children. The 2024 headline estimate also includes 2 427 (1 291 adults + 1 136 minor children) individuals at risk of eviction within the month following the count (ETHOS 6 + 1). (2) The 2025 headline estimate includes 14 822 adults and 6 606 minor children. The 2025 headline estimate also includes 2 816 (1 513 adults + 1 303 minor children) individuals at risk of eviction within the month following the count (ETHOS 6 + 1). (3) Source: http://statbel.fgov.be (with reference to the 1st of January of each year). Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH); http://statbel.fgov.be.
Panel B: Brussels-Capital Region (presented according to ETHOS Light Typology)
Year	Headline estimate of homelessness (Individuals)	% of total population	ETHOS Light 1 People living rough	ETHOS Light 2 People in emergency accommodation	ETHOS Light 3 People in accommodation for the homeless	ETHOS Light 4 People living in institutions	ETHOS Light 5 People living in unconventional dwellings	ETHOS Light 6 People staying with family/friends
2022	7 134	0.57%	809	1 593	1 473	155	2 435	375
2024	9 777	0.78%	992	2 535	1 628	357	2 649	1 539(a)
Metadata: Type of count: Point-in-time Data are comparable across years: Yes Included in headline estimate: Children: Yes Temporary accommodation for: Asylum seekers: Yes Refugees: Yes Victims/survivors of domestic violence: Yes
Note: Data only refer to the Brussels Capital Region. The headline estimate, for 2022, includes 294 people at risk of homelessness. The headline estimate, for 2024, includes 77 people at risk of homelessness. (a) In 2024, the data coverage for people temporarily staying with family or friends increased, which is reflected on the increased number. Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH); Pierre, A. (2024), Dénombrement des personnes sans-chez-soi en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Bruss’help and King Baudouin Foundation, (2023), Bruss’help street count.
Panel C: Wallonia (presented according to ETHOS Light Typology)
Year	Headline estimate of homelessness (Individuals)	% of total population	ETHOS Light 1 People living rough	ETHOS Light 2 People in emergency accommodation	ETHOS Light 3 People in accommodation for the homeless	ETHOS Light 4 People living in institutions	ETHOS Light 5 People living in unconventional dwellings	ETHOS Light 6 People staying with family/friends
2024	19 387 (1)	0.53%	873	692	5 382	1 542	2 812	6 721
2025	18 812 (2)	0.50%	999	670	5 272	1 536	2 498	6 755
Metadata: Type of count: Point-in-time Data are comparable across years: No Included in headline estimate: Children: Yes Temporary accommodation for: Asylum seekers: Yes Refugees: Yes Victims/survivors of domestic violence: Yes
Note: (1) The 2024 headline estimate includes 14 183 adults and 5 204 minor children. The headline estimate also includes 1 365 individuals at risk of eviction within the month following the count (ETHOS 6 + 1). (2) The 2025 headline estimate includes 13 781 adults and 5 031 minor children. The headline estimate also includes 1 109 individuals at risk of eviction within the month following the count (ETHOS 6 + 1). Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH); Extrapolation based on territory counting – adults & children (2024 global report); http://statbel.fgov.be.

Table 3. Data on people experiencing homelessness: Headline estimate, by sub-group and living situation

Panel A: Flanders (presented according to ETHOS Light Typology), 2025
	Single adults	Men	Women	Minors (aged under 18)	Older people (aged 65 and over)	Families with children (# of households)
Headline estimate of homelessness	14 822	NA	NA	6 606	NA	NA
As percentage of total population experiencing homelessness	69.17%	NA	NA	30.83%	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 1: People living rough	641	NA	NA	12	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 2: People in emergency accommodation	405	NA	NA	41	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 3: People in accommodation for the homeless	3 267	NA	NA	2 658	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 4: People living in institutions	2 118	NA	NA	394	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 5: People living in unconventional dwellings	1 691	NA	NA	616	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 6: People staying with family/friends	5 187	NA	NA	1 582	NA	NA
Metadata: Type of count: Point-in-time Included in headline estimate: Children: Yes Temporary accommodation for: Asylum seekers: Yes Refugees: Yes Victims/survivors of domestic violence: Yes
Note: The estimate includes individuals at risk of eviction within the month following the count (ETHOS 6 + 1). Source: http://statbel.fgov.be .
Panel B: Brussels-Capital Region (presented according to ETHOS Light Typology), 2024
	Single adults	Men (adult)	Women (adult)	Minors (aged under 18)	Unknown	Other gender
Headline estimate of homelessness	6 751	4 760	1 991	1 584	1 436	6
As percentage of total population experiencing homelessness	69.04%	48.68%	20.36%	15.17%	14.68%	0.03%
ETHOS Light 1: People living rough	727	642	85	23	242	0
ETHOS Light 2: People in emergency accommodation	2 010	1 576	434	524	0	1
ETHOS Light 3: People in accommodation for the homeless	1 066	541	525	548	14	0
ETHOS Light 4: People living in institutions	212	136	76	1	144	0
ETHOS Light 5: People living in unconventional dwellings	1 278	881	397	337	1 029	5
ETHOS Light 6: People staying with family/friends	1 418	960	457	120	1	1
Metadata: Type of count: Point-in-time Included in headline estimate: Children: Yes Temporary accommodation for: Asylum seekers: Yes Refugees: Yes Victims/survivors of domestic violence: Yes
Note: Sub-groups are not mutually exclusive. Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH); Pierre, A. (2024). Dénombrement des personnes sans-chez-soi en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Bruss’help.
Panel C: Wallonia (presented according to ETHOS Light Typology), 2025
	Single adults	Men	Women	Youth (aged 15‑29)	Older people (aged 60 and over)	Families with children (# of households)
Headline estimate of homelessness	13 781	NA	NA	5 031	NA	NA
As percentage of total population experiencing homelessness	73.25%	NA	NA	26.74%	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 1: People living rough	972	NA	NA	27	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 2: People in emergency accommodation	516	NA	NA	154	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 3: People in accommodation for the homeless	3 025	NA	NA	2 247	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 4: People living in institutions	1 177	NA	NA	359	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 5: People living in unconventional dwellings	5 269	NA	NA	355	NA	NA
ETHOS Light 6: People staying with family/friends	677	NA	NA	1 456	NA	NA
Metadata: Type of count: Point-in-time Included in headline estimate: Children: Yes Temporary accommodation for: Asylum seekers: Yes Refugees: Yes Victims/survivors of domestic violence: Yes
Note: Sub-groups are not mutually exclusive. Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH).

Table 4. Legal framework to collect data on homelessness

	Legal framework
Law that governs data collection on homelessness	Ordonnance du 14/06/2018 relative à l’aide d’urgence et à l’insertion des personnes sans abri (2018). https://etaamb.openjustice.be/fr/ordonnance-du-14-juin-2018_n2018031301.html No specific legislation governs homelessness data collection in Flanders. Data collection is organised through policy-supported point-in-time counts and research activities.
Legal obligations	In Article 16 of the Cooperation Agreement on Homelessness, the various governments of Belgium (federal State, Regions and Communities) commit to pursuing a policy on preventing and combating homelessness based on objective data, which each party will collect autonomously. Article 17 provides that the various authorities will make these data available to one another - as well as to the Interfederal Combat Poverty Service as the general collection point for data. The Interfederal Combat Poverty Service also organizes an interfederal working group with the various authorities and stakeholders regarding the collection of the different data, and created a specific section on its website on the collection and availability of homelessness data in Belgium.

Table 5. Homelessness strategy

	Homelessness strategies in place
National Homelessness Strategy	National Homelessness Strategy: Inter-federal Cooperation Agreement involving all the federated and federal entities.
Regional and/or local homelessness strategies exist	Flanders	Flemish Action Plan for the prevention and reduction of homelessness 2020-2024. Flemish Action Plan for the prevention and reduction of homelessness 2026-2029.
	Brussels-Capital Region	Bruss’help. (2024). Masterplan de fin du sans-chez-soirisme.
	Wallonia	Coordinated Strategy for Ending Homelessness 2025 - 2029

Table 6. Approaches to collect data on homelessness

6.1. Flandres
Description The Department of Care (Flemish Government) works closely with the research team of LUCAS (KU Leuven) to conduct regular and scientifically robust homelessness counts in Flanders. The counts are based on a shared methodology and are coordinated with the other Belgian regions to promote consistency and comparability. The count is conducted annually in selected territories, with the collaboration of local authorities, service providers and civil society organisations. Participating services include Public Centres for Social Welfare (OCMW/CPAS), Centres for General Welfare Work (CAW), shelters, homelessness service providers, prisons, hospitals, health and mental health services, youth care services, housing actors and other local stakeholders. These services complete a standardized questionnaire for people experiencing homelessness or housing exclusion, based on the ETHOS Light framework. The questionnaire collects detailed information on socio-demographic characteristics, housing situations and pathways into homelessness. Data are analysed by the independent research centre LUCAS (KU Leuven), which produces reports for each participating territory and supports evidence-based policymaking at local and regional level. In 2024, ‘point-in-time’ counts were conducted in 3 subregions: the municipality of Aalst, 22 municipalities around Antwerp and in 17 municipalities in the province West-Flanders. In 2025, 'point-in-time' counts were conducted in 29 municipalities in 4 subregions: Asse-Dilbeek-Affligem, Demerland (Aarschot, Begijnendijk, Bekkevoort, Diest, Scherpenheuvel-Zichem, Tielt-Winge), Noord-Limburg (Bocholt, Bree, Hamont-Achel, Hechtel-Eksel, Lommel, Oudsbergen, Peer, Pelt) and Rivierenland (Berlaar, Bonheiden, Bomen, Duffel, Heist-op-den-Berg, Lier, Mechelen, Nijlen, Putte, Puurs-Sint-Amands, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Willebroek).
Type of count generated Point-in-time	Methods Standardized questionnaire. Scientific methodology developed by LUCAS-KULeuven research team he Flemish, the Walloon and the methodologies used in Brussels are similar).
Lead authority(ies) Department of Care (Flemish Goverment).	Source(s) of information Homelessness shelters and a lot of services, Public social assistance center, Social support center, prisons, hospitals, health center, housing stakeholders, etc. All of these volunteer services complete a standardized questionnaire that allows for counting. Street counting is no longer used, except in exceptional cases. The external scientific research team (LUCAS-KULeuven) carries out the data analysis and produces reports for each territory.
Scope The counting is carried out in 4 voluntary regions (1 region = < 60.000 inhabitants. This can be a city or a collaboration between smaller municipalities.	Depth of data The number of people experiencing homelessness, their profile (gender, age, situation), their Ethos Light category, health or mental health information.
Frequency Annual: The third Thursday of October is the reference date.
ETHOS Light groups included: ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents) ETHOS Light 6: Living temporarily with others in conventional housing (e.g. sofa-surfing) Note: Each ETHOS Light group includes one or more sub-categories of living situations. ETHOS Light groups are considered as “included” in the data collection approach if at least one of the sub-categories is counted. People at risk of eviction within the month following the reference day for the count are included in the definition and data collection, this number is included in the headline estimates but not under any of the ETHOS light 1-6 categories (they represent an additional category.
Notes and sources Rapport Asse-Dilbeek-Affligem 2025 Rapport Demerland 2025 Rapport Noord-Limburg 2025 Rapport Rivierenland 2025 Globaal rapport tellingen 2025
6.2. Brussels Count
Description The Brussels Observatory for Homelessness, part of Bruss'help, coordinates a regular scientific count of people experiencing homelessness and inadequate housing in the Brussels Capital Region. The count is conducted using a standardized methodology based on the ETHOS Light typology and is coordinated in collaboration with a broad network of public authorities, homelessness service providers, healthcare institutions, and civil society organisations. The methodology has been developed in consultation with researchers and in close collaboration with the Walloon and Flemish Regions to ensure the greatest possible comparability of data at the Belgian level. The count combines a quantitative enumeration with a qualitative survey. During the quantitative phase, information is collected from a wide range of actors, including emergency shelters, homelessness services, Public Social Welfare Centres (CPAS/OCMWs), hospitals, psychiatric institutions, prisons, housing providers, and outreach teams. In parallel, a standardized questionnaire is completed by social workers to collect detailed information on the socio-demographic characteristics, health, housing trajectories, income sources, and support needs of people experiencing homelessness. In 2024, the count was conducted across the entire Brussels Capital Region, covering all 19 municipalities. It was carried out on the night of 6 November 2024, with the participation of approximately 300 volunteers and 72 partner organisations.
Type of count generated Point-in-time	Methods The Brussels count is based on a standardized methodology coordinated by the Brussels Observatory for Homelessness (Bruss'help) and developed in collaboration with researchers and stakeholders from the homelessness sector. It follows the ETHOS Light typology developed by FEANTSA and combines several complementary data collection methods. The Brussels methodology has been developed in close collaboration with the Walloon and Flemish observatories to ensure the highest possible level of comparability across the three Belgian regions while considering the specific characteristics of the Brussels context.
Lead authority(ies) Brussels Observatory for Homelessness (Bruss'help)	Source(s) of information These include emergency shelters, homeless service providers, Public Centres for Social Welfare (CPAS/OCMWs), day centres, Housing First services, outreach teams, hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, prisons, housing providers, organisations working with migrants, and other social and healthcare services. The count also includes a street count, carried out by approximately 300 trained volunteers across the 19 municipalities of the Brussels Capital Region, as well as data collection on people staying in non-conventional accommodations, such as squats and negotiated occupations. In parallel, participating organisations complete a standardized questionnaire for the people they support. These questionnaires provide detailed information on socio-demographic characteristics, housing trajectories, health, income, administrative status and support needs.
Scope The count covers the entire Brussels Capital Region, including all 19 municipalities.	Depth of data The data collection provides information on the number of people experiencing homelessness and inadequate housing, their ETHOS Light category, gender, age, household composition, nationality, administrative status, housing trajectory, duration of homelessness, sources of income, physical and mental health, addiction issues, and other socio-demographic characteristics.
Frequency Biannual. Since 2024, the reference date has been coordinated with the other Belgian regions to ensure simultaneous data collection.
ETHOS Light groups included: ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents) ETHOS Light 6: Living temporarily with others in conventional housing (e.g. sofa-surfing) Note: Each ETHOS Light group includes one or more sub-categories of living situations. ETHOS Light groups are considered as “included” in the data collection approach if at least one of the sub-categories is counted. People at risk of eviction within the month following the reference day for the count are included in the definition and data collection.
Notes and sources
6.3. Walloon counting (Wallonia)
Description The Walloon Observatory on Homelessness works closely with the research team of CIRTES UCLouvain to carry out regular and consistent scientific counts in Wallonia, using a shared methodology and in contact with the other regions of Belgium. The counting is carried out once a year in predetermined areas with the collaboration of cities, services, and local associations, using a standardized questionnaire. Public Social Assistance Center, Social support center, shelters, homelessness service providers, prisons, hospitals, housing stakeholders, etc. collect information from people experiencing homelessness through a questionnaire, which aims to collect detailed qualitative information on the profiles, trajectories and pathways into homelessness. Since 2025, 'point-in-time' counts were conducted in all major cities and in total 160 municipalities of Wallonia (Census were carried out in territories comprising 65.8% of the total population of Wallonia). The figures for the German-speaking community are not integrated into the Walloon counts, as the "social action" competence is transferred to the community. The counts there are put in place by CIRTES in cooperation with the ministry with the same methodology as in Flanders and Wallonia.
Type of count generated Point-in-time	Methods Standardized questionnaire. Scientific methodology developed by the CIRTES UCLouvain research team
Lead authority(ies) Walloon Observatory on Homelessness (of the Walloon public service for internal affairs and social action).	Source(s) of information Homelessness shelters and a lot of services, public social assistance center, social support center, prisons, hospitals, health center, housing stakeholders, etc. All these volunteer services complete a standardized questionnaire that allows for counting. Street counting is no longer used, except in exceptional cases. The external scientific research team (CIRTES) carries out the data analysis and produces reports for each territory.
Scope The counting is carried out in 3 voluntary territories (1 territory = minimum 30,000 inhabitants). This can be a district, a city, or a grouping of municipalities.	Depth of data The number of people experiencing homelessness, their profile (gender, age, situation), their Ethos Light category, health or mental health information.
Frequency Annual: The third Thursday of October is the reference date.
ETHOS Light groups included: ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents) ETHOS Light 6: Living temporarily with others in conventional housing (e.g. sofa-surfing) Note: Each ETHOS Light group includes one or more sub-categories of living situations. ETHOS Light groups are considered as “included” in the data collection approach if at least one of the sub-categories is counted. People at risk of eviction within the month following the reference day for the count are included in the definition and data collection, this number is included in the headline estimates but not under any of the ETHOS light 1-6 categories (they represent an additional category.
Notes and sources https://actionsociale.wallonie.be/files/documents_thematiques/OWSA/2025_OWSA_Rapport%20global%202024.pdf https://actionsociale.wallonie.be/files/documents_thematiques/OWSA/2025_OWSA_Rapport%20CHARLEROI%202024_VF.pdf https://actionsociale.wallonie.be/files/documents_thematiques/OWSA/2025_OWSA_Rapport%20NAMUR%202024_VF.pdf https://actionsociale.wallonie.be/files/documents_thematiques/OWSA/2025_OWSA_Rapport%20VERVIERS%202024_VF.pdf https://actionsociale.wallonie.be/home/thematiques/sortie-du-sans-abrisme/observatoire-wallon-du-sans-abrisme.html

Please refer to the OECD Affordable Housing Database, indicator HC3.1.Population experiencing homelessness, https://www.oecd.org/content/oecd/en/data/datasets/oecd-affordable-housing-database.html.

This work is issued under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD, and does not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD Member countries. 

This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 

This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 

  

© OECD 2026 

   Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 

This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

Attribution – you must cite the work. 

Translations – you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of original work should be considered valid. 

Adaptations – you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries. 

Third-party material – the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement. 

You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work. 

Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one.