| CEDAW | Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |
| EBRD | European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
| EEA | European Economic Area |
| ESG | Environmental, Social and Governance criteria |
| EU | European Union |
| FATF | Financial Action Task Force |
| GCC | Gulf Co‑operation Council |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
| GFDD | Global Financial Development Database (World Bank) |
| IAS | International Accounting Standards |
| IFC | International Finance Corporation |
| IFIAR | International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators |
| IFRS | International Financial Reporting Standards |
| ILO | International Labour Organisation |
| IOSCO | International Organization of Securities Commissions |
| IPO | Initial Public Offering |
| ISA | International Standards on Auditing |
| MSCI ESG | Morgan Stanley Capital International ESG indexes |
| NAICS | North American Industry Classification System |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development |
| RPT | Related Party Transactions |
| SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission |
| SME | Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise |
| SOE | State-owned Enterprise |
| SPO | Secondary Public Offerings |
| SSE | Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative |
| UAE DIFC | United Arab Emirates Dubai International Financial Centre |
| UASA | Union of Arab Securities Authorities |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
| UNIDO | United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
| WFE | World Federation of Exchanges |
Corporate Governance in MENA
Building a Framework for Competitiveness and Growth
