This note was prepared by Greg Jackson and Connor Hogg of the OECD Competition Division. Helpful comments and review were provided by Ori Schwartz, Antonio Capobianco, Alessandra Tonazzi and Richard May, also of the OECD Competition Division. This paper is part of the OECD Horizontal Project on ‘Thriving with AI: Empowering Economies, Societies and Citizens.’ It has benefited from contributions from colleagues in the OECD Directorate for Science Technology and Innovation, particularly Angela Attrey, Celine Caira, Lauren Crean, Alexia González Fanfalone, Jan-Peter Kleinhans and Filipe Silva. The note was prepared to serve as background material for discussions on “Competition and Artificial Intelligence” taking place at the December 2025 session of the OECD Competition Committee.