Ableist/Ableism: Relating to policies, institutions, customs, behaviours, etc. that reflect the prejudiced assumption that people without disability represent a “norm”, thereby leading to discrimination against people with disability, participating in their unfair or harmful treatment (Touzet, 2023[46]).
Accessibility: Refers to situations in which “people are not excluded from using something on the basis of experiencing a disability” (Duggin, 2016[55]).
Executive function: The mental processes that contribute to self-regulation are often referred to as executive functions, which include cognitive flexibility, or the ability to change perspectives or adapt flexibly to change, working memory, or the ability to retain and manipulate information, and inhibitory control, or the ability to inhibit impulsive responses (Diamond, 2013[56]).
Generative AI (GenAI): A category of AI that can create new content such as text, images, videos, and music (OECD, n.d.[57]). It gained global attention in 2022 with text-to‑image generators and Large Language Models (LLMs).
Inclusive education is “an on-going process aimed at offering quality education for all while respecting diversity and the different needs and abilities, characteristics and learning expectations of the students and communities, eliminating all forms of discrimination” (UNESCO International Bureau of Education, 2009[58]). The goal of inclusive education is to respond to all students’ needs, going beyond school attendance and achievement, while improving all students’ well-being and participation (Cerna et al., 2021[59]).
Mainstream education settings bring “learners with special education needs into general educational settings or regular schools”, while addressing the needs of all students and ensuring full participation (UNESCO, 2019[60]).
Special Education Needs (SEN) is a term used in many education systems to characterise the broad array of needs of students and learners who are affected by learning disabilities (i.e. dyslexia, dysgraphia), physical impairments (i.e. hearing and visual impairments), and mental disorders (i.e. autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Cerna et al., 2021[59]).