The OECD conducted interviews with public and private institutions to assess the level of risk perception and the measures implemented to address it, and to understand the potential impact of droughts on economic activity in the Paris metropolitan area (“the region”). The OECD also arranged a discussion with international peers to facilitate knowledge-sharing and carry out a benchmarking exercise. The international peers met some of the stakeholders interviewed. These are indicated by an asterisk in the following list.
Adapting the Paris Metropolitan Area to a Water‑Scarce Future
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Annex A. Consultations
Copy link to Annex A. ConsultationsList of stakeholders interviewed
Copy link to List of stakeholders interviewedNational government bodies
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Local authorities
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Water and sewage organisations
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Researchers
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Private businesses, non-governmental organisations and associations
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Questionnaire
Copy link to QuestionnaireThe OECD used a questionnaire to collect information about the level of risk awareness and the measures put in place to cope with this risk in the region. Various stakeholders were approached to also enable an analysis of the relationships between decision makers and the businesses and network operators affected by the risk as resource users. The OECD analysed the responses of 35 stakeholders, 26 of whom are involved in managing the risk of droughts as government representatives, local authorities or drinking water and wastewater operators. The remaining nine are economic stakeholders, including heating and cooling network operators, chambers of agriculture and commerce, and tourism and urban logistics agencies, all of which will be affected by droughts.
General questions
1. Which of the following descriptions best reflect(s) your role in managing the risk of water shortages? If Other, please specify.
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Water resource management ❒Public policy development
❒Regulation ❒Infrastructure financing
❒Activity report, statistics ❒Oversight, sanctions ❒Other
2. Has your organisation previously had to take measures to cope with a situation where water was not available or in short supply? If yes, please specify.
3. If your organisation has previously had to take action to cope with a situation where water was not available or in short supply, please explain the cause(s).
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Soil dryness ❒Water pollution ❒Excessive temperatures
❒Severely low water levels, low groundwater levels ❒Environmental degradation
❒Other
4. Do you think water scarcity will occur more frequently by 2050?
5. If you think water scarcity will occur more frequently in 2050, please explain how:
6. If you think water scarcity will occur more frequently in 2050, how do you think your current role might evolve?
Assessing risk
Risk assessment methods
7. Are you conducting a horizon scanning analysis of drought risks for any of the following systems?
(More than one response may be selected)
Yes | No | |
|---|---|---|
Infrastructure | ❒ | ❒ |
River transport on the Seine | ❒ | ❒ |
Agricultural sector | ❒ | ❒ |
Distribution of drinking and/or non-potable water | ❒ | ❒ |
Water treatment | ❒ | ❒ |
Ecosystems | ❒ | ❒ |
Industry | ❒ | ❒ |
Energy | ❒ | ❒ |
Tourism | ❒ | ❒ |
Non-river transport | ❒ | ❒ |
Economy | ❒ | ❒ |
Other (please specify) | ❒ | ❒ |
8. If you are conducting horizon scanning for one of the above systems, what time horizon are you using for your analysis?
9. If you are conducting a horizon scanning analysis of the water scarcity risk for the systems for which you are responsible, do you take into account the potential impact of climate change?
10. If you are conducting a horizon scanning analysis of the water scarcity risk for the systems for which you are responsible, do you take into account socio-economic and/or demographic forecasts?
11. If yes, do you take into account the corresponding urban development scenarios?
12. What data sources do you use to conduct this analysis?
(More than one response may be selected)
❒ONDE ❒Propluvia ❒Météo France ❒ SISPEA ❒IPCC ❒French national study
❒Regional study ❒INSEE ❒Other (please specify)
13. What challenges have you identified when assessing the water scarcity risk for your organisation?
Developing plans and strategies
14. As part of your work, do you establish resilience plans or strategies to cope with the impacts of climate change? (If no, go directly to question 24)
15. If yes, do these plans/strategies incorporate water-related risks?
16. If yes, what water-related risks do you analyse?
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Drought ❒Flooding ❒Pollution ❒Other (please specify)
17. If your plan or strategy refers to drought, are you able to share references or documents that explain how?
18. If you do not have a resilience plan or strategy, do you intend to take this risk into account in your work?
Governance
19. Are you involved in consultative bodies (French National Water Committee, Assises de l'Eau, local consultations, etc.) seeking to improve water scarcity resilience? (If no, go directly to question 32)
20. If yes, please specify:
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Written consultations ❒Forums, workshops or other one-off events
❒Ad hoc co-ordination body (e.g. river basin committees) ❒Other (please specify)
21. If yes, what is your role?
22. Did these consultations influence strategic decisions about managing water scarcity risk?
23. Do you work with other stakeholders to establish strategies and measures to improve water scarcity resilience?
24. Do you have any suggestions for improving co-ordination between the various water stakeholders?
25. In your opinion, are there any boundary issues between the remits of the various stakeholders involved in managing water scarcity risk?
Implementing resilience measures
Roles and responsibilities
26. What roles and responsibilities does your organisation have for designing and implementing resilience measures?
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Propose laws and regulations ❒Establish norms and standards
❒Raise awareness and alert socio-economic stakeholders
❒Establish incentive policies to make stakeholders more resilient
❒Manage land use ❒Manage water allocation schemes ❒Manage critical infrastructure
❒Finance resilience programmes or projects
❒Monitor and oversee implementation of resilience measures
❒Support and advise socio-economic stakeholders
❒Manage water resources ❒Manage drought crises ❒Other (please specify)
27. If relevant, are you able to provide any activity reports, organisational charts, statistics or links to explain the human resources that are committed to this objective?
Measures to reduce the vulnerability of citizens and businesses
28. Have you implemented or contributed to any of the following measures?
(More than one response may be selected)
Yes | No | |
|---|---|---|
Water level monitoring and warning systems | ❒ | ❒ |
Drought plan and introduction of usage restrictions | ❒ | ❒ |
Public policies to shape demand for water (e.g. allocation schemes, taxation) | ❒ | ❒ |
Programmes to conserve or create resources (wastewater reuse, protection of water catchments, etc.) | ❒ | ❒ |
Regulatory measures (e.g. pollution standards, alert thresholds) | ❒ | ❒ |
Infrastructure financing | ❒ | ❒ |
Other (please specify) | ❒ | ❒ |
29. If you have already implemented or helped define public policies encouraging reduced water consumption, have you assessed how effective they are?
30. If you have implemented or contributed to a programme to create more water resources (treated wastewater reuse, rainwater harvesting, soil unsealing, water reserves, etc.), have you assessed how effective it is?
31. If you have taken steps to improve the resilience of the Paris functional urban area, do you think they are appropriate to meet the challenges of water scarcity?
32. Have you carried out any surveys to assess people's awareness of the risk of water scarcity?
33. Have you taken steps to raise public awareness about the risks of water scarcity?
34. If yes, have you implemented any of the following measures?
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Information or awareness campaigns ❒Training, support for businesses
❒Conferences, forums ❒Public consultations
❒Communication about water consumption targets ❒None ❒Other (please specify)
35. In your opinion, which aspects should be strengthened to reduce the vulnerability of the Paris functional urban area to water scarcity?
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Public policies ❒Regulation ❒Economic instruments
❒Training to help stakeholders adopt more-appropriate practices ❒Improved technology
❒Strengthened application of rules and economic instruments ❒Other (please specify)
36. What challenges have you identified to strengthening your organisation's role in improving the water scarcity resilience of the Paris functional urban area?
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Difficulty accessing data ❒Governance challenges ❒Lack of political will
❒Lack of co-ordination between organisations ❒Acceptability of measures
❒Lack of capacity (human, financial, technical) ❒Other (please specify)
37. How could your organisation contribute more to strengthening the water scarcity resilience of the Paris functional urban area?
Financing measures
38. What is your budget for managing water scarcity risk? Can you provide a link or document detailing this budget?
39. What sources of income do you have to finance water scarcity risk management?
(More than one response may be selected)
❒Charges ❒Government budget, government transfers, subsidies
❒European funds (including CAP funds) ❒Financial instruments (bonds, loans, etc.)
❒Taxes (property, GEMAPI, etc.) ❒Commercial revenue ❒Other (please specify)
40. Is this enough to adapt to climate change-induced risks?
41. Are there any regional or local compensation schemes for damage to your assets caused by water shortages/unavailability?
42. Are you responsible for regional or local compensation schemes in the event of damage suffered by socio-economic stakeholders due to water unavailability/shortages?
43. Would you like to tell us about any other issues you have identified in this area, that have not been covered in this questionnaire?