This chapter describes the main characteristics of the aquaculture sector in Peru, including its governance, key trends in production and main government support instruments. Despite its relatively modest contribution to fish production in Peru (2.6% of all production), aquaculture production has grown significantly since 2012. Aquaculture governance in Peru is shared across several different national institutions, and regional governments under the General Fisheries Law and the General Law on Aquaculture. Producers often face complex and sometimes burdensome administrative procedures; however significant efforts have been made to simplify the regulatory environment including the introduction of a Single Window for Aquaculture (VUA) in 2015. Other challenges facing the aquaculture sector include climatic variability, water scarcity, pollution and the effective monitoring of antibiotics use and waste disposal. To address this, The National Aquaculture Policy to 2030 sets out goals for sustainability, competitiveness, and climate resilience, including better planning, monitoring, and spatial management.
Policies for the Future of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Peru
Abstract
Aquaculture activities in Peru are regulated the General Fisheries Law (GFL) and by the General Law on Aquaculture (GLA). The GLA seeks to develop and regulate aquaculture in its various production phases, covering the marine, estuarine and inland environments. It recognises aquaculture as an economic activity of national interest and for that purpose, the legal framework is intended to encourage private and public investments and support programmes.
The Ministry of Production (PRODUCE) is the governing body responsible for planning, regulating and implementing aquaculture activities at the national level. It also is responsible for the inspection, control, evaluation and supervision of aquaculture activities. The National Aquaculture System (SINACUI, Sistema Nacional de Acuicultura) is an inter-governmental body that integrates the principles, procedures and instruments of the administration, management and development of aquaculture at the different levels of government.
In 2023, Peru adopted the National Aquaculture Policy to 2030 as a comprehensive strategy to strengthen its aquaculture sector and define long-term objectives and actions. This policy seeks to make Peruvian aquaculture more competitive, sustainable, resilient to climate change and diversified by 2030.
Government institutions and other stakeholders have identified climate change as one of the most pressing challenges for Peruvian aquaculture. Likewise, Peru is more exposed and vulnerable to natural hazards than many other countries due to the high frequency of hazards and spatial concentration of population and economic activity in high-risk areas.
Recommendations
Improve the “Single Window for Aquaculture” (Ventanilla Unica de Acuicultura - VUA), to strengthen its use as a tool for institutional co-ordination to reduce the administrative burden on aquaculture producers associated with fish farming production.
Establish a set of indicators and review mechanisms, including a mid-term stock-take to assess the progress in meeting the objectives of the Aquaculture Development Plan and an assessment of the achievements and potential areas of improvement of the National Aquaculture System. This would allow PRODUCE to monitor and take any necessary additional measures to ensure the goals are met.
Explore the opportunity to develop and adopt a spatial planning strategy, covering land, freshwater regions and sea areas and activities to help avoid conflict with other users of land, water and marine resources (e.g. tourism and capture fisheries) and adequately balance natural resources conservation and production.
Peru’s aquaculture sector has significant potential due to its vast coastline, extensive freshwater resources and rich biodiversity. Given the importance of aquaculture as a source of income, employment and nutritious food, it was declared a sector of national interest in 2015 with the adoption of the GLA. Total aquaculture production in Peru was 140 930 t in 2022, an increase of 95% since 2012 when it was 72 292 t.
Four species account for 97% Peruvian aquaculture production by volume: rainbow trout, which accounts for 44% of total production; whiteleg shrimp, which accounts for 32%; scallops (also known as fan shell), accounting for 19%; and tilapia, accounting for around 2%. Aquaculture activity in 2022 was concentrated in the regions of Puno (inland), Tumbes (marine) and Piura (marine), which together accounted for 75% of production.
In 2022, a total of 13 048 aquaculture rights were granted in Peru, ranging from small-scale to large aquaculture producers (Table 6.1). Generally, inland aquaculture involves a higher number of small producers, with 10 191 producers covering an area of 6 278 ha, while marine aquaculture involves fewer (503) but larger (24 434 ha) producers.
Note: The National Aquaculture Cadastre contains information of all aquaculture producers nationwide holding valid rights to carry out aquaculture activities. It also provides details on the authorised geographic areas where fish farming activities can be carried out.
Sources: Government of Peru (2024[1]), Review of Peru’s fisheries and aquaculture: Policy information request for the background report informing the formal opinion of the OECD Fisheries Committee (COFI) on the accession of Peru to the Organisation; http://catastroacuicola.produce.gob.pe/web.
This is likely explained by the larger initial investments in infrastructure and technologies required to start aquaculture production in marine areas compared to inland. Consequently, the vast majority (98%) of marine aquaculture producers were small, medium and large enterprises, while in inland areas micro enterprises and individual aquaculture producers dominate (75%) (PRODUCE, 2023[2]).
Peruvian aquaculture production predominantly targets export markets. Aquaculture exports grew by an annual average of 7.6% in value and 9.6% in volume over the period 2018‑2022. This growth was driven by the increasing value of exports of trout (+14%), scallops (+13%) and shrimp (+4.9%), whose combined export value increased from USD 295 million in 2018 to USD 426 million in 2022. Whiteleg shrimp was the main aquaculture product exported in 2022, accounting for 64% of the total value. This was followed by scallops (24%) and trout (12%) (Government of Peru, 2024[1]).
6.1.1. The General Law on Aquaculture sets the comprehensive legal framework
Aquaculture activities in Peru are regulated the GFL and the GLA approved by Legislative Decree No. 1195 of 29 August 2015 and its implementing regulations.1 The GLA seeks to develop and regulate aquaculture in its various production phases and covering the marine, estuarine and inland environments. It recognises aquaculture as an economic activity of national interest and for that purpose, the legal framework is intended to encourage private and public investments and support programmes.
The GLA is supplemented by complementary legal provisions, notably the Water Resources Law (29338/2009), which regulates the use and management of freshwater resources, including surface waters and groundwater for different uses, including aquaculture activities. The governing body responsible for the implementation of the water resources law is the National Water Authority, attached to the Ministry of Agriculture.
The GLA defines three categories of aquaculture producers:
1. medium- and large-scale aquaculture producers, which have a total annual production of 150 t or more
2. micro and small aquaculture producers, a category that encompasses total annual production of more than 3.5 t and less than 150 t
3. the limited resources category, which contains natural or legal persons that do not exceed a total annual production of 3.5 t.
In addition to the GLA, there is an ROP for managing aquaculture resources in the Titicaca Basin (DS 023-2008-PRODUCE). The ROP seeks to balance the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and regulate and promote aquaculture activities in the lake area. It mandates co-operative management with Bolivian authorities to promote the rational use of cross-border fishery resources and provide assistance to the communities. However, this management instrument was developed almost 20 years ago (2007) and has not been updated since.
6.1.2. PRODUCE is responsible for overseeing aquaculture production
PRODUCE is the governing body responsible for planning, regulating and implementing aquaculture activities at the national level. It also is responsible for the inspection, control, evaluation and supervision of aquaculture activities. As it is in charge of formulating the national aquaculture policy, it co‑ordinates and assists other institutions involved in aquaculture production. For the exercise of these functions, PRODUCE has a dedicated Directorate General of Aquaculture, under the Vice-Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture (see Chapter 2).
SINACUI was created through the GLA as an inter-governmental body that integrates the principles, procedures and instruments of the administration, management and development of aquaculture at the different levels of government. The system aims to co-ordinate, supervise, evaluate and ensure the nationwide implementation and enforcement of public policy on aquaculture. It brings together 12 institutions at the national level, in addition to the relevant entities from the regional governments and research institutions. PRODUCE is the governing institution of SINACUI and is responsible for the co‑ordination with relevant institutions. As required by its internal regulations, the body holds two plenary ordinary sessions per year. Its technical working groups can meet on an ad hoc basis.
SINACUI was established to address co-ordination gaps and enhance dialogue among the various institutions involved. It has the potential to serve as an effective mechanism for institutional engagement aimed at improving the regulatory framework. However, due to limited access to information regarding the outcomes of its meetings or the availability of public reports, it is currently not possible to assess its effectiveness.
Peru has not adopted a formal Marine Spatial Plan, although it does have various regulations in place concerning the protection of the marine environment, notably the National Aquaculture Policy to 2030 (see below). The adoption of a spatial plan, covering land, freshwater regions and sea areas and activities, is an important aspect to be addressed for the future development of sustainable aquaculture in Peru. In particular, spatial planning can help avoid conflict with other users of common resources – land, water and marine space – for example from the tourism sector or small-scale fishers.
6.1.3. Regional governments play an important role in aquaculture development but are hampered by capacity constraints and limited co-ordination with national institutions
As is the case for marine fishing, regional governments play an important role in the development of aquaculture activities across the country. The GLA delegates powers to regional governments to develop and implement regional aquaculture development plans, following the framework of the National Aquaculture Development Plan. These plans aim to contribute to the economic and social development of the region, based on the region’s strengths and comparative advantages. Up to 2022, 12 regional aquaculture development plans had been formulated (PRODUCE, 2023[2]); however, most of them have only been partially implemented.
Administratively, regional governments, in conjunction with PRODUCE, are responsible for granting new concessions and authorisations and for renewing these rights, which are a requirement to undertake aquaculture activities in the medium and limited resources categories. They are also responsible for granting the environmental certificates required for aquaculture activities for the medium and limited resources categories. Finally, regional governments have a role in the monitoring, oversight and control of aquaculture activities related to compliance with health and environmental regulations, in collaboration with PRODUCE.
Regional governments are also responsible for land-use planning in general and have the authority to identify areas for aquaculture development. Specifically, they play a role in supporting the implementation of fingerling centres and pilot fish farms, promoting research and the adoption of new technologies, and ensuring the implementation of good aquaculture management and health practices. Within this framework, they can establish public-private partnerships and implement productive projects with public resources from sectoral support programmes.
Importantly, regional governments are also in charge of zonal planning for the proper management of water resources, working with competent entities such as the National Water Authority. In theory, this should allow for the management and mitigation of conflicts over resource use between various sectors such as aquaculture, fisheries, tourism and mining.
However, regional governments have limited institutional capacity, and often lack specialised technical personnel in aquaculture. This poses challenges for the effective formulation, execution and monitoring of aquaculture production projects. Further, the administrative procedures, authorisations and permits needed to develop aquaculture projects are costly in terms of time and resources, stretching limited budgets. According to the Ministry of Economy and Finance, regional governments’ budget allocated to aquaculture represents 0.005% of their total budget. So while funds and programmes for the promotion of aquaculture activities exist, they are limited in scope and often not administered effectively.
In addition, there is a lack of clarity in the allocation of responsibilities between regional offices, and limitations in communication with PRODUCE and other national level entities. A widespread lack of co-ordination among individuals responsible for agriculture, the environment or economic development also hinders the co-ordination of productive development policies.
6.1.4. Monitoring, control and compliance in the aquaculture sector
The GFL and the GLA are the overarching instruments defining the policy framework of sanctions and the competences of inspection and control and outlining infractions and sanctions. Monitoring and control in the aquaculture sector are under the responsibility of PRODUCE, through the GDSIS. Monitoring and control with respect to micro and small aquaculture producers, however, is the responsibility of the regional governments. Additionally, SANIPES is the national authority on sanitary matters for aquaculture, and is responsible for ensuring and verifying compliance with sanitary legislation throughout the aquaculture production chain.
Further, under the environmental policy framework, Peru established the Environmental Assessment and Enforcement Agency (OEFA), in 2008. The OEFA directly controls the application of environmental regulations in different economic sectors, including fisheries and large-scale aquaculture. Fish farms must carry out periodic monitoring of their water quality (surface, average and bottom) and submit the results to the OEFA, which monitors the compliance of water bodies with environmental quality standards.
Peru has two systems in place to improve the traceability of hydrobiological resources and products across the whole value chain and to facilitate control and supervision: the Fisheries and Aquaculture Traceability System (SITRAPESCA) and the Georeferenced Fisheries and Aquaculture System (SIGPESCA), both established in 2021. SITRAPESCA is an online platform that records information on fisheries, aquaculture and commercial activities for direct human consumption. Aquaculture producers must register information on total production, processing and marketing activities. Although the recording of information in SITRAPESCA is intended to be mandatory, small-scale aquaculture producers and traders have the right to gradually adopt the system, with no set deadline for adoption. SIGPESCA is a monitoring and tracking system for vehicles that transport resources or products from aquaculture activities. The system allows the automatic real-time geolocation of a vehicle from the beginning of its route through to its final destination. However, there are challenges around the weak and inconsistent enforcement of these regulations, notably in rural and remote areas.
Based on technical studies, PRODUCE or the regional governments designate areas suitable for the development of aquaculture activity. Once an area has been designated as suitable, a producer must be granted a concession on public lands, sea floors, or marine and inland waters,2 or an authorisation if the activity is carried out on privately owned land and for research, settlement and restocking activities.3 Aquaculture concessions can be granted on sea areas, rivers and navigable lakes and can be granted either through public tenders or bids, or directly.
In areas designated for aquaculture purposes, under concession by the Vice-Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, the corresponding water authority automatically grants water use rights, at a preferential rate. The terms of concessions in public areas are specified in the Agreement on Conservation, Investment and Production in the Aquaculture Sector, which is signed by the applicant and the Vice‑Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Among other provisions, this agreement must contain a clear statement of the programme of activities to be undertaken, an environmental management programme, and the corresponding production goals and investments.
Licencing procedures and requirements change slightly for each of the three categories of aquaculture producers (Table 6.2). In general, all aquaculture activities require a permit to use the aquatic space (sea, rivers or lakes) issued by DICAPI, a water use permit issued by the National Water Authority, and a sanitary authorisation for the use of feedstuff and antibiotics issued by SANIPES.
Small-scale aquaculture activities are exempt from submitting environmental impact assessments and environmental adjustment and management programmes, except for artisanal processing infrastructure (for which an environmental impact assessment is required) and artisanal processing (for which an environmental impact statement is required).
Peru applies water abstraction charges for water usage in economic activities, according to the availability of water (and therefore the risk of shortage), applying the polluter-pays principle. However, the use of water for aquaculture is not subject to this payment because it is considered a non-consumptive use of the resource. Similarly, Peru also applies charges on the discharge of treated wastewater, according to the type of use of the receiving water (and therefore the risk of pollution), also in application of the polluter-pays principle. Aquaculture activities are thus subject to these charges when discharges are made into a sensitive natural environment (OECD, 2021[3]). However, the use of antibiotics and fungicides, excess feed, and different types of waste are not subject to stringent controls and can lead to water pollution (OECD, 2021[3]).
6.2.1. The Single Window for Aquaculture has increased the efficiency of bureaucracy but remains burdensome in some cases
Created in 2015 under the GLA, the VUA is an electronic integrated system through which the natural and legal persons involved in aquaculture activities can make requests and manage the administrative requirements and procedures (Government of Peru, 2024[1]).
The VUA was created to improve inter-agency co-ordination and promote administrative simplification for the benefit of aquaculture producers. One of its main outcomes was the standardisation of the administrative requirements and procedures across regional governments, which previously had differed widely. The VUA is administered by PRODUCE and consolidates the administrative procedures of seven different institutions at the national and subnational levels, all of which are involved in issuing rights for access to aquaculture activities. Overall, this electronic system contributes to improving transparency in the sector, provides clarity on the administrative steps that producers must undertake to obtain aquaculture rights, and reduces the time and costs for administrative procedures.
Although the VUA has helped to improve and streamline governance for the aquaculture sector, many stakeholders reported that the administrative procedures continue to be burdensome, complicated and time-consuming (Interviews in the context of the Review, 2024[4]). This situation impacts both small-scale aquaculture producers seeking permits and authorisations and medium- and large-scale producers who also encounter delays with permits for exporting products (such as certificates of origin), creating obstacles that discourage investment.
The government is trying to address these issues and has committed to implementing the Single Window for Aquaculture – version 2.0 (VUA 2.0) by December 2026, under the new National Competitiveness and Productivity Plan 2024‑2030. This second version of the VUA aims to better co‑ordinate actions across different government institutions, enhancing the efficiency of the process.
In 2023, Peru adopted the National Aquaculture Policy to 2030 as a comprehensive strategy to strengthen the country’s aquaculture sector and define long-term objectives and actions. The policy seeks to make Peruvian aquaculture more competitive, sustainable, resilient to climate change and diversified by 2030. Table 6.3 details the plan’s main goals and strategic areas of action.
Sources: Government of Peru (2024[1]), Review of Peru’s fisheries and aquaculture: Policy information request for the background report informing the formal opinion of the OECD Fisheries Committee (COFI) on the accession of Peru to the Organisation; PRODUCE (2023[2]), National Aquaculture Policy to 2030, https://rnia.produce.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/POLITICA-NACIONAL-DE-ACUICULTURA.pdf.
Each goal has a series of associated guidelines for achieving it. However, as there are no publicly available indicators nor a specific methodology or timeline for evaluating it, tracking progress to 2030 will be difficult. Establishing a set of indicators and review mechanisms, including a mid-term stock-take to assess the progress in meeting these objectives, would allow PRODUCE to monitor and take any necessary additional measures to ensure the goals are met.
Informality is also an important challenge in the aquaculture sector in Peru. PRODUCE estimates that as of December 2023, there were 8 737 informal aquaculture production centres nationwide, an increase of 61% compared to December 2020, when there were 5 413 (PRODUCE, 2025[5]). The proliferation of informal producers can endanger the health of the entire value chain and negatively impact the phytosanitary and zoosanitary status of the Peruvian aquaculture production, jeopardising the sector's future growth and sustainability. It can also have an impact on prices, due to oversupply in the markets.
An analysis of informal aquaculture production identified the main causes of informality, which include institutional weakness; a lack of inter-institutional co-ordination, including capacity constraints at the reginal governments; an absence of a clearly defined historical baseline of informal producers; limited coverage of the formalisation services; and the time and financial costs associated with obtaining the necessary permits (PRODUCE, 2025[5]).
The government has undertaken several formalisation efforts across the country. For example, since 2010, aquaculture producers must hold production rights and a permit for water use prior to engaging in production. In addition, PRODUCE has several technical assistance programmes in place which help producers to formalise their operations and access training and technological improvement tools. However, despite these efforts, informal production is still prevalent in remote rural areas.
To address these gaps, in January 2025, PRODUCE adopted a new formalisation workplan for the aquaculture sector, with a series of concrete objectives and strategies to be implemented up to 2030, as outlined in the National Aquaculture Plan. The plan emphasises the need to work more closely with the regional governments, civil society and small producers’ organisations to improve administrative procedures and increase the coverage of the programmes (PRODUCE, 2025[5]).
Peru implements different programmes to promote and support the aquaculture sector.4 The Directorate General of Aquaculture in PRODUCE implements and supervises these programmes. Most of the aquaculture support programmes are tax breaks or exemptions and loans with below-market interest rates (soft loans) that are available to all aquaculture producers. The Ministry of Economy and Finance has projected that for the period 2023‑2025, the Peruvian government will provide the aquaculture sector with approximately USD 7.3 million (PEN 26.9 million) through tax benefits such as the differentiated rates and reimbursements for the general sales tax (Government of Peru, 2024[1]). These tax incentives are complemented with other support policies directly oriented to promote aquaculture and processing activities in the Amazon region, which is relatively poor and where aquaculture is an important source of food and income (Table 6.4).
In addition to these support programmes, Peru also implements different training and technical assistance programmes for aquaculture producers, which aim to improve productivity and competitiveness, address technical difficulties, and create synergies across the value chain. These programmes are financed and implemented by PRODUCE. Further, Peru also has training programmes for government officials on aquaculture management, mainly implemented at the subnational level, to strengthen the technical capacities of the regional governments.
Government institutions and other stakeholders have identified climate change as one of the most pressing challenges for Peruvian aquaculture. Indeed, Peru is more exposed and vulnerable to natural hazards than many other countries due to the high frequency of hazards and spatial concentration of population and economic activity in high-risk areas (PRODUCE, 2023[2]; Interviews in the context of the Review, 2024[4]; Paredes et al., 2024[6]; World Bank, 2022[7]).
Producers in inland areas are increasingly affected by extreme climatic events, such as intense rainfall concentrated over short spans of time resulting in severe flooding, and prolonged droughts. These conditions are further exacerbated by rising water temperatures (both in ponds and inland water bodies), an increase in diseases and reduced water availability from rainfall. Water scarcity is already affecting inland aquaculture producers, mainly of trout, and in the medium to long term Peru could face a contraction of the areas suitable as breeding grounds and natural reserves, leading to increased competition for freshwater resources by different actors (PRODUCE, 2023[2]; World Bank, 2022[7]).
Marine aquaculture, on the other hand, faces challenges like ocean acidification, increased water salinity and changes in water temperature. For example, rising ocean temperatures can promote the development of diseases and harmful algal blooms that affect water quality and the health of aquatic organisms (PRODUCE, 2023[2]). Scallop production, the third most important aquaculture product in Peru, is already facing important fluctuations in total yearly production due to climate change-induced volatility in oceanic conditions that affect the supply of seeds for scallops and total output (World Bank, 2022[7]). (Box 6.1).
Pollution of water courses, derived from other economic activities like agriculture and mining, is also of growing concern for aquaculture production. This is exacerbated by domestic and industrial wastewater, which is often poorly managed due to a lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure, and affects the health of cultivated species (PRODUCE, 2023[2]).
In this context, Peru established the National Strategy for Climate Change to 2050 and the National Adaptation Plan 2021-2030, which established institutional and legal frameworks for addressing these challenges and reducing the risks and vulnerability associated with climate change. More specifically, the aquaculture sector was included as a priority area in the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (Ministerial Resolution No. 096-2021-MINAM).
However, aquaculture and environmental policies could be more effective if they were implemented in a more co-ordinated way. Open dialogue between the government, specialised institutions, producers and other relevant stakeholders is necessary for effective adaptation and Peru’s commitments under different international agreements, but most importantly to advance in the design and application of policy to ensure the future growth of aquaculture in inland and marine environments (OECD/ECLAC, 2017[8]; World Bank, 2022[7]).
Further, and in line with the National Adaptation Plan, public investments and increased spending on adaptation, notably in climate-proof infrastructure, could mitigate production losses. These investments should be made continuously, investing in adaptive capacity rather than ad hoc spending after emergencies, as is currently the case (OECD, 2025[9]).5
In 2018, rainbow trout production in Peru reached a historic peak of 64 000 tonnes (t). This was the result of sustained aquaculture expansion in high Andean regions supported by private investment in, inter alia, an increased number of young trout introduced, improvements in farming and marketing techniques, and greater use of technology in production systems. However, in 2019, intense rainfall and strong winds (due to El Niño Southern Oscillation [ENSO]) led to abnormal wave activity, disrupting trout farms around Lake Titicaca and Lagunillas Lagoon (located in the Puno region), negatively impacting production.
In 2020 and 2021, adverse climatic events were amplified by the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on rainbow trout harvest and production including, notably, weaker demand from domestic and export markets, difficulties with transport and distribution, and the rising cost of feed and other inputs. This lead to a reduction in the number of young trout introduced into farms.
Source: OECD (2024[10]), “Aquaculture production”, OECD Data Explorer, http://stats.oecd.org/wbos/default.aspx?datasetcode=FISH_AQUA.
In the case of scallops (also known as fan shells), which are highly sensitive to oceanographic conditions, particularly sea temperature and dissolved oxygen levels, there were significant fluctuations in total harvest between 2014 (55 000 t) and 2022 (26 000 t). This is also a result of the negative impacts due to the ENSO 2017, which disrupted salinity levels and reduced the productivity of natural basins. In 2019, production peaked again (53 000 t), explained by improved environmental conditions and a recovery of aquaculture systems, leading to a sharp rise in scallop exports, which grew by 56% by volume compared to 2018, and reaching over 11 300 t. This, in turn, encouraged farmers to expand their harvests.
However, 2022 was marked by a notable drop in total production and a subsequent reduction in exports, attributed to the depletion of natural banks following several years of overexploitation without adequate restocking, combined with low investment in maintaining cultivation areas, price instability in international markets and the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Source: Government of Peru (2024[1]), Review of Peru’s fisheries and aquaculture: Policy information request for the background report informing the formal opinion of the OECD Fisheries Committee (COFI) on the accession of Peru to the Organisation.
References
[1] Government of Peru (2024), Review of Peru’s fisheries and aquaculture: Policy information request for the background report informing the formal opinion of the OECD Fisheries Committee (COFI) on the accession of Peru to the Organisation.
[4] Interviews in the context of the Review (2024), Interviews conducted with Peru’s government representatives and stakeholders in the context of the Review.
[9] OECD (2025), Draft OECD Economic Survey: Peru 2025, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://one.oecd.org/document/ECO/EDR/ACS(2025)2/en/pdf.
[10] OECD (2024), “Aquaculture production”, OECD Data Explorer, http://stats.oecd.org/wbos/default.aspx?datasetcode=FISH_AQUA.
[3] OECD (2021), Water Governance in Peru, OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/568847b5-en.
[8] OECD/ECLAC (2017), OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Peru 2017, OECD Environmental Performance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264283138-en.
[6] Paredes, C. et al. (2024), La pesca en el Perú: Una ruta hacia un futuro próspero y sostenible, Universidad Continental, Fondo Editorial, Huancayo, Peru, https://doi.org/10.18259/978-612-4443-64-0.
[5] PRODUCE (2025), Aquaculture Formalization Workplan, Ministry of Production, https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/7475412/6363853-plan-de-trabajo-de-formalizacion-acuicola.pdf?v=1736522501.
[2] PRODUCE (2023), National Aquaculture Policy to 2030, Ministry of Production, https://rnia.produce.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/POLITICA-NACIONAL-DE-ACUICULTURA.pdf.
[7] World Bank (2022), Peru Country Climate and Development Report, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099220512062228587.
← 1. Approved by Supreme Decree No. 003-2016-PRODUCE and its amendments.
← 2. Concessions are temporary rights granted to exploit public lands or aquatic areas in the public domain, usually for a period of 30 years. They are renewable.
← 3. Authorisations are granted to private owners or possessors of a property as an attribution of its legal rights, once complying with the relevant administrative requirements. These are also granted for a 30-year period and are renewable.
← 4. The Law for the Promotion and Strengthening of Aquaculture (Law 31666 of 2022) is the overarching legislation that frames support programmes for the aquaculture sector. It defines the main policy measures for the development of the sector and aims to promote synergies between aquaculture producers at the national level.
← 5. It is estimated that the government allocated almost 3% of GDP for reconstruction efforts after the strong 2017 El Niño phenomenon, although spending efficiency and efficacy were very low, and allegations of corruption were rife, which led to the dissolution of the agency tasked with reconstruction in 2023 (OECD, 2025[9]).