Some aggregated figures are reported for the sake of comparison:
ASEAN refers to the eleven countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Viet Nam.
“Emerging Asia” is the term used in these country notes to refer to the eleven countries included in ASEAN, along with China and India.
The kind of aggregation used depends on the indicator and is indicated below.
CEPII BACI International Trade Database
Source:
BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales (CEPII), (updated 30 January /2025), www.cepii.fr/cepii/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=37
Indicators:
Top five export products as % of GDP, 2023
Figures:
Main export products, 2023
Concepts:
The general government revenues represent the total tax and non-tax revenues collected by the OECD and its partner organisations reported by all levels of government, including federal, regional, and local governments. These revenues are calculated as a percentage of GDP as reported in the World Economic Indicators, above.
Aggregations:
Export products are defined by the first four digits of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System 1996 (HS 1996). The five export products representing the largest total value of exports, as reported in the BACI dataset are reported here.
Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)
Source:
Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), UCLouvain / CRED, Brussels, Belgium, accessed on 26 June 2025, https://www.emdat.be/
Indicators:
Total disaster occurrences, 1984-2024
Total loss (USD million), 1990-2024
Total deaths, 1990-2024
Total individuals affected (millions), 1990-2024
Figures:
Average annual loss due to disasters, percentage of GDP, 1990-2024
Total disaster-related damages
Concepts:
Climatological disasters include droughts, wildfires, and glacial floods.
Geophysical disasters include volcanic activity, earthquakes, and non-water-related land and rock slides.
Hydrological disasters include floods outside of glacial and storm-related floods, as well as water-driven rock, land and mud slides.
Meteorological disasters include damages caused by unusually high or low temperatures, as well as any storm-related damages.
OECD Asia Capital Markets Report
Source:
OECD (2025), Asia Capital Markets Report 2025, OECD Capital Market Series, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/02172cdc-en
Indicators:
Market capitalisation
Outstanding non-financial corporate bonds
Bank loans to MSMEs
Bank loans requiring collateral
Figures:
Market capitalisation, as % of GDP
Outstanding non-financial corporate bonds, 2024, % of GDP
Bank loans to MSMEs, 2023, % of GDP
Bank loans requiring collateral, 2023, % of all loans
OECD Global Revenue Statistics
Source:
Global Revenue Statistics Database, OECD, www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/global-revenue-statistics-database.html.
Indicators:
General government revenues as a percentage of GDP
Figures:
General government finance
Concepts:
The general government revenues represent the total tax and non-tax revenues collected by the OECD and its partner organisations reported by all levels of government, including federal, regional, and local governments. These revenues are calculated as a percentage of GDP as reported in the World Economic Indicators, above.
Aggregations:
Aggregated figures are unweighted averages.
UN Sectoral breakdown
Source:
UN National Accounts - Analysis of Main Aggregates (AMA), Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, United Nations Statistics Division (updated 1 January 2025), https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/
Indicators:
Sectoral breakdown of national GDP:
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Industry including construction
Services and other sectors
Figures:
Sectoral breakdown of national GDP
Concepts:
The sectoral breakdowns of the economy represent the total estimated value added of each sector as a percentage of GDP. Sectors are defined using the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). Agriculture, forestry and fishing correspond to ISIC codes A and B. Industry including construction also includes mining and manufacturing, and corresponds to ISIC codes C-F. Services and other sectors includes all other sectors, including wholesale trade, retail trade, restaurants, hotels, transport, storage and communications.
World Bank DataBank
Source:
Nonbank Financial Database and Global Financial Development Database, World Bank
Indicators:
Mutual funds assets as a % of GDP
Pension funds assets as a % of GDP
Market capitalisation of listed domestic companies as a % of GDP
Domestic credit to the private sector as a % of GDP
Figures:
Assets in savings funds, as % of GDP
Market participation, as % of GDP
Market indicators, cross country comparison, most recent year of data
Aggregations:
Aggregated figures are averages weighted by GDP in purchasing power parity dollars, as reported in the IMF World Economic Outlook.
World Development Indicators
Source:
World Development Indicators, World Bank (updated 03/07/2025) https://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi.
Indicators:
GINI index
Concepts:
The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income among households deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality – every household has the exact same income – while an index of 100 implies maximum inequality.
World Economic Outlook
Source:
IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025, https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.RES:WEO.
Indicators:
Real GDP growth
GDP in US dollars (USD)
GDP in local currency (LCU)
Exchange rate (LCU/USD)
Exchange rate (LCU/PPP)
General government expenditure as a % of GDP
General government gross debt as a % of GDP
Aggregations:
Aggregations of GDP for groups of countries are sums. Aggregations of real GDP growth, general government expenditure and general government gross debt are averages weighted by GDP in purchasing power parity.
International Labour Organization - ILOSTAT
Source:
International Labour Organization (ILO) Statistics portal (retrieved 09/09/2025), www.ilo.org/ilostat
Indicators:
Employment rate (both sexes)
Employment rate (males)
Employment rate (females)
Unemployment rate (ages 25-54)
Concepts:
The employment rate is defined as the ratio of the estimated population aged 15 or over who are employed to the estimated population aged 15 or over. Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The unemployment rate here is calculated as the ratio of the population of core working age, between 25 and 54, to the estimated population in this age range. For more information, see: https://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/TEM.pdf.
World Population Prospects, UN
Source:
World Population Prospects 2024, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2024, https://population.un.org/wpp/.
Indicators:
Population (thousands)
Child dependency ratio [Population aged <15]/[Population aged 15-64]*100
Old-age dependency ratio [Population aged 65+]/[Population aged 15-64]*100
Concepts:
The child dependency ratio is calculated by taking the ratio of the estimated population aged 15 years old or lower to the estimated population between 15 years of age and 64. The old-age dependency ratio is the ratio of the population aged 65 and over and the population between 15 and 64 years of age. Aggregate
Aggregations:
Aggregated figures for populations are sums, while aggregated dependency ratios are unweighted averages.
World Risk Index
Source:
World Risk Report 2025, Berlin: Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft, https://weltrisikobericht.de/worldriskreport/.
Indicators:
World Risk Index Score (Exposure, Vulnerability. Susceptibility, Coping, Adapting)
Figures:
World Risk Index, by component, 2025
World Risk Index, by country, 2025
Concepts:
The World Risk Index indicates the disaster risk from extreme natural events and negative climate change impacts. It is calculated per country as the geometric mean of exposure and vulnerability. Exposure represents the extent to which populations are exposed to and burdened by the impacts of natural events. Vulnerability maps the societal domain and is composed of three dimensions: Susceptibility (structural characteristics and conditions that increase the likelihood of damage), coping (capacity to counter negative impacts of natural disasters) and adaptation (long-term processes to achieve changes in societal structures and systems to reduce adverse impacts of natural disasters).