Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2025

22. Norway

Main findings

Support to agriculture

Norway provides the third-highest level of agricultural support as a share of the value of production among the 54 countries analysed in this report. In 2022-24, transfers to producers (Producer Support Estimate, %PSE) averaged 47% of gross farm receipts, down from 69% in 2000-02.

Budgetary payments based on current or non-current production factors represents 58% of producer support. The largest single budgetary programme is a production payment made per head for most types of livestock. Domestic market prices are maintained through border protection and market regulations. Market Price Support (MPS) makes up a smaller share of producer support than it has in the past, but it still represented 27% of producer support in 2022-24 and applies to most major domestic commodities. The balance of producer support comes from budgetary payments based on input use.

Support for general services, measured by the General Service Support Estimate (GSSE) averaged 3.8% of the value of agricultural production, above the OECD average. Nearly two-thirds of GSSE is allocated to agricultural education services at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, with most of the remaining funds directed towards agricultural product-safety and inspection services managed by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority.

Total support (TSE) averaged 0.6% of GDP in 2022-24, down from 1.42% of GDP in 2000-02.

Key recent policy changes

Funding for targeted climate and environmental schemes has increased and now represent nearly a third of the Agricultural Agreement’s total budgetary framework.

In 2024, Norway established a system of regular soil sampling of soils in pastureland and forest with a purpose to document status and changes in soil properties.

The government’s objectives for self-sufficiency and farmers’ income are set out in the 2024 White Paper “Strategy for Increased Self-Sufficiency in Agricultural Products and Plan for Enhancing Income Opportunities in Agriculture”. Objectives include raising the self-sufficiency rate for agricultural goods to 50% (from about 47% currently), improving and expanding the production of plant products, boosting domestic feed content, while using grazing resources to maintain a high self-sufficiency rate for meat and dairy.

Assessment and recommendations

• Norway is a member of EFTA, which has developed model language on environmental co‑operation in trade agreements to which EFTA is a party. Norway is encouraged to take the opportunity that this language provides to actively engage with trade counterparts on climate change and environment. Norway has also been a global leader on forestry including the REDD+ process and could consider extending its approach to global engagement in forestry to agricultural issues as well.

• Norway invests heavily in preserving cultural landscapes and maintaining production in traditional areas. At the same time, Norway has ambitious objectives regarding climate change mitigation and environmental conservation, and it values healthy rural communities. As technology opens new opportunities and social objectives change, it is valuable to maintain a clear vision of the future of the sector developed in broad consultation and checked frequently so that structural change in the sector can be embraced as a positive development for the sector and country.

• Total factor productivity growth has slowed relative to past rates. Balanced investments in all parts of the agricultural knowledge and innovation system can help restore productivity growth. Norway’s relatively unique climate and landscape calls for targeted research into solutions adapted for local conditions.

• Norway’s relatively strict controls on conversion of agricultural land to other uses implies some tension between local land use decisions and national objectives. Research into how agriculture landscapes and farm operations can better mesh with rural communities can help resolve this tension.

• Rewetting of peat lands and reconversion of organic soils to their natural states has important biodiversity and climate benefits, but can conflict with objectives to maintain agricultural production and agricultural land. Targeted solutions to resolve this, such as through financial compensation or land offsets, should be sought.

Development of support to agriculture

Table 22.1. Norway: Estimates of support to agriculture

Million USD

	1986-88	2000-02	2022-24	2022	2023	2024p
Total value of production (at farm gate)	2 533	2 051	3 818	4 079	3 602	3 774
of which: share of MPS commodities (%)	73.28	80.83	73.00	74.42	73.24	71.36
Total value of consumption (at farm gate)	2 686	2 085	5 835	4 129	6 678	6 700
Producer Support Estimate (PSE)	2 843	2 337	2 746	2 648	2 726	2 864
Support based on commodity output	2 069	1 346	987	1 030	961	970
Market price support¹	1 396	1 009	678	733	671	631
Positive market price support	1 396	1 009	761	871	696	718
Negative market price support	0	0	-83	-138	-25	-87
Payments based on output	673	337	309	297	290	339
Payments based on input use	250	117	209	236	206	186
Based on variable input use	149	71	115	154	116	76
with input constraints	0	0	0	0	0	0
Based on fixed capital formation	91	38	84	73	80	99
with input constraints	0	0	0	0	0	0
Based on on-farm services	11	8	10	10	10	11
with input constraints	0	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on current A/An/R/I, production required	524	871	1 129	1 026	1 122	1 239
Based on Receipts / Income	0	49	90	98	84	87
Based on Area planted / Animal numbers	524	822	1 039	928	1 038	1 151
With input constraints	371	644	871	779	854	979
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production required	0	0	414	350	431	460
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production not required	0	0	0	0	0	0
With variable payment rates	0	0	0	0	0	0
with commodity exceptions	0	0	0	0	0	0
With fixed payment rates	0	0	0	0	0	0
with commodity exceptions	0	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-commodity criteria	0	3	7	6	6	8
Based on long-term resource retirement	0	0	0	0	0	0
Based on a specific non-commodity output	0	3	7	6	6	8
Based on other non-commodity criteria	0	0	0	0	0	0
Miscellaneous payments	0	0	0	0	0	0
Percentage PSE (%)	71.44	68.98	46.74	44.18	48.19	47.68
Producer NPC (coeff.)	4.11	2.55	1.31	1.27	1.34	1.33
Producer NAC (coeff.)	3.50	3.22	1.88	1.79	1.93	1.91
General Services Support Estimate (GSSE)	129	157	147	152	145	144
Agricultural knowledge and innovation system	74	62	92	96	90	89
Inspection and control	5	25	33	34	33	32
Development and maintenance of infrastructure	29	54	13	13	13	13
Marketing and promotion	21	15	9	9	10	9
Cost of public stockholding	0	2	0	0	0	0
Miscellaneous	0	0	0	0	0	0
Percentage GSSE (% of TSE)	4.04	6.16	4.73	5.03	4.73	4.49
Consumer Support Estimate (CSE)	-1 388	-1 034	-556	-571	-808	-288
Transfers to producers from consumers	-1 674	-1 099	-711	-667	-732	-735
Other transfers from consumers	-178	-75	-29	-37	-278	229
Transfers to consumers from taxpayers	220	71	210	225	204	200
Excess feed cost	244	70	-25	-92	-2	18
Percentage CSE (%)	-56.34	-51.08	-9.74	-14.62	-12.49	-4.44
Consumer NPC (coeff.)	3.23	2.28	1.14	1.21	1.18	1.08
Consumer NAC (coeff.)	2.29	2.04	1.11	1.17	1.14	1.05
Total Support Estimate (TSE)	3 192	2 566	3 103	3 026	3 076	3 208
Transfers from consumers	1 852	1 175	740	704	1 011	506
Transfers from taxpayers	1 518	1 466	2 392	2 358	2 343	2 473
Budget revenues	-178	-75	-29	-37	-278	229
Percentage TSE (% of GDP)	3.49	1.42	0.60	0.51	0.63	0.68
Total Budgetary Support Estimate (TBSE)	1 796	1 557	2 425	2 293	2 405	2 576
Percentage TBSE (% of GDP)	1.96	0.86	0.47	0.39	0.50	0.54
GDP deflator (1986-88 = 100)	100	163	398	431	383	379
Exchange rate (national currency per USD)	6.88	8.59	10.31	9.61	10.56	10.75

Note: p: provisional. NPC: Nominal Protection Coefficient. NAC: Nominal Assistance Coefficient. A/An/R/I: Area planted/Animal numbers/Receipts/Income. 1. Market Price Support (MPS) is net of producer levies and excess feed cost. MPS commodities for Norway are: wheat, barley, oats, milk, beef and veal, sheep meat, wool, pig meat, poultry and eggs.

Source: OECD (2025), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agricultural policy monitoring (database), https://data-explorer.oecd.org/.

Policy landscape

Main policy instruments

The strategic objectives of Norway’s agricultural and food policies are set out in the 2016 White Paper “Change and development – A future oriented agricultural production” (Det Kongelige Landbruks - Og Matdepartementet, 2016[1]). Those include food security, agriculture throughout the country, increased value creation, and sustainable agriculture with lower greenhouse gas emissions.

The principal policy instruments supporting agriculture include border protection measures, budgetary payments differentiated by commodity and region, and domestic market regulation based on the Marketing Act. The Marketing Act covers certain types of meat (beef, mutton, pork and poultry); milk, butter and cheese; eggs; cereals and oilseeds; potatoes, vegetables, fruit and berries.

Target prices are provided for grains and some fruits and vegetables. The government and farmers’ organisations annually negotiate target prices and the budgetary framework for payments to farmers. Marketing fees are collected from producers and used to finance marketing activities dealing with surpluses. For agricultural products, simple average MFN applied tariffs were 31.1% in 2023 (compared with 0.4% for non-agricultural commodities). Certain sectors face significantly higher rates, such as meat (98% on average) and dairy (97%) (World Trade Organization, 2024[2]).

Dairy production is controlled by a milk quota system. Milk quotas are farm-specific and tradeable only within the same regional area. Quotas were introduced in 1983, with trading of quotas being introduced in 1997 and leasing of quotas allowed since 2009.

Various direct payments are provided to farmers, including acreage and headage payments, as well as payments based on product quantities for meat. Many of these are differentiated by region and farm size to equalise income opportunities across all types of farms and regions. This is designed to maintain the geographic distribution of farms and production in the country.

Since 2004, agri-environmental measures have been implemented as part of the National Environmental Programme (Nasjonalt miljøprogram), which aims to contribute to sustainable agriculture production with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as to fulfilling Norway’s international commitments on environment and climate in the agricultural sector.

The most important agri-environmental measures are the Acreage and Cultural Landscape Support (Areal- og kulturlandskapstilskudd), which provides payments to farmers as an incentive for land to remain in production and prohibits major changes to the natural landscape, such as levelling agricultural land, spraying edge vegetation or channelling rivers or streams. There are requirements and support for livestock on pasture, with extra payments for grazing on unimproved pasture land. Other measures include those for organic agriculture, payments for regional environmental programmes for specific agri-environmental measures, Special Environmental Measures in Agriculture (Spesielle Miljøtiltak i jordbruket) and organised grazing measures (Tiltak i beiteområder). Environmental levies are applied on agricultural pesticides.

The Selected cultural landscapes in agriculture (Utvalgte kulturlandskap i jordbruket, UKL) initiative supports farmers who want to make an extra effort to care for the environmental values of cultural landscapes in 51 selected areas deemed important or exceptional. The investment is based on voluntary agreements between the state and landowners. Co-ordination of these cultural landscapes nationally is the responsibility of the Norwegian Directorate of Agriculture, in collaboration with the Norwegian Environment Agency and the National Heritage Board. Each of the selected areas is co-managed by the municipality, landowners and agricultural enterprises, in collaboration with regional agricultural, natural and cultural heritage management.

The Regional Environmental Programme (Regionalt miljøtilskudd i jordbruket, RMP) includes payments to reduce water pollution from agricultural fields, environmentally friendly spreading of manure, management of fields deemed of high natural value or with special biodiversity, and maintenance around heritage sites in the agricultural landscape.

Fossil fuel emissions from the agricultural sector are subject to the nation’s carbon tax. A combination of economic and regulatory instruments exists to reduce run-off and comply with commitments of the EEA agreement for water protection. For instance, autumn tillage is restricted in areas surrounding the vulnerable Oslofjord estuary to reduce run-off.

Through the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Norway has negotiated 34 free trade agreements (FTAs) with 45 partner countries. All agreements include agricultural products, although average tariffs remain above those outside the agricultural sector.

Policies for trade and sustainability in agro-food markets

As part of the EFTA-Indonesia RTA, which entered into force in November 2021, Norway has granted preferential tariffs to Indonesia for sustainably produced palm oil and its derivates. These conditional preferential tariffs are set in annexes III and IV of the RTA, which include tariff concessions granted by Iceland and Norway, respectively, to Indonesia.

Under Norway’s environmental criteria for biofuels as part of the Norwegian Pollution Control Act (in application since 2014), biofuels with high risk of deforestation may not be part of the mandatory biofuel obligation (Frezal and Deuss, 2025[3]).

Sustainable trade is pursued through preferential free trade agreements (FTAs). Since 2010, the EFTA, to which Norway belongs, has been giving increasing attention to sustainability within its trade agreements. A model chapter on trade and sustainable development has been developed for new trade agreements, which was later revised in 2017 and 2020. Beside general commitments to respect international sustainability objectives, the chapter gives specific attention in particular to labour rights, climate protection, sustainable agriculture, sustainable management of natural resources, biodiversity conservation, fisheries sustainable management, and responsible supply chains and business conduct (notably through compliance with the OECD Guidelines). On the topic of sustainable agriculture, it proposes to establish a bilateral dialogue on best agricultural practices and sustainable food systems and report progress in that area.

Recent policy developments

Domestic policy developments in 2024-25

The governments objectives for self-sufficiency and farmers’ income are set out in the 2024 White Paper “Strategy for Increased Self-Sufficiency in Agricultural Products and Plan for Enhancing Income Opportunities in Agriculture”. Objectives include raising the self-sufficiency rate for agricultural goods to 50% (from about 47% currently), improving and expanding the production of plant products, boosting domestic feed content, while using grazing resources to maintain a high self-sufficiency rate for meat and dairy.

Funding for targeted climate and environmental schemes has increased to NOK 10.5 billion (USD 977 million), representing nearly a third of the Agricultural Agreement’s total budgetary framework. To avoid erosion and degradation of soils and waterways, additional requirements and incentives have been put in place to limit autumn tillage compared to previous years. In early 2025, the government also revised regulations governing the use of manure and fertilisers to optimise the use of manure, with respect to the specific requirements of the crops. This initiative is expected to enhance crop yields while minimising environmental impact.

In 2024, the milk quota production ceiling was reduced from 900 000 litres to 700 000 litres per production unit/farm. Similarly, for goat milk, the new ceiling was set at 350 000 litres

In 2024, particular emphasis of public funding of research and innovation is placed on research, innovation and technology development that will contribute to sufficient, healthy and safe food produced on Norwegian farms and increase self-sufficiency. Public R&D targets the four agricultural policy objectives: food safety and preparedness, agriculture throughout the country, increase value creation, and sustainable agriculture with lower emissions of greenhouse gases.

In 2024, Norway established a system of regular soil sampling of soils in pastureland and forest with a purpose to document status and changes in soil properties. A similar system of regular soil sampling is developed for soils in arable land, but remains to be fully established. As part of the revised regulation on use of fertiliser adopted in January 2025, farmers are required to take their own soil samples and to report the results to a central register.

A temporary electricity subsidy was introduced in response to rising power prices in late 2021 and was continued following the outbreak of the war in Ukraine. The scheme currently compensates 100% of electricity costs above NOK 0.75/kWh (USD 0.064/kWh) – effectively setting a price cap at that rate. The total allocation for 2024 was NOK 102.3 million (USD 9.5 million). The scheme is prolonged to also cover agricultural enterprises in 2025. Agricultural enterprises were also given special treatment in the form of higher consumption limits than households and other businesses. There is no consumption limit for greenhouse and irrigation operations, while ordinary agricultural enterprises have a ceiling of 60 000 kWh/month.

Agri-environmental support schemes under the national agri-environmental programme were scaled further up in the 2024 agricultural agreement including the following support schemes:

• Acreage and cultural landscape payment (Areal- og kulturlandskapstilskudd)

• Payments for livestock on pasture (Beitetilskudd)

• Payments for regional environmental programmes with measures targeted at particular environmental benefits and pressures arising from agriculture (regionale miljøtilskudd)

• Payment for organic agriculture (tilskudd til økologisk jordbruk)

• Subsidy for the delivery of manure to biogas plants (tilskudd for levering av husdyrgjødsel til biogassanlegg).

Trade policy developments in 2024-25

A new Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the EFTA states and Moldova entered into force on 1 November 2024. Moldova now benefits from concessions or duty-free market access for most agricultural products it exports to Norway. Norway and the other EFTA-countries also signed a new free trade agreement with Kosovo in January 2025. The agreement covers trade in goods and services, including trade and sustainable development. In December 2024 the EFTA-states and Ukraine concluded their modernisation of their FTA in force since 2012. Under the modernised FTA, the EFTA States will receive improved market access for products such as cheese, yoghurt and chocolate. The EFTA States’ concessions for Ukraine’s agricultural products of interest are comparable to those granted to other recent EFTA free trade partners, while also respecting national agricultural policies and sensitivities.

In June 2024, the EFTA States and Chile signed a Protocol of Amendment, modernising their Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in force since 2004. The modernised agreement will provide duty-free access to 99% of existing agricultural imports into Chile from the EFTA States and cover 95% of Chilean imports into the EFTA States. The FTA further incorporates new chapters on trade and sustainable development and, for the first time, a chapter on small and medium-sized enterprises.

As part of the national budget, the Norwegian Government introduced a shift from specific duties to ad valorem duties for a selection of vegetables in its 2024 budget. While the change formally took effect on 1 January 2024, for lettuce, celeriac, salad beetroot, and swedes, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food (LMD) postponed the implementation of ad valorem rates for potatoes until 1 September 2024, to allow market participants sufficient time to adapt.

Policy context

Key economic and agricultural statistics

Norway boasts one of the world’s highest GDP per capita at USD 100 261 in 2023, underpinned by its substantial petroleum sector. Agriculture amounts to about 2.3% of Norway’s GDP. Farmland in Norway accounts for about 3% of the mainland land mass. The agricultural sector tends to focus on a limited selection of goods. About 71% of agricultural value stems from livestock on extensive grasslands. Crop cultivation is relatively difficult given the climate and the most suitable central regions are reserved for cereal production, with milk and meat production mainly taking place in less favourable rural areas. Sheep farming, cattle rearing for both dairy and beef, and cereal cultivation, predominantly for livestock feed, are the mainstay activities. The industry is characterised by small-scale family-owned farms, a significant number of which operate in isolated areas.

Table 22.2. Norway: Contextual indicators

	Norway		International comparison
	2000*	2023*	2000*	2023*
Economic context			Share in total of all countries
GDP (billion USD in PPPs)	166	556	0.4%	0.4%
Population (million)	4	6	0.1%	0.1%
Land area (thousand km2)	365	364	0.4%	0.4%
Agricultural area (AA) (thousand ha)	1 042	985	0.03%	0.03%
			All countries1
Population density (inhabitants/km2)	12	15	52	64
GDP per capita (USD in PPPs)	36 986	100 261	9 368	29 013
Trade as % of GDP	27.5	28.2	12.3	14.9
Agriculture in the economy			All countries1
Agriculture in GDP (%)	2.0	2.3	2.9	3.5
Agriculture share in employment (%)	4.1	2.5	-	-
Agro-food exports (% of total exports)	0.8	0.9	6.4	8.1
Agro-food imports (% of total imports)	5.6	10.2	5.8	7.3
Characteristics of the agricultural sector			All countries1
Crop in total agricultural production (%)	28.8	33.0	-	-
Livestock in total agricultural production (%)	71.2	67.0	-	-
Share of arable land in AA (%)	84.4	81.6	31.8	33.3

Note: *or closest available year.

1. Average of all countries covered in this report.

Sources: OECD statistical databases; International Labour Organisation (ILO); UN Comtrade; World Bank, WDI; FAO database and national data.

Norway’s economy is slowing as inflation and higher interest rates weigh on consumption and investment. The labour market is tight and wage growth robust, while labour shortages and job mismatches are high and rising. Inflation is falling but still above the target of 2% (Figure 22.4) (OECD, 2024[4]). 

Norway is a large net importer of agricultural goods, with the exception of fish, and these goods make up about 10% of its total imports. In contrast, agro-food commodities constitute only about 1.2% of Norway’s total exports (Figure 22.5A). The European Union (EU) is Norway’s chief trade partner, responsible for nearly two-thirds of the country’s import and export activities. Within the EU, Sweden and Denmark combined are the destination for one-third of Norway’s agro-food exports. Beyond the EU, the United States and Japan stand out as significant markets for Norwegian agro-food products. Most trade is in processed rather than primary products, with 95% of exports being processed and 72% of imports. Most imports are directed at consumers rather than industry (Figure 22.5B).

Agricultural output in Norway increased at an average rate of 2.3% between 2013 and 2022, above the global average growth rate (Figure 22.6). This growth in Norway has been primarily driven by total factor productivity (TFP) growth, which averaged 1.7% over the period. Increased use of both primary and intermediate inputs, such as the use of fertilisers, accounted for the remaining 0.6% of annual output growth.

Norway has a good record on domestic environmental performance overall (OECD, 2022[5]). Air quality in cities is among the highest in Europe. Land-use change is exerting some pressures on Norway’s diverse and pristine landscapes, but transformation of agricultural land is tightly restricted. Norway’s relatively high share of livestock and dairy in the production mix, and limited land area has led to a relatively important environmental footprint of agriculture. Nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses are among the highest in the OECD, with corresponding risks to water and air quality (Table 22.3). Agricultural GHG emissions are nearly 10% of national emissions, near the OECD average. Irrigation is little used and correspondingly there is negligible stress on water from agriculture.

Table 22.3. Norway: Productivity and environmental indicators

	Norway		International comparison
	1991-2000	2013-2022	1991-2000	2013-2022
			World
TFP annual growth rate (%)	5.6%	1.7%	1.7%	0.8%
			OECD average
Environmental indicators	2000*	2023*	2000*	2023*
Nitrogen balance, kg/ha	85.3	94.5	32.0	29.7
Phosphorus balance, kg/ha	12.0	11.0	3.3	2.5
Agriculture share of total energy use (%)	1.6	1.5	1.7	2.0
Agriculture share of GHG emissions (%)	8.7	9.6	8.7	10.1
Share of irrigated land in AA (%)	4.2	3.3	-	-
Share of agriculture in water abstractions (%)	..	..	47.0	49.5
Water stress indicator	..	..	8.7	..

Note: * or closest available year.

Sources: USDA Economic Research Service, Agricultural Productivity database; OECD statistical databases; FAO database and national data.

Historical trends in agricultural policies

Historically, Norway’s agricultural policies relate to food security and ensuring farm incomes, employment opportunities and regional distribution of production. Today, these objectives are complemented by consumer and societal concerns such as sustainability and environmental issues, climate, food safety and animal welfare, cultural landscape, innovation, agri-tourism, and the small-scale food industry. Norway adopts a four-pillar approach to implement these objectives: i) border protection; ii) legal frameworks to secure family-owned farms; iii) annual negotiations between the state and farmers’ organisations to determine producer prices, budget transfers and allocation of funds; and iv) domestic regulations to balance the market through producer co-operatives.

Since the mid-1980s there has been modest policy reform towards market orientation, and modest reductions in the level of support. Farmers in Norway remain heavily supported through border measures, domestic market regulations, budgetary payments and tax breaks, however, some policy reforms were conducted since then. These trends are summarised in Table 22.4.

Environmental cross-compliance was introduced in 1991 with the Acreage and Cultural Landscape Programme which grants payments on the condition that farmers meet cultural landscape requirements. Norwegian agri-environmental policies are underpinned by the premise that certain environmental public goods are most cost-effectively provided through positive externalities of agricultural commodity production.

Prompted by the WTO Uruguay Agreement on Agriculture, in force since 1995, a number of changes were introduced to agricultural policies, to improve cost efficiency and market orientation, including increased flexibility in milk quotas, removal of administered prices for eggs, poultry, pork, beef and sheep, and phasing out of export subsidies. But high levels of protection remain against imports of the most important and sensitive agricultural products, such as meat, dairy, eggs and grains. Moreover, the primary agricultural sector is exempt from standard competition law.

Most of Norway’s tariff rate quotas (TRQs) were eliminated in 2000 when the WTO bound tariff rates became equal to the in-tariff quota rates. Tariffs for some products, particularly livestock products are set between 100% and 400%. However, there is a system of “open periods” allowing imports at reduced tariff rates in the event that domestic prices rise above threshold levels due to a deficit in domestic production. Since 1 January 2015, Norway has unilaterally eliminated import duties on 114 agricultural tariff lines. While these duties were low (and not important for protecting Norwegian agricultural production), their elimination resulted in reduced customs procedures and administrative costs. Export subsidies were abolished at the end of 2020.

Table 22.4. Norway: Agricultural policy trends

Period	Framework	Changes in agricultural policies
Prior to 1985	Closed economy	High agricultural import tariffs and non-tariff measures Administered prices of agricultural products Production quotas of certain products
1985-1994	Modest domestic reforms	Modest reduction in agricultural import tariffs Removal of several administered prices Increased flexibility in the milk quota system
1995-2000	Implementation of the WTO Uruguay Agreement on Agriculture; more emphasis on environmental sustainability issues	Modest import tariff reduction; tariffication of non-tariff measures Introduction of environmental cross-compliance
2000-present	Continuation of trade reforms	Lower border protection Abolition of export subsidies Removal of several administered prices Introduction of environmental programmes

Agricultural policies have been stable for some time, with no major change to the basic structure of support in the last twenty years. The most noteworthy change was the addition of the cultural landscape payment and structural income support for milk production in 2003 (Figure 22.7) However, support as a share of gross farm receipts has been declining steadily as the growth in the value of production by the sector outpaces support. This trend is most evident in market price support, whose share of overall support has halved.

References

[1] Det Kongelige Landbruks - Og Matdepartementet (2016), Endring og utvikling: En fremtidsrettet jordbruksproduksjon Melding til Stortinget Endring og utvikling, http://www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub.

[3] Frezal, C. and A. Deuss (2025), “Trade-related measures linked to the environmental sustainability of agriculture: A stocktake and typology”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 216, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ebfdca09-en.

[4] OECD (2024), OECD Economic Surveys: Norway 2024, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/cb13475f-en.

[5] OECD (2022), OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Norway 2022, OECD Environmental Performance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/59e71c13-en.

[2] World Trade Organization (2024), World Tariff Profiles 2024, World Trade Organisation, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/world_tariff_profiles24_e.htm.