PISA 2018 Results (Volume II)

Annex B1. Results for countries and economies

Table II.B1.2.1 [1/4]. Students’ socio-economic status

		Coverage Index 3: Coverage of 15-year-old population	Students’ socio-economic status measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS)
			All students			Variability in the index			Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter
			Mean index	S.E.	s	S.D.	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	0.89	0.32	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		-0.91	(0.02)		0.07	(0.02)		0.75	(0.01)
	Austria	0.89	0.01	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		-1.10	(0.03)		-0.29	(0.02)		0.31	(0.02)
	Belgium	0.94	0.07	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		-1.17	(0.02)		-0.22	(0.02)		0.50	(0.02)
	Canada	0.86	0.42	(0.01)		0.82	(0.01)		-0.69	(0.02)		0.21	(0.02)		0.78	(0.01)
	Chile	0.89	-0.58	(0.03)		1.03	(0.01)		-1.86	(0.03)		-0.99	(0.03)		-0.26	(0.04)
	Colombia	0.62	-1.19	(0.04)		1.26	(0.02)		-2.81	(0.05)		-1.61	(0.05)		-0.78	(0.05)
	Czech Republic	0.95	-0.21	(0.02)		0.88	(0.02)		-1.26	(0.03)		-0.57	(0.02)		0.04	(0.03)
	Denmark	0.88	0.52	(0.01)		0.76	(0.01)		-0.54	(0.02)		0.40	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)
	Estonia	0.93	0.08	(0.02)		0.81	(0.01)		-0.98	(0.02)		-0.20	(0.02)		0.44	(0.02)
	Finland	0.96	0.30	(0.02)		0.79	(0.01)		-0.78	(0.02)		0.06	(0.03)		0.69	(0.02)
	France	0.91	-0.03	(0.02)		0.90	(0.01)		-1.22	(0.02)		-0.30	(0.02)		0.34	(0.02)
	Germany	0.99	-0.10	(0.03)		1.04	(0.01)		-1.48	(0.03)		-0.41	(0.03)		0.33	(0.03)
	Greece	0.93	-0.11	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		-1.30	(0.02)		-0.45	(0.03)		0.27	(0.03)
	Hungary	0.90	-0.12	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		-1.29	(0.03)		-0.47	(0.02)		0.23	(0.03)
	Iceland	0.92	0.55	(0.01)		0.81	(0.02)		-0.57	(0.03)		0.41	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)
	Ireland	0.96	0.13	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		-1.01	(0.03)		-0.16	(0.03)		0.50	(0.03)
	Israel	0.81	0.35	(0.03)		0.98	(0.02)		-0.97	(0.03)		0.13	(0.03)		0.78	(0.02)
	Italy	0.85	-0.22	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		-1.37	(0.02)		-0.57	(0.02)		0.07	(0.03)
	Japan	0.91	-0.09	(0.01)		0.73	(0.01)		-1.05	(0.02)		-0.31	(0.02)		0.19	(0.01)
	Korea	0.88	0.07	(0.02)		0.77	(0.01)		-0.97	(0.02)		-0.13	(0.02)		0.39	(0.02)
	Latvia	0.89	0.00	(0.01)		0.84	(0.01)		-1.11	(0.02)		-0.29	(0.02)		0.39	(0.02)
	Lithuania	0.90	0.03	(0.01)		0.87	(0.01)		-1.13	(0.02)		-0.28	(0.02)		0.46	(0.02)
	Luxembourg	0.87	0.01	(0.01)		1.15	(0.01)		-1.56	(0.02)		-0.32	(0.02)		0.56	(0.01)
	Mexico	0.66	-1.19	(0.04)		1.25	(0.02)		-2.76	(0.05)		-1.70	(0.04)		-0.77	(0.05)
	Netherlands*	0.91	0.28	(0.02)		0.87	(0.02)		-0.91	(0.04)		0.07	(0.03)		0.69	(0.02)
	New Zealand	0.89	0.16	(0.02)		0.97	(0.01)		-1.17	(0.02)		-0.10	(0.02)		0.63	(0.02)
	Norway	0.91	0.54	(0.02)		0.82	(0.01)		-0.57	(0.03)		0.39	(0.02)		0.91	(0.02)
	Poland	0.90	-0.14	(0.02)		0.85	(0.01)		-1.16	(0.01)		-0.57	(0.03)		0.14	(0.04)
	Portugal*	0.87	-0.39	(0.03)		1.16	(0.01)		-1.91	(0.03)		-0.84	(0.04)		0.11	(0.06)
	Slovak Republic	0.86	-0.21	(0.02)		0.92	(0.02)		-1.36	(0.04)		-0.55	(0.02)		0.12	(0.02)
	Slovenia	0.98	0.07	(0.01)		0.80	(0.01)		-0.97	(0.01)		-0.24	(0.02)		0.42	(0.02)
	Spain	0.92	-0.12	(0.02)		1.04	(0.01)		-1.54	(0.02)		-0.42	(0.02)		0.34	(0.02)
	Sweden	0.86	0.36	(0.03)		0.89	(0.01)		-0.87	(0.03)		0.19	(0.03)		0.79	(0.03)
	Switzerland	0.89	-0.01	(0.03)		0.93	(0.01)		-1.25	(0.04)		-0.29	(0.03)		0.39	(0.04)
	Turkey	0.73	-1.15	(0.04)		1.18	(0.03)		-2.59	(0.03)		-1.65	(0.03)		-0.82	(0.05)
	United Kingdom	0.85	0.27	(0.03)		0.91	(0.01)		-0.95	(0.03)		0.00	(0.03)		0.67	(0.03)
	United States*	0.86	0.11	(0.04)		1.02	(0.02)		-1.28	(0.05)		-0.17	(0.05)		0.57	(0.04)
	OECD average		-0.03	(0.00)		0.93	(0.00)		-1.25	(0.00)		-0.33	(0.00)		0.35	(0.00)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. World Bank Estimate, year 2015. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.2.1 [2/4]. Students’ socio-economic status

		Coverage Index 3: Coverage of 15-year-old population	Students’ socio-economic status measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS)
			All students			Variability in the index			Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter
			Mean index	S.E.	s	S.D.	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	0.46	-0.87	(0.03)		0.97	(0.01)		-2.07	(0.02)		-1.26	(0.03)		-0.57	(0.03)
	Argentina	0.81	-0.95	(0.03)		1.19	(0.01)		-2.50	(0.03)		-1.38	(0.04)		-0.49	(0.04)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.46	-0.56	(0.03)		0.92	(0.01)		-1.69	(0.02)		-0.93	(0.03)		-0.23	(0.03)
	Belarus	0.88	-0.13	(0.02)		0.77	(0.01)		-1.14	(0.02)		-0.42	(0.02)		0.23	(0.02)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.82	-0.56	(0.02)		0.82	(0.01)		-1.53	(0.02)		-0.91	(0.02)		-0.36	(0.03)
	Brazil	0.56	-1.10	(0.03)		1.23	(0.01)		-2.72	(0.04)		-1.50	(0.03)		-0.65	(0.03)
	Brunei Darussalam	0.97	-0.26	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		-1.50	(0.02)		-0.60	(0.01)		0.08	(0.01)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.81	-0.67	(0.03)		1.07	(0.01)		-1.98	(0.03)		-1.14	(0.04)		-0.30	(0.05)
	Bulgaria	0.72	-0.26	(0.04)		1.02	(0.03)		-1.57	(0.06)		-0.60	(0.04)		0.18	(0.04)
	Costa Rica	0.63	-0.96	(0.04)		1.32	(0.02)		-2.71	(0.04)		-1.44	(0.05)		-0.42	(0.06)
	Croatia	0.89	-0.23	(0.01)		0.78	(0.01)		-1.17	(0.01)		-0.57	(0.01)		0.00	(0.02)
	Cyprus	0.92	0.30	(0.01)		0.92	(0.01)		-0.94	(0.02)		0.04	(0.02)		0.73	(0.01)
	Dominican Republic	0.73	-1.06	(0.04)		1.12	(0.02)		-2.48	(0.04)		-1.45	(0.03)		-0.72	(0.04)
	Georgia	0.83	-0.41	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		-1.59	(0.02)		-0.75	(0.02)		-0.08	(0.03)
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.98	-0.51	(0.03)		1.04	(0.02)		-1.81	(0.03)		-0.90	(0.03)		-0.18	(0.04)
	Indonesia	0.85	-1.57	(0.05)		1.10	(0.02)		-2.94	(0.04)		-1.99	(0.06)		-1.24	(0.06)
	Jordan	0.57	-0.66	(0.03)		1.11	(0.02)		-2.13	(0.04)		-1.03	(0.03)		-0.18	(0.04)
	Kazakhstan	0.92	-0.44	(0.02)		0.85	(0.01)		-1.53	(0.02)		-0.77	(0.02)		-0.11	(0.02)
	Kosovo	0.84	-0.46	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		-1.58	(0.02)		-0.78	(0.02)		-0.17	(0.02)
	Lebanon	0.87	-0.57	(0.03)		1.15	(0.01)		-2.11	(0.04)		-0.90	(0.04)		-0.10	(0.03)
	Macao (China)	0.88	-0.52	(0.01)		0.91	(0.01)		-1.65	(0.02)		-0.86	(0.02)		-0.23	(0.02)
	Malaysia	0.72	-0.77	(0.03)		1.05	(0.02)		-2.03	(0.03)		-1.23	(0.03)		-0.46	(0.05)
	Malta	0.97	0.06	(0.01)		0.96	(0.01)		-1.19	(0.02)		-0.29	(0.02)		0.47	(0.02)
	Moldova	0.95	-0.59	(0.02)		0.93	(0.01)		-1.74	(0.02)		-0.97	(0.02)		-0.30	(0.03)
	Montenegro	0.95	-0.18	(0.01)		0.87	(0.01)		-1.29	(0.02)		-0.50	(0.01)		0.15	(0.01)
	Morocco	0.64	-1.89	(0.06)		1.42	(0.02)		-3.62	(0.05)		-2.51	(0.06)		-1.43	(0.07)
	North Macedonia	0.95	-0.32	(0.01)		0.89	(0.01)		-1.47	(0.02)		-0.65	(0.01)		0.02	(0.01)
	Panama	0.53	-1.09	(0.04)		1.35	(0.02)		-2.86	(0.04)		-1.56	(0.05)		-0.55	(0.06)
	Peru	0.73	-1.12	(0.04)		1.17	(0.02)		-2.60	(0.04)		-1.52	(0.04)		-0.78	(0.05)
	Philippines	0.68	-1.42	(0.04)		1.13	(0.02)		-2.86	(0.05)		-1.77	(0.04)		-1.08	(0.04)
	Qatar	0.92	0.28	(0.01)		0.84	(0.01)		-0.86	(0.01)		0.18	(0.01)		0.62	(0.01)
	Romania	0.71	-0.47	(0.05)		0.97	(0.02)		-1.64	(0.05)		-0.85	(0.04)		-0.20	(0.06)
	Russia	0.94	0.13	(0.02)		0.74	(0.01)		-0.85	(0.02)		-0.08	(0.03)		0.46	(0.02)
	Saudi Arabia	0.85	-0.70	(0.04)		1.19	(0.02)		-2.29	(0.04)		-1.11	(0.06)		-0.17	(0.06)
	Serbia	0.88	-0.24	(0.02)		0.83	(0.01)		-1.28	(0.02)		-0.57	(0.02)		0.07	(0.02)
	Singapore	0.95	0.17	(0.01)		0.92	(0.01)		-1.10	(0.02)		-0.06	(0.02)		0.62	(0.02)
	Chinese Taipei	0.92	-0.32	(0.02)		0.92	(0.01)		-1.50	(0.02)		-0.64	(0.03)		0.05	(0.03)
	Thailand	0.72	-1.30	(0.04)		1.16	(0.02)		-2.70	(0.03)		-1.77	(0.04)		-1.01	(0.06)
	Ukraine	0.87	-0.20	(0.02)		0.77	(0.01)		-1.21	(0.03)		-0.48	(0.03)		0.11	(0.03)
	United Arab Emirates	0.92	0.28	(0.02)		0.88	(0.01)		-0.92	(0.02)		0.12	(0.02)		0.66	(0.02)
	Uruguay	0.77	-0.99	(0.04)		1.16	(0.02)		-2.43	(0.04)		-1.43	(0.04)		-0.66	(0.05)
	Viet Nam	0.70	-1.62	(0.05)		1.08	(0.03)		-2.89	(0.06)		-2.05	(0.04)		-1.38	(0.06)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. World Bank Estimate, year 2015. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.2.1 [3/4]. Students’ socio-economic status

		Students’ socio-economic status measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS)															Gini Index1
		Fourth quarter			Top - Bottom quarter			5th percentile			95th percentile			95th - 5th percentile
		Mean index	S.E.	s	Dif.	S.E.	s	Value	S.E.	s	Value	S.E.	s	Dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	1.36	(0.01)		2.27	(0.02)		-1.28	(0.04)		1.55	(0.01)		2.83	(0.04)	.
	Austria	1.14	(0.02)		2.23	(0.03)		-1.37	(0.04)		1.40	(0.02)		2.77	(0.05)	.	30.5
	Belgium	1.18	(0.01)		2.35	(0.02)		-1.49	(0.03)		1.39	(0.01)		2.88	(0.03)	.	27.7
	Canada	1.37	(0.01)		2.05	(0.02)		-1.01	(0.02)		1.55	(0.01)		2.56	(0.02)	.
	Chile	0.78	(0.03)		2.64	(0.03)		-2.16	(0.04)		1.11	(0.02)		3.27	(0.05)	.	47.7
	Colombia	0.45	(0.05)		3.27	(0.06)		-3.31	(0.05)		0.88	(0.05)		4.19	(0.07)	.	51.1
	Czech Republic	0.95	(0.02)		2.21	(0.03)		-1.51	(0.05)		1.21	(0.02)		2.72	(0.05)	.	25.9
	Denmark	1.34	(0.01)		1.88	(0.02)		-0.92	(0.03)		1.50	(0.02)		2.41	(0.03)	.	28.2
	Estonia	1.07	(0.02)		2.06	(0.02)		-1.24	(0.02)		1.26	(0.02)		2.50	(0.03)	.	32.7
	Finland	1.21	(0.02)		1.99	(0.02)		-1.01	(0.02)		1.38	(0.02)		2.39	(0.03)	.	27.1
	France	1.04	(0.02)		2.26	(0.02)		-1.56	(0.04)		1.25	(0.02)		2.82	(0.03)	.	32.7
	Germany	1.17	(0.02)		2.65	(0.04)		-1.84	(0.07)		1.43	(0.02)		3.28	(0.07)	.	31.7
	Greece	1.05	(0.02)		2.35	(0.02)		-1.59	(0.04)		1.24	(0.02)		2.83	(0.04)	.	36
	Hungary	1.06	(0.02)		2.36	(0.03)		-1.66	(0.06)		1.27	(0.02)		2.93	(0.06)	.	30.4
	Iceland	1.42	(0.01)		1.99	(0.03)		-0.90	(0.05)		1.57	(0.03)		2.47	(0.07)	.
	Ireland	1.19	(0.02)		2.20	(0.03)		-1.30	(0.03)		1.41	(0.02)		2.71	(0.03)	.	31.8
	Israel	1.44	(0.03)		2.42	(0.04)		-1.32	(0.04)		1.69	(0.05)		3.01	(0.06)	.
	Italy	0.99	(0.03)		2.36	(0.03)		-1.62	(0.03)		1.28	(0.03)		2.91	(0.03)	.	35.4
	Japan	0.81	(0.01)		1.86	(0.03)		-1.30	(0.02)		1.02	(0.01)		2.32	(0.03)	.
	Korea	1.00	(0.02)		1.97	(0.02)		-1.28	(0.02)		1.22	(0.02)		2.49	(0.03)	.
	Latvia	1.01	(0.01)		2.12	(0.02)		-1.33	(0.02)		1.20	(0.01)		2.53	(0.03)	.	34.2
	Lithuania	1.06	(0.01)		2.18	(0.02)		-1.35	(0.02)		1.24	(0.01)		2.59	(0.02)	.	37.4
	Luxembourg	1.37	(0.01)		2.93	(0.03)		-2.06	(0.04)		1.60	(0.01)		3.65	(0.04)	.	33.8
	Mexico	0.48	(0.05)		3.23	(0.06)		-3.16	(0.05)		0.89	(0.04)		4.05	(0.07)	.
	Netherlands*	1.26	(0.02)		2.17	(0.04)		-1.22	(0.06)		1.44	(0.02)		2.65	(0.06)	.	28.2
	New Zealand	1.29	(0.01)		2.46	(0.02)		-1.58	(0.03)		1.49	(0.01)		3.07	(0.03)	.
	Norway	1.45	(0.02)		2.02	(0.03)		-0.85	(0.05)		1.63	(0.01)		2.48	(0.05)	.	27.5
	Poland	1.02	(0.02)		2.17	(0.02)		-1.33	(0.01)		1.25	(0.02)		2.58	(0.02)	.	31.8
	Portugal*	1.09	(0.02)		3.00	(0.03)		-2.27	(0.03)		1.31	(0.01)		3.57	(0.03)	.	35.5
	Slovak Republic	0.95	(0.02)		2.31	(0.04)		-1.60	(0.09)		1.18	(0.02)		2.78	(0.09)	.	26.5
	Slovenia	1.07	(0.01)		2.04	(0.02)		-1.16	(0.01)		1.26	(0.02)		2.42	(0.02)	.	25.4
	Spain	1.12	(0.01)		2.66	(0.02)		-1.95	(0.03)		1.37	(0.01)		3.32	(0.03)	.	36.2
	Sweden	1.33	(0.02)		2.20	(0.03)		-1.21	(0.04)		1.49	(0.03)		2.69	(0.05)	.	29.2
	Switzerland	1.10	(0.02)		2.34	(0.03)		-1.68	(0.04)		1.31	(0.02)		2.99	(0.03)	.	32.3
	Turkey	0.47	(0.08)		3.06	(0.07)		-2.89	(0.03)		0.92	(0.07)		3.81	(0.07)	.	42.9
	United Kingdom	1.37	(0.02)		2.31	(0.03)		-1.27	(0.03)		1.60	(0.02)		2.87	(0.03)	.	33.2
	United States*	1.31	(0.03)		2.59	(0.05)		-1.69	(0.07)		1.56	(0.04)		3.25	(0.08)	.
	OECD average	1.10	(0.00)		2.36	(0.01)		-1.57	(0.01)		1.33	(0.00)		2.91	(0.01)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. World Bank Estimate, year 2015. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.2.1 [4/4]. Students’ socio-economic status

		Students’ socio-economic status measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS)															Gini Index1
		Fourth quarter			Top - Bottom quarter			5th percentile			95th percentile			95th - 5th percentile
		Mean index	S.E.	s	Dif.	S.E.	s	Value	S.E.	s	Value	S.E.	s	Dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	0.42	(0.03)		2.49	(0.03)		-2.34	(0.03)		0.76	(0.03)		3.10	(0.04)	.
	Argentina	0.56	(0.03)		3.07	(0.04)		-2.90	(0.04)		0.89	(0.02)		3.78	(0.04)	.
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	0.63	(0.03)		2.32	(0.02)		-1.93	(0.02)		0.89	(0.02)		2.82	(0.03)	.
	Belarus	0.82	(0.02)		1.96	(0.02)		-1.37	(0.03)		0.98	(0.02)		2.35	(0.03)	.	25.6
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.57	(0.03)		2.10	(0.03)		-1.78	(0.03)		0.88	(0.03)		2.66	(0.04)	.
	Brazil	0.46	(0.03)		3.18	(0.04)		-3.19	(0.05)		0.83	(0.04)		4.03	(0.06)	.	51.3
	Brunei Darussalam	0.96	(0.01)		2.47	(0.02)		-1.84	(0.02)		1.26	(0.01)		3.09	(0.02)	.
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.77	(0.03)		2.75	(0.03)		-2.27	(0.04)		1.05	(0.02)		3.32	(0.04)	.
	Bulgaria	0.97	(0.02)		2.54	(0.06)		-1.97	(0.09)		1.18	(0.02)		3.14	(0.09)	.
	Costa Rica	0.72	(0.04)		3.43	(0.05)		-3.06	(0.04)		1.02	(0.05)		4.08	(0.06)	.	48.4
	Croatia	0.81	(0.01)		1.98	(0.02)		-1.35	(0.02)		1.04	(0.02)		2.39	(0.02)	.	31.1
	Cyprus	1.37	(0.01)		2.31	(0.02)		-1.26	(0.04)		1.57	(0.02)		2.83	(0.04)	.	34
	Dominican Republic	0.39	(0.05)		2.87	(0.05)		-2.97	(0.07)		0.76	(0.05)		3.72	(0.07)	.	45.2
	Georgia	0.79	(0.02)		2.37	(0.03)		-1.87	(0.02)		1.00	(0.02)		2.86	(0.03)	.	36.5
	Hong Kong (China)*	0.85	(0.05)		2.66	(0.04)		-2.16	(0.03)		1.20	(0.03)		3.35	(0.04)	.
	Indonesia	-0.10	(0.06)		2.84	(0.06)		-3.27	(0.04)		0.35	(0.06)		3.62	(0.06)	.	39.7
	Jordan	0.69	(0.03)		2.82	(0.04)		-2.55	(0.05)		0.96	(0.04)		3.51	(0.06)	.
	Kazakhstan	0.65	(0.02)		2.18	(0.02)		-1.79	(0.02)		0.87	(0.01)		2.66	(0.02)	.	26.8
	Kosovo	0.68	(0.02)		2.26	(0.03)		-1.92	(0.03)		0.96	(0.03)		2.88	(0.05)	.
	Lebanon	0.83	(0.03)		2.94	(0.04)		-2.62	(0.06)		1.15	(0.04)		3.78	(0.07)	.
	Macao (China)	0.67	(0.02)		2.32	(0.02)		-1.92	(0.04)		0.96	(0.02)		2.88	(0.05)	.
	Malaysia	0.66	(0.04)		2.69	(0.04)		-2.33	(0.05)		1.00	(0.03)		3.33	(0.06)	.	41
	Malta	1.26	(0.01)		2.45	(0.03)		-1.48	(0.02)		1.47	(0.02)		2.95	(0.03)	.	29.4
	Moldova	0.63	(0.03)		2.38	(0.03)		-2.04	(0.03)		0.89	(0.02)		2.93	(0.04)	.	27
	Montenegro	0.92	(0.01)		2.21	(0.02)		-1.56	(0.02)		1.14	(0.02)		2.70	(0.03)	.
	Morocco	0.01	(0.08)		3.63	(0.06)		-3.94	(0.04)		0.57	(0.07)		4.51	(0.07)	.
	North Macedonia	0.81	(0.01)		2.28	(0.02)		-1.80	(0.03)		1.05	(0.02)		2.85	(0.04)	.	35.6
	Panama	0.60	(0.05)		3.46	(0.05)		-3.27	(0.06)		0.92	(0.05)		4.19	(0.07)	.	50.8
	Peru	0.41	(0.05)		3.01	(0.05)		-3.05	(0.05)		0.84	(0.04)		3.89	(0.06)	.	43.4
	Philippines	0.03	(0.06)		2.88	(0.06)		-3.29	(0.05)		0.48	(0.06)		3.76	(0.07)	.	40.1
	Qatar	1.19	(0.01)		2.05	(0.02)		-1.32	(0.02)		1.39	(0.01)		2.70	(0.03)	.
	Romania	0.83	(0.06)		2.47	(0.05)		-1.99	(0.07)		1.12	(0.04)		3.11	(0.07)	.	35.9
	Russia	1.00	(0.02)		1.85	(0.02)		-1.07	(0.03)		1.17	(0.02)		2.24	(0.03)	.	37.7
	Saudi Arabia	0.76	(0.03)		3.05	(0.04)		-2.72	(0.05)		1.01	(0.03)		3.73	(0.05)	.
	Serbia	0.83	(0.02)		2.11	(0.02)		-1.49	(0.03)		1.04	(0.01)		2.53	(0.03)	.	28.5
	Singapore	1.22	(0.01)		2.31	(0.02)		-1.44	(0.03)		1.40	(0.02)		2.84	(0.04)	.
	Chinese Taipei	0.83	(0.02)		2.34	(0.02)		-1.81	(0.03)		1.09	(0.02)		2.90	(0.03)	.
	Thailand	0.29	(0.07)		2.99	(0.06)		-3.02	(0.04)		0.76	(0.06)		3.78	(0.06)	.	36
	Ukraine	0.76	(0.02)		1.98	(0.02)		-1.45	(0.05)		0.95	(0.02)		2.40	(0.05)	.	25.5
	United Arab Emirates	1.25	(0.01)		2.18	(0.02)		-1.32	(0.02)		1.46	(0.01)		2.78	(0.03)	.
	Uruguay	0.56	(0.06)		2.99	(0.05)		-2.79	(0.05)		0.99	(0.06)		3.78	(0.07)	.	40.2
	Viet Nam	-0.16	(0.08)		2.73	(0.08)		-3.24	(0.08)		0.39	(0.08)		3.63	(0.10)	.

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. World Bank Estimate, year 2015. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.1 [1/2]. Proportion of academically resilient students

Based on students’ reports

		Reading performance, by national quarter of ESCS1															Percentage of disadvantaged students2 who are academically resilient3
		Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	460	(2.3)		490	(2.4)		519	(2.7)		549	(2.3)		89	(2.8)		13.1	(0.7)
	Austria	440	(3.7)		475	(3.3)		496	(3.5)		533	(3.4)		93	(5.0)		10.0	(1.0)
	Belgium	440	(2.8)		476	(3.2)		512	(3.1)		550	(2.2)		109	(3.1)		9.0	(0.7)
	Canada	485	(2.3)		512	(2.3)		539	(2.6)		553	(2.5)		68	(3.3)		13.9	(0.8)
	Chile	415	(3.0)		443	(3.4)		455	(3.2)		502	(3.4)		87	(4.3)		11.2	(1.1)
	Colombia	373	(3.5)		398	(4.2)		419	(4.0)		459	(5.2)		86	(6.5)		10.0	(1.0)
	Czech Republic	439	(4.3)		481	(3.2)		498	(3.0)		544	(3.2)		105	(5.4)		8.9	(1.1)
	Denmark	462	(2.7)		493	(2.8)		514	(2.8)		540	(2.8)		78	(3.7)		12.2	(1.1)
	Estonia	497	(3.7)		509	(3.1)		532	(2.5)		558	(2.9)		61	(4.6)		15.6	(1.7)
	Finland	483	(3.0)		509	(2.6)		533	(3.2)		562	(3.7)		79	(4.7)		12.6	(1.1)
	France	443	(2.7)		474	(3.4)		509	(3.3)		550	(3.9)		107	(5.0)		9.5	(1.0)
	Germany	450	(4.3)		492	(3.5)		518	(4.0)		564	(4.0)		113	(5.4)		10.4	(1.2)
	Greece	417	(4.1)		444	(3.9)		468	(4.0)		502	(4.2)		84	(5.2)		11.8	(1.1)
	Hungary	420	(3.4)		463	(3.2)		489	(3.2)		534	(4.0)		113	(5.4)		7.7	(0.9)
	Iceland	437	(3.6)		463	(4.0)		495	(3.4)		510	(4.0)		72	(5.7)		12.8	(1.4)
	Ireland	482	(3.0)		511	(3.0)		527	(2.8)		557	(3.0)		75	(4.2)		13.1	(1.1)
	Israel	407	(4.2)		455	(4.8)		507	(4.1)		529	(4.1)		121	(5.4)		8.0	(0.8)
	Italy	436	(3.5)		474	(2.8)		487	(3.2)		511	(3.9)		75	(5.1)		12.4	(1.1)
	Japan	465	(4.2)		499	(3.2)		517	(3.4)		537	(3.7)		72	(5.6)		11.7	(1.1)
	Korea	477	(3.9)		503	(3.6)		525	(3.8)		552	(4.3)		75	(5.7)		13.5	(1.0)
	Latvia	447	(2.8)		470	(2.9)		490	(3.1)		512	(3.0)		65	(3.9)		12.2	(1.1)
	Lithuania	432	(2.6)		465	(2.8)		488	(2.8)		522	(2.3)		89	(3.5)		11.2	(0.9)
	Luxembourg	415	(2.3)		445	(2.4)		488	(2.7)		537	(3.0)		122	(4.1)		7.6	(0.8)
	Mexico	382	(2.8)		413	(3.3)		426	(4.0)		464	(4.9)		82	(5.7)		10.6	(1.2)
	Netherlands*	448	(4.8)		470	(4.2)		495	(3.6)		536	(4.0)		88	(5.9)		12.6	(1.3)
	New Zealand	462	(3.0)		490	(2.8)		525	(3.2)		558	(3.3)		96	(4.4)		11.7	(1.0)
	Norway	459	(3.5)		496	(3.1)		520	(2.8)		532	(3.4)		73	(4.6)		12.3	(1.0)
	Poland	469	(3.1)		504	(3.1)		518	(3.8)		560	(4.6)		90	(5.7)		10.8	(1.0)
	Portugal*	448	(4.1)		480	(3.4)		501	(3.2)		543	(3.2)		95	(4.7)		10.0	(1.3)
	Slovak Republic	404	(3.9)		449	(3.1)		468	(3.0)		511	(3.9)		106	(5.7)		9.1	(0.9)
	Slovenia	462	(2.6)		476	(2.7)		506	(2.9)		541	(3.0)		80	(3.9)		11.7	(1.0)
	Spain	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	460	(4.3)		501	(3.5)		526	(3.6)		549	(4.1)		89	(5.9)		11.4	(1.1)
	Switzerland	435	(3.8)		469	(3.6)		499	(3.2)		539	(5.4)		104	(6.6)		9.3	(1.1)
	Turkey	437	(3.8)		452	(3.1)		461	(3.0)		513	(4.0)		76	(6.0)		14.5	(1.4)
	United Kingdom	471	(3.1)		493	(2.9)		516	(2.8)		550	(3.9)		80	(4.7)		14.0	(1.1)
	United States*	460	(4.6)		488	(4.0)		517	(3.6)		558	(4.7)		99	(6.3)		10.3	(1.1)
	OECD average-36a	445	(0.6)		476	(0.5)		500	(0.5)		534	(0.6)		89	(0.8)		11.3	(0.2)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. A socio-economically disadvantaged student is a student in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in his or her own country/economy.

3. Academically resilient students are disadvantaged students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.1 [2/2]. Proportion of academically resilient students

Based on students’ reports

		Reading performance, by national quarter of ESCS1															Percentage of disadvantaged students2 who are academically resilient3
		Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	377	(2.5)		402	(2.3)		406	(2.7)		438	(3.9)		61	(4.7)		12.3	(1.1)
	Argentina	353	(3.6)		387	(3.5)		416	(3.4)		455	(4.1)		102	(5.4)		8.5	(0.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	371	(2.2)		385	(2.1)		393	(2.7)		412	(5.9)		41	(5.9)		16.5	(1.2)
	Belarus	423	(3.1)		458	(3.6)		489	(2.5)		525	(3.5)		102	(4.7)		8.9	(1.0)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	373	(2.7)		402	(3.8)		408	(3.1)		431	(4.4)		58	(4.6)		13.1	(1.0)
	Brazil	373	(2.3)		397	(2.8)		419	(2.6)		470	(3.8)		97	(4.4)		9.5	(0.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	364	(1.8)		390	(1.9)		414	(2.3)		467	(2.0)		103	(2.7)		9.5	(0.8)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	519	(3.7)		545	(2.7)		558	(2.9)		600	(4.0)		82	(5.4)		11.7	(1.2)
	Bulgaria	369	(4.8)		403	(4.9)		438	(4.5)		475	(5.0)		106	(6.2)		6.5	(0.9)
	Costa Rica	392	(2.6)		410	(2.8)		429	(4.5)		476	(4.6)		83	(4.9)		10.0	(0.9)
	Croatia	455	(3.2)		463	(3.3)		480	(3.1)		518	(3.5)		63	(3.9)		15.2	(1.1)
	Cyprus	389	(2.9)		416	(2.5)		439	(2.5)		459	(2.8)		69	(4.3)		12.8	(1.0)
	Dominican Republic	319	(2.5)		333	(3.1)		336	(3.4)		383	(5.7)		65	(6.3)		12.3	(1.0)
	Georgia	350	(2.9)		367	(3.4)		386	(2.6)		418	(3.8)		68	(4.5)		12.3	(1.0)
	Hong Kong (China)*	497	(3.7)		523	(3.4)		529	(3.4)		555	(4.7)		59	(6.0)		16.5	(1.1)
	Indonesia	350	(3.1)		362	(2.9)		371	(3.2)		402	(5.9)		52	(6.9)		13.7	(1.5)
	Jordan	390	(4.3)		411	(3.3)		427	(3.3)		453	(4.1)		64	(5.6)		12.4	(1.4)
	Kazakhstan	368	(1.8)		380	(1.6)		392	(1.8)		408	(2.8)		40	(3.1)		16.0	(0.8)
	Kosovo	339	(2.2)		347	(2.1)		350	(2.1)		378	(2.6)		40	(3.5)		17.3	(1.4)
	Lebanon	307	(4.1)		341	(4.5)		362	(5.9)		410	(7.5)		103	(7.7)		9.1	(1.2)
	Macao (China)	511	(2.5)		524	(3.0)		524	(3.2)		542	(3.1)		31	(4.1)		19.8	(1.3)
	Malaysia	377	(3.0)		401	(3.0)		417	(3.1)		466	(4.8)		89	(5.6)		9.8	(1.1)
	Malta	406	(3.4)		442	(3.5)		460	(3.6)		491	(3.6)		85	(4.7)		13.3	(1.2)
	Moldova	374	(2.9)		414	(3.2)		433	(3.0)		476	(4.7)		102	(5.3)		8.1	(0.9)
	Montenegro	396	(2.1)		411	(1.9)		428	(2.3)		451	(2.1)		55	(3.0)		14.3	(1.0)
	Morocco	340	(3.1)		351	(3.3)		357	(3.6)		391	(4.1)		51	(4.5)		13.2	(1.4)
	North Macedonia	359	(2.8)		382	(2.8)		397	(3.0)		439	(2.7)		80	(4.0)		13.1	(1.2)
	Panama	337	(3.4)		364	(3.1)		379	(3.2)		432	(5.5)		95	(6.5)		9.2	(1.1)
	Peru	349	(2.9)		385	(3.0)		410	(3.2)		458	(4.3)		110	(4.9)		6.2	(0.8)
	Philippines	301	(2.1)		330	(2.4)		339	(3.1)		389	(6.3)		88	(6.4)		7.7	(0.8)
	Qatar	360	(1.4)		395	(1.8)		429	(1.7)		453	(1.8)		93	(2.3)		9.5	(0.5)
	Romania	375	(5.1)		417	(4.7)		437	(4.8)		484	(5.7)		109	(7.0)		8.8	(1.2)
	Russia	443	(4.4)		469	(3.1)		493	(3.2)		510	(4.2)		67	(5.4)		12.6	(1.0)
	Saudi Arabia	362	(4.4)		392	(3.5)		409	(2.8)		437	(4.0)		74	(6.2)		10.7	(1.2)
	Serbia	407	(4.2)		429	(4.1)		445	(3.7)		480	(4.6)		73	(5.8)		13.2	(1.3)
	Singapore	495	(2.7)		535	(2.8)		570	(2.5)		599	(3.4)		104	(3.8)		9.7	(0.7)
	Chinese Taipei	461	(2.9)		492	(2.8)		510	(3.6)		550	(4.3)		89	(4.8)		11.8	(0.9)
	Thailand	369	(2.4)		377	(2.8)		388	(3.5)		438	(5.6)		69	(6.0)		12.5	(1.1)
	Ukraine	422	(4.6)		456	(3.6)		476	(3.8)		511	(3.7)		90	(5.7)		11.8	(1.2)
	United Arab Emirates	377	(1.6)		414	(2.2)		461	(2.3)		482	(4.0)		105	(4.1)		7.2	(0.6)
	Uruguay	379	(3.6)		414	(3.2)		439	(3.9)		478	(4.1)		99	(5.7)		9.5	(1.1)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		0.0	c

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. A socio-economically disadvantaged student is a student in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in his or her own country/economy.

3. Academically resilient students are disadvantaged students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.4 [1/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status

Percentage of students; based on students’ reports

		Students are satisfied with their lives1
		All students			By national quarter of ESCS2
					Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	66.3	(1.4)		66.4	(1.4)		70.6	(1.4)		68.5	(1.3)		72.8	(1.3)		6.4	(1.9)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	57.6	(1.4)		57.6	(1.4)		63.0	(1.4)		67.1	(1.3)		68.8	(1.3)		11.3	(1.9)
	Colombia	75.6	(1.4)		75.6	(1.4)		72.6	(1.1)		71.5	(1.3)		72.4	(1.2)		-3.2	(2.0)
	Czech Republic	59.6	(2.0)		59.7	(2.0)		62.1	(1.5)		67.4	(1.3)		69.5	(1.3)		9.9	(2.3)
	Denmark	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Estonia	65.1	(1.4)		65.1	(1.4)		64.8	(1.6)		72.3	(1.4)		77.3	(1.3)		12.2	(1.9)
	Finland	71.9	(1.3)		72.0	(1.3)		75.5	(1.4)		80.1	(1.0)		82.8	(1.0)		10.8	(1.7)
	France	62.9	(1.5)		62.9	(1.5)		67.6	(1.4)		72.3	(1.2)		75.6	(1.3)		12.7	(2.2)
	Germany	62.8	(1.4)		62.8	(1.4)		68.4	(1.7)		65.2	(1.5)		69.9	(1.5)		7.1	(2.2)
	Greece	63.9	(1.5)		63.8	(1.5)		67.2	(1.2)		64.9	(1.3)		65.9	(1.4)		2.1	(2.0)
	Hungary	64.1	(1.5)		64.2	(1.5)		66.5	(1.5)		69.0	(1.4)		71.7	(1.5)		7.5	(2.1)
	Iceland	67.8	(1.9)		67.8	(1.9)		68.6	(1.7)		76.3	(1.6)		77.1	(1.4)		9.4	(2.4)
	Ireland	57.8	(1.4)		57.7	(1.4)		61.2	(1.4)		62.8	(1.4)		63.6	(1.5)		5.9	(2.0)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	61.7	(1.5)		61.7	(1.5)		66.6	(1.4)		66.9	(1.2)		72.4	(1.0)		10.7	(1.6)
	Japan	48.7	(1.5)		48.7	(1.5)		51.1	(1.3)		48.2	(1.3)		53.0	(1.6)		4.3	(2.2)
	Korea	53.7	(1.3)		53.8	(1.3)		57.6	(1.4)		57.0	(1.4)		58.7	(1.2)		4.9	(1.7)
	Latvia	60.5	(1.6)		60.6	(1.6)		69.6	(1.5)		69.5	(1.4)		75.8	(1.5)		15.2	(2.3)
	Lithuania	73.2	(1.1)		73.1	(1.1)		76.9	(1.1)		74.8	(1.2)		77.0	(1.2)		3.9	(1.7)
	Luxembourg	61.7	(1.6)		61.7	(1.6)		65.7	(1.3)		68.6	(1.3)		76.4	(1.3)		14.7	(1.9)
	Mexico	79.3	(1.4)		79.3	(1.4)		82.5	(1.0)		83.2	(1.2)		84.8	(1.0)		5.5	(1.7)
	Netherlands*	79.5	(1.7)		79.5	(1.7)		76.6	(1.5)		78.9	(1.3)		82.4	(1.6)		3.0	(2.5)
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	58.1	(1.5)		58.1	(1.5)		62.9	(1.7)		62.9	(1.4)		63.5	(1.5)		5.4	(2.1)
	Portugal*	66.3	(1.4)		66.3	(1.4)		68.0	(1.3)		67.5	(1.4)		73.8	(1.3)		7.5	(1.6)
	Slovak Republic	63.6	(1.6)		63.5	(1.6)		69.6	(1.1)		71.2	(1.3)		72.9	(1.3)		9.4	(2.1)
	Slovenia	65.4	(1.4)		65.5	(1.4)		64.3	(1.5)		62.1	(1.5)		64.4	(1.8)		-1.1	(2.3)
	Spain	68.9	(0.7)		68.9	(0.7)		72.3	(0.7)		74.4	(0.7)		78.5	(0.5)		9.6	(0.9)
	Sweden	60.2	(1.4)		60.2	(1.4)		66.0	(1.6)		69.1	(1.4)		71.2	(1.0)		11.0	(1.7)
	Switzerland	69.9	(1.5)		69.9	(1.5)		73.1	(1.5)		72.8	(1.4)		77.3	(1.5)		7.4	(2.1)
	Turkey	38.0	(1.3)		38.0	(1.3)		41.5	(1.2)		47.2	(1.3)		47.6	(1.5)		9.7	(1.9)
	United Kingdom	45.9	(1.4)		45.8	(1.4)		50.6	(1.5)		53.2	(1.2)		59.7	(1.4)		13.8	(1.9)
	United States*	54.8	(1.4)		54.7	(1.4)		59.2	(1.5)		61.1	(1.6)		67.5	(1.4)		12.8	(2.1)
	OECD average	62.8	(0.3)		62.8	(0.3)		66.1	(0.3)		67.5	(0.2)		70.8	(0.2)		8.0	(0.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives.

2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”.

4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”.

5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.4 [2/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status

Percentage of students; based on students’ reports

		Students are satisfied with their lives1
		All students			By national quarter of ESCS2
					Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	84.5	(1.2)		84.6	(1.2)		87.8	(1.1)		86.5	(0.9)		86.8	(1.0)		2.3	(1.5)
	Argentina	65.7	(1.4)		65.7	(1.4)		66.3	(1.3)		70.2	(1.1)		76.4	(1.3)		10.7	(1.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	64.1	(1.4)		64.2	(1.4)		66.5	(1.6)		65.1	(1.6)		71.4	(1.1)		7.2	(1.7)
	Belarus	82.1	(1.1)		82.1	(1.1)		83.2	(1.1)		84.2	(1.2)		84.5	(0.9)		2.5	(1.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	73.7	(1.2)		73.7	(1.2)		76.5	(1.2)		77.7	(1.3)		78.0	(1.2)		4.3	(1.7)
	Brazil	65.5	(1.1)		65.5	(1.1)		63.6	(1.1)		64.3	(1.2)		66.5	(1.0)		1.0	(1.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	35.6	(1.2)		35.6	(1.2)		41.0	(1.3)		42.5	(1.3)		49.0	(1.1)		13.4	(1.8)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	54.1	(1.8)		54.1	(1.8)		59.6	(1.5)		60.6	(1.1)		62.3	(1.2)		8.2	(2.1)
	Bulgaria	59.8	(1.7)		59.8	(1.7)		64.8	(1.7)		66.2	(1.3)		70.1	(1.2)		10.3	(2.1)
	Costa Rica	79.6	(1.0)		79.6	(1.0)		76.3	(1.2)		79.8	(1.0)		79.1	(1.3)		-0.5	(1.6)
	Croatia	74.0	(1.2)		74.1	(1.2)		77.5	(1.1)		77.3	(0.9)		76.8	(1.0)		2.7	(1.6)
	Cyprus	56.8	(1.4)		56.8	(1.4)		62.8	(1.4)		62.5	(1.4)		68.3	(1.4)		11.5	(2.0)
	Dominican Republic	75.0	(1.8)	†	75.0	(1.8)	†	78.9	(1.5)	†	79.0	(1.3)	†	80.5	(1.3)		5.5	(2.2)	†
	Georgia	69.0	(1.5)		69.0	(1.5)		73.1	(1.2)		75.3	(1.3)		77.5	(1.4)		8.5	(1.8)
	Hong Kong (China)*	45.2	(1.2)		45.2	(1.2)		49.9	(1.2)		55.8	(1.4)		57.8	(1.5)		12.6	(1.8)
	Indonesia	70.7	(2.0)		70.8	(2.0)		67.5	(1.4)		71.2	(1.8)		71.7	(1.6)		0.9	(2.5)
	Jordan	52.9	(1.7)		53.0	(1.7)		62.5	(1.3)		63.2	(1.3)		68.3	(1.3)		15.3	(2.2)
	Kazakhstan	87.1	(0.6)		87.1	(0.6)		86.9	(0.7)		86.3	(0.6)		87.4	(0.7)		0.3	(0.9)
	Kosovo	80.5	(1.4)		80.6	(1.4)		79.4	(1.3)		84.1	(1.2)		83.4	(1.2)		2.8	(1.8)
	Lebanon	46.0	(1.8)	†	46.0	(1.8)	†	55.1	(1.8)		59.4	(2.0)		72.0	(1.7)		26.0	(2.6)	†
	Macao (China)	44.2	(1.6)		44.3	(1.6)		47.5	(1.7)		54.5	(1.4)		53.8	(1.7)		9.5	(2.6)
	Malaysia	58.1	(1.7)		58.1	(1.7)		64.2	(1.2)		63.7	(1.5)		66.6	(1.8)		8.5	(2.3)
	Malta	59.8	(1.9)		59.8	(1.9)		59.9	(1.9)		57.0	(1.8)		61.8	(1.8)		2.0	(2.7)
	Moldova	67.9	(1.4)		67.9	(1.4)		74.8	(1.3)		79.3	(1.3)		84.1	(1.3)		16.1	(1.9)
	Montenegro	71.1	(1.2)		71.2	(1.2)		77.2	(1.1)		74.1	(1.0)		76.4	(1.1)		5.3	(1.6)
	Morocco	59.5	(1.6)	†	59.5	(1.6)	†	62.1	(1.4)		61.3	(1.6)		65.3	(1.3)		5.9	(1.9)	†
	North Macedonia	82.4	(1.1)		82.4	(1.1)		82.6	(1.1)		79.3	(1.2)		81.0	(1.1)		-1.4	(1.7)
	Panama	79.1	(1.7)	†	79.1	(1.7)	†	78.8	(1.3)	†	75.7	(1.4)		73.8	(1.5)		-5.3	(2.4)	†
	Peru	68.0	(1.5)	†	68.0	(1.5)	†	68.0	(1.5)		67.8	(1.6)		68.4	(1.2)		0.5	(1.9)	†
	Philippines	61.0	(1.5)		61.0	(1.5)		65.8	(1.3)		66.8	(1.3)		68.0	(1.7)		6.9	(2.1)
	Qatar	59.2	(0.9)		59.1	(0.9)		61.5	(0.8)		60.9	(0.9)		63.8	(0.9)		4.6	(1.1)
	Romania	75.0	(1.3)		75.1	(1.2)		77.5	(1.5)		81.3	(1.1)		84.6	(1.1)		9.5	(1.6)
	Russia	69.8	(1.4)		69.8	(1.4)		67.8	(1.6)		68.7	(1.0)		70.4	(1.2)		0.6	(1.7)
	Saudi Arabia	71.9	(1.5)		71.8	(1.5)		70.9	(1.2)		70.9	(1.2)		72.0	(1.4)		0.2	(2.0)
	Serbia	70.4	(1.1)		70.4	(1.1)		75.6	(1.1)		76.8	(1.0)		74.9	(1.3)		4.5	(1.7)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	51.0	(1.4)		51.0	(1.4)		55.4	(1.3)		57.6	(1.3)		59.5	(1.4)		8.5	(1.8)
	Thailand	71.6	(1.4)		71.7	(1.4)		73.8	(1.3)		73.1	(1.2)		74.6	(1.2)		3.0	(1.8)
	Ukraine	77.1	(1.4)		77.2	(1.4)		80.7	(1.1)		83.1	(1.0)		85.5	(1.0)		8.4	(1.8)
	United Arab Emirates	60.8	(0.8)		60.8	(0.8)		61.8	(1.0)		61.3	(1.1)		61.6	(2.0)		0.9	(2.2)
	Uruguay	67.8	(1.5)		67.7	(1.5)		72.8	(1.4)		71.7	(1.6)		81.0	(1.5)		13.3	(2.1)
	Viet Nam	74.1	(1.8)		74.1	(1.8)		73.3	(1.3)		71.8	(1.4)		73.9	(1.5)		-0.2	(2.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives.

2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”.

4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”.

5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.4 [3/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status

Percentage of students; based on students’ reports

		Do not feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school,3 by students’ socio-economic status
		All students			By national quarter of ESCS
					Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	68.1	(0.9)		68.1	(0.9)		72.2	(1.1)		74.7	(0.8)		76.8	(0.8)		8.7	(1.2)
	Austria	84.1	(0.9)		83.9	(0.9)		84.7	(1.0)		85.1	(1.2)		85.6	(0.8)		1.7	(1.2)
	Belgium	83.6	(0.9)		83.6	(0.9)		84.7	(0.9)		85.3	(0.9)		87.2	(0.7)		3.6	(1.1)
	Canada	68.0	(0.9)		68.1	(0.9)		73.5	(1.0)		73.7	(0.8)		78.9	(0.9)		10.8	(1.2)
	Chile	76.8	(1.4)		76.8	(1.4)		78.3	(1.1)		75.7	(1.2)		78.2	(1.2)		1.4	(1.9)
	Colombia	75.5	(1.5)		75.5	(1.5)		75.6	(1.2)		78.1	(1.1)		78.1	(1.0)		2.6	(1.7)
	Czech Republic	70.9	(1.5)		70.9	(1.5)		76.5	(1.2)		78.6	(1.2)		77.8	(1.2)		6.9	(1.7)
	Denmark	86.1	(1.0)		86.1	(1.0)		88.4	(1.0)		90.7	(1.0)		89.2	(0.9)		3.1	(1.4)
	Estonia	81.0	(1.3)		81.1	(1.3)		83.5	(1.1)		84.8	(1.0)		88.6	(0.9)		7.5	(1.7)
	Finland	82.0	(1.1)		82.0	(1.1)		85.9	(1.0)		85.2	(0.9)		86.1	(0.9)		4.1	(1.4)
	France	63.4	(1.3)		63.3	(1.3)		66.9	(1.5)		70.8	(1.5)		76.9	(1.2)		13.5	(1.7)
	Germany	80.8	(1.4)		80.8	(1.4)		85.7	(1.5)		83.0	(1.2)		86.9	(1.1)		6.1	(1.6)
	Greece	76.1	(1.3)		76.1	(1.3)		81.9	(1.3)		79.9	(1.2)		82.6	(1.0)		6.5	(1.6)
	Hungary	76.1	(1.1)		76.1	(1.1)		79.0	(1.1)		82.9	(1.0)		83.5	(1.0)		7.4	(1.4)
	Iceland	75.5	(1.8)		75.5	(1.8)		80.3	(1.3)		82.1	(1.2)		82.4	(1.3)		6.9	(2.3)
	Ireland	77.1	(1.2)		77.0	(1.2)		76.7	(1.1)		79.5	(1.2)		78.6	(1.2)		1.6	(1.6)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	83.2	(1.4)		83.2	(1.4)		87.6	(1.0)		87.5	(0.9)		87.1	(0.9)		3.9	(1.7)
	Japan	86.7	(1.1)		86.7	(1.1)		87.6	(0.9)		87.8	(0.9)		87.8	(1.0)		1.1	(1.4)
	Korea	87.1	(0.9)		87.1	(0.9)		89.1	(0.9)		89.5	(0.9)		91.7	(0.8)		4.6	(1.1)
	Latvia	77.7	(1.3)		77.7	(1.4)		79.9	(1.2)		81.4	(1.3)		85.1	(1.1)		7.3	(1.7)
	Lithuania	70.8	(1.3)		70.6	(1.3)		73.8	(1.1)		74.4	(1.1)		76.0	(1.1)		5.3	(1.7)
	Luxembourg	76.2	(1.2)		76.3	(1.2)		80.6	(1.1)		83.4	(1.2)		85.9	(1.1)		9.6	(1.6)
	Mexico	77.0	(1.4)	†	77.0	(1.4)	†	79.3	(1.2)		79.5	(1.3)		80.6	(1.0)		3.6	(1.8)	†
	Netherlands*	89.3	(1.0)	†	89.3	(1.0)	†	92.1	(0.9)		89.7	(1.1)		91.7	(0.9)		2.4	(1.2)	†
	New Zealand	71.1	(1.2)		71.1	(1.2)		73.3	(1.1)		74.2	(1.3)		77.5	(1.2)		6.4	(1.7)
	Norway	84.0	(1.2)		84.0	(1.2)		87.6	(0.8)		90.5	(0.9)		87.8	(1.1)		3.8	(1.6)
	Poland	78.5	(1.1)		78.5	(1.1)		80.2	(1.2)		79.0	(1.3)		76.5	(1.2)		-2.0	(1.6)
	Portugal*	83.6	(1.2)		83.6	(1.2)		87.4	(1.0)		85.5	(1.1)		90.7	(0.9)		7.1	(1.5)
	Slovak Republic	66.0	(1.5)		65.9	(1.6)		71.0	(1.5)		72.4	(1.5)		77.3	(1.2)		11.4	(1.8)
	Slovenia	77.1	(1.2)		77.2	(1.2)		78.3	(1.5)		80.4	(1.2)		82.0	(1.2)		4.8	(1.5)
	Spain	86.4	(0.7)		86.4	(0.7)		88.1	(0.6)		89.3	(0.5)		90.3	(0.5)		3.9	(0.8)
	Sweden	78.1	(1.1)		78.1	(1.1)		80.9	(1.1)		81.3	(1.1)		81.0	(1.2)		2.9	(1.9)
	Switzerland	80.9	(1.4)		80.9	(1.4)		84.1	(1.2)		84.9	(1.1)		86.5	(1.1)		5.6	(1.9)
	Turkey	74.3	(1.1)		74.4	(1.1)		76.4	(1.0)		76.4	(1.1)		78.5	(1.0)		4.2	(1.4)
	United Kingdom	72.3	(1.1)		72.3	(1.1)		72.7	(1.3)		75.1	(1.2)		77.9	(1.0)		5.7	(1.4)
	United States*	64.4	(1.8)		64.3	(1.8)		68.8	(1.3)		69.5	(1.7)		72.6	(1.6)		8.3	(2.3)
	OECD average	77.5	(0.2)		77.5	(0.2)		80.3	(0.2)		81.2	(0.2)		82.8	(0.2)		5.3	(0.3)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives.

2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”.

4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”.

5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.4 [4/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status

Percentage of students; based on students’ reports

		Do not feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school,3 by students’ socio-economic status
		All students			By national quarter of ESCS
					Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	86.9	(1.0)		86.9	(1.0)		88.4	(0.9)		88.7	(0.9)		91.1	(1.0)		4.2	(1.3)
	Argentina	65.5	(1.8)		65.5	(1.8)		71.1	(1.5)		74.8	(1.3)		78.2	(1.1)		12.7	(2.1)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	66.9	(1.6)	†	66.9	(1.6)	†	65.6	(1.4)	†	70.3	(1.5)	†	71.3	(1.4)	†	4.4	(2.2)	†
	Belarus	86.4	(1.0)		86.3	(1.0)		88.5	(0.9)		90.4	(0.7)		88.8	(0.8)		2.5	(1.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	77.0	(1.2)		77.1	(1.2)		80.2	(1.2)		79.6	(1.3)		81.2	(1.2)		4.1	(1.8)
	Brazil	67.2	(1.4)	†	67.2	(1.4)	†	71.5	(1.2)		72.9	(1.0)		75.9	(1.2)		8.7	(1.9)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	59.4	(1.3)		59.4	(1.3)		63.3	(1.3)		63.4	(1.2)		66.0	(1.2)		6.6	(1.8)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	78.9	(1.3)		78.9	(1.3)		81.1	(1.1)		82.5	(0.9)		83.4	(1.0)		4.5	(1.5)
	Bulgaria	57.4	(2.0)		57.4	(2.0)		67.6	(1.5)		70.8	(1.5)		74.2	(1.5)		16.8	(2.5)
	Costa Rica	79.1	(1.1)		79.1	(1.1)		77.4	(1.0)		78.5	(1.3)		82.3	(1.1)		3.3	(1.5)
	Croatia	83.4	(1.0)		83.4	(1.0)		84.6	(1.1)		84.5	(0.9)		86.8	(0.9)		3.4	(1.4)
	Cyprus	74.0	(1.3)		74.0	(1.3)		75.1	(1.4)		75.4	(1.3)		77.5	(1.2)		3.6	(1.8)
	Dominican Republic	58.3	(2.2)	‡	58.3	(2.2)	‡	65.0	(1.7)	†	64.2	(1.8)	†	69.4	(1.6)	†	11.0	(2.6)	‡
	Georgia	80.9	(1.6)		80.8	(1.6)		79.9	(1.3)		80.8	(1.5)		85.9	(1.1)		5.1	(1.8)
	Hong Kong (China)*	66.5	(1.4)		66.5	(1.4)		72.0	(1.3)		71.8	(1.4)		74.3	(1.2)		7.8	(1.9)
	Indonesia	81.6	(1.5)		81.6	(1.5)		78.4	(1.2)		80.9	(1.3)		80.2	(1.2)		-1.4	(2.0)
	Jordan	63.1	(2.0)		63.1	(2.0)		65.9	(1.4)		66.6	(1.6)		69.0	(1.7)		5.9	(2.5)
	Kazakhstan	78.5	(0.9)		78.5	(0.9)		78.5	(0.7)		79.1	(0.8)		79.2	(0.8)		0.7	(1.1)
	Kosovo	82.2	(1.3)		82.2	(1.3)		83.2	(1.1)		81.1	(1.3)		86.4	(1.1)		4.2	(1.7)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	75.4	(1.5)		75.4	(1.4)		75.6	(1.4)		78.4	(1.5)		76.9	(1.3)		1.5	(1.9)
	Malaysia	79.8	(1.1)		79.9	(1.1)		78.1	(1.3)		77.0	(1.2)		82.2	(1.6)		2.4	(1.8)
	Malta	66.9	(1.7)		66.9	(1.7)		71.4	(1.8)		66.1	(1.6)		69.0	(1.6)		2.0	(2.2)
	Moldova	78.8	(1.2)		78.8	(1.2)		86.5	(1.0)		85.9	(1.0)		89.1	(0.8)		10.3	(1.5)
	Montenegro	78.8	(1.2)		78.8	(1.1)		79.2	(0.9)		81.6	(1.0)		79.8	(1.1)		1.1	(1.6)
	Morocco	67.6	(1.6)	†	67.6	(1.6)	†	69.4	(1.4)	†	69.8	(1.6)	†	75.6	(1.4)		8.0	(2.2)	†
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	63.9	(2.1)	‡	63.9	(2.1)	‡	70.8	(1.7)	†	67.5	(1.8)	†	74.7	(1.5)	†	10.8	(2.6)	‡
	Peru	78.8	(1.6)	‡	78.8	(1.6)	‡	84.3	(1.1)	†	83.3	(1.0)		84.9	(1.1)		6.0	(2.0)	‡
	Philippines	68.8	(1.2)		68.8	(1.2)		75.7	(1.2)		70.8	(1.3)		77.0	(1.0)		8.2	(1.7)
	Qatar	65.3	(0.8)		65.3	(0.8)		67.9	(0.8)		74.0	(0.8)		73.4	(0.7)		8.1	(0.9)
	Romania	77.5	(1.5)		77.6	(1.5)		81.0	(1.4)		85.5	(1.0)		88.3	(1.1)		10.7	(1.8)
	Russia	70.3	(1.6)		70.3	(1.6)		75.0	(1.3)		74.5	(1.1)		77.2	(0.9)		6.9	(2.0)
	Saudi Arabia	72.0	(1.6)		72.0	(1.6)		78.1	(1.3)		76.6	(1.4)		80.9	(1.4)		8.9	(2.0)
	Serbia	76.3	(1.4)		76.3	(1.4)		79.1	(1.2)		79.3	(1.0)		79.2	(1.2)		2.9	(1.9)
	Singapore	73.4	(1.1)		73.4	(1.1)		76.2	(1.1)		77.9	(1.1)		79.9	(1.1)		6.5	(1.6)
	Chinese Taipei	82.7	(1.0)		82.8	(1.0)		86.1	(0.9)		86.9	(0.7)		88.8	(0.8)		6.0	(1.3)
	Thailand	71.4	(1.7)		71.4	(1.7)		70.9	(1.6)		71.3	(1.3)		76.6	(1.2)		5.2	(2.1)
	Ukraine	76.9	(1.4)		76.9	(1.4)		80.2	(1.2)		81.5	(1.3)		83.4	(1.1)		6.5	(1.7)
	United Arab Emirates	70.8	(0.8)		70.8	(0.8)		73.5	(0.9)		73.6	(0.9)		73.9	(1.0)		3.1	(1.3)
	Uruguay	70.9	(1.8)	†	70.9	(1.8)	†	79.0	(1.4)		76.4	(1.8)		83.1	(1.4)		12.1	(2.1)	†
	Viet Nam	73.0	(1.3)		73.0	(1.3)		74.2	(1.5)		72.3	(1.4)		69.9	(1.5)		-3.1	(2.1)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives.

2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”.

4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”.

5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.4 [5/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status

Percentage of students; based on students’ reports

		Do not doubt their future plans when facing failure,4 by students’ socio-economic status
		All students			By national quarter of ESCS
					Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	32.1	(0.9)		32.1	(0.9)		30.8	(0.9)		33.5	(1.0)		31.5	(0.9)		-0.6	(1.2)
	Austria	57.5	(1.6)		57.5	(1.6)		58.9	(1.3)		58.5	(1.3)		62.1	(1.1)		4.6	(1.8)
	Belgium	48.2	(1.9)		48.2	(1.9)		48.5	(1.8)		47.4	(1.3)		45.5	(1.3)		-2.6	(2.5)
	Canada	32.9	(1.0)		32.9	(1.0)		31.7	(1.1)		32.4	(1.1)		29.2	(0.9)		-3.7	(1.4)
	Chile	42.1	(1.5)		42.1	(1.5)		40.9	(1.3)		40.0	(1.4)		40.7	(1.1)		-1.4	(1.7)
	Colombia	56.1	(1.9)		56.1	(1.9)		57.8	(1.6)		55.3	(1.4)		56.7	(1.5)		0.6	(2.3)
	Czech Republic	45.8	(1.5)		45.9	(1.5)		45.7	(1.5)		45.8	(1.4)		44.1	(1.5)		-1.7	(2.2)
	Denmark	50.8	(1.2)		50.8	(1.2)		51.5	(1.7)		52.5	(1.3)		56.9	(1.5)		6.1	(1.9)
	Estonia	56.0	(1.7)		56.1	(1.7)		54.8	(1.5)		53.4	(1.4)		54.9	(1.6)		-1.2	(2.3)
	Finland	59.7	(1.5)		59.7	(1.5)		58.7	(1.2)		57.4	(1.4)		58.9	(1.5)		-0.9	(2.3)
	France	37.8	(1.4)		37.7	(1.4)		38.9	(1.4)		36.5	(1.4)		38.1	(1.3)		0.4	(1.9)
	Germany	60.1	(1.4)		60.0	(1.4)		62.1	(1.4)		64.8	(1.7)		63.3	(1.4)		3.3	(1.8)
	Greece	48.6	(1.3)		48.6	(1.3)		51.3	(1.3)		50.6	(1.3)		48.9	(1.1)		0.3	(1.7)
	Hungary	51.1	(1.4)		51.1	(1.4)		50.5	(1.5)		55.5	(1.7)		53.0	(1.6)		1.9	(2.1)
	Iceland	48.0	(1.9)		48.0	(1.9)		49.3	(1.8)		50.7	(1.8)		50.4	(1.7)		2.3	(2.7)
	Ireland	36.3	(1.3)		36.2	(1.3)		35.2	(1.3)		36.0	(1.3)		32.8	(1.2)		-3.5	(1.9)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	43.0	(1.6)		43.0	(1.6)		41.0	(1.7)		40.6	(1.6)		45.4	(1.3)		2.4	(1.9)
	Japan	39.4	(1.3)		39.4	(1.3)		40.0	(1.1)		38.7	(1.4)		38.3	(1.3)		-1.2	(1.6)
	Korea	44.7	(1.4)		44.7	(1.4)		48.2	(1.2)		45.4	(1.4)		47.6	(1.4)		2.9	(2.1)
	Latvia	50.9	(1.5)		50.9	(1.5)		49.1	(1.3)		51.9	(1.5)		51.3	(1.5)		0.4	(2.2)
	Lithuania	50.2	(1.7)		50.3	(1.7)		51.1	(1.3)		48.8	(1.4)		50.1	(1.5)		-0.2	(2.4)
	Luxembourg	44.0	(1.3)		43.9	(1.3)		47.0	(1.4)		48.2	(1.4)		46.1	(1.6)		2.1	(2.0)
	Mexico	40.5	(2.0)	†	40.5	(2.0)	†	39.9	(1.4)		43.6	(1.7)		46.5	(1.3)		6.0	(2.4)	†
	Netherlands*	64.9	(1.7)	†	64.9	(1.7)	†	65.3	(1.6)		65.6	(1.8)		62.0	(1.5)		-2.9	(2.3)	†
	New Zealand	34.9	(1.2)		34.8	(1.2)		33.7	(1.2)		30.5	(1.3)		30.4	(1.3)		-4.4	(1.6)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	44.8	(1.4)		44.8	(1.4)		41.7	(1.4)		43.5	(1.6)		38.3	(1.7)		-6.5	(1.9)
	Portugal*	47.3	(1.8)		47.2	(1.8)		47.9	(1.7)		42.3	(1.4)		45.7	(1.6)		-1.5	(2.4)
	Slovak Republic	47.9	(1.7)		47.9	(1.7)		48.0	(1.4)		46.8	(1.6)		46.2	(1.4)		-1.7	(2.3)
	Slovenia	48.6	(1.7)		48.7	(1.6)		44.8	(1.5)		46.2	(1.4)		45.4	(1.8)		-3.3	(2.4)
	Spain	50.4	(1.0)		50.4	(1.0)		51.5	(0.9)		51.7	(0.8)		54.1	(0.7)		3.7	(1.3)
	Sweden	45.8	(1.4)		45.9	(1.4)		47.6	(1.4)		47.3	(1.3)		49.0	(1.3)		3.2	(1.9)
	Switzerland	53.5	(1.6)		53.5	(1.6)		55.6	(1.7)		56.9	(1.5)		52.4	(1.4)		-1.1	(2.4)
	Turkey	37.3	(1.4)		37.3	(1.4)		35.5	(1.1)		35.1	(1.2)		34.4	(1.3)		-2.9	(2.0)
	United Kingdom	27.8	(1.2)		27.9	(1.2)		29.4	(1.2)		29.4	(1.1)		30.3	(1.2)		2.5	(1.8)
	United States*	39.2	(1.3)		39.1	(1.3)		37.4	(1.6)		35.7	(1.6)		29.4	(1.3)		-9.7	(1.8)
	OECD average	46.2	(0.3)		46.2	(0.3)		46.3	(0.2)		46.2	(0.2)		46.0	(0.2)		-0.2	(0.3)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives.

2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”.

4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”.

5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.4 [6/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status

Percentage of students; based on students’ reports

		Do not doubt their future plans when facing failure,4 by students’ socio-economic status
		All students			By national quarter of ESCS
					Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	50.8	(1.5)		50.8	(1.5)		54.8	(1.6)		53.4	(1.4)		57.7	(1.5)		6.9	(2.3)
	Argentina	43.1	(1.7)		43.1	(1.7)		45.5	(1.4)		50.8	(1.2)		55.2	(1.0)		12.1	(2.1)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	39.0	(1.6)		39.0	(1.6)		42.3	(1.5)		43.2	(1.2)		43.8	(1.5)		4.8	(2.2)
	Belarus	49.6	(1.6)		49.6	(1.6)		52.9	(1.5)		49.7	(1.4)		54.9	(1.2)		5.3	(2.1)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	50.6	(1.3)		50.6	(1.3)		54.2	(1.3)		55.2	(1.4)		56.1	(1.4)		5.5	(1.7)
	Brazil	46.0	(1.5)	†	46.0	(1.5)	†	43.6	(1.0)		45.1	(1.3)		38.3	(1.3)		-7.7	(2.1)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	28.0	(0.9)		27.9	(0.9)		27.1	(1.1)		27.3	(1.2)		25.9	(1.1)		-2.1	(1.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	48.5	(1.3)		48.5	(1.3)		49.5	(1.4)		47.9	(1.1)		51.8	(1.5)		3.3	(1.7)
	Bulgaria	47.3	(1.8)		47.3	(1.8)		49.0	(1.3)		48.9	(1.7)		51.0	(1.4)		3.8	(2.2)
	Costa Rica	56.9	(1.4)		56.9	(1.4)		58.7	(1.4)		59.8	(1.4)		58.4	(1.3)		1.5	(2.0)
	Croatia	56.5	(1.3)		56.5	(1.3)		52.7	(1.3)		55.4	(1.2)		50.1	(1.6)		-6.4	(2.1)
	Cyprus	51.3	(1.2)		51.2	(1.2)		54.6	(1.5)		50.8	(1.5)		48.7	(1.4)		-2.6	(1.8)
	Dominican Republic	45.8	(1.8)	‡	45.8	(1.8)	‡	47.6	(1.9)	†	48.0	(1.4)	†	54.6	(1.8)		8.8	(2.7)	‡
	Georgia	51.0	(1.6)		50.9	(1.5)		54.8	(1.5)		60.4	(1.3)		64.3	(1.5)		13.4	(2.0)
	Hong Kong (China)*	30.1	(1.2)		30.1	(1.2)		26.7	(1.0)		27.2	(1.2)		26.7	(1.4)		-3.4	(1.7)
	Indonesia	65.7	(1.9)		65.8	(1.9)		60.3	(1.4)		62.2	(1.6)		56.6	(1.5)		-9.2	(2.3)
	Jordan	48.8	(1.8)		48.8	(1.8)		51.8	(1.3)		51.3	(1.4)		53.7	(1.2)		4.9	(2.0)
	Kazakhstan	65.7	(1.0)		65.7	(1.0)		66.0	(0.8)		65.2	(0.9)		65.5	(0.8)		-0.1	(1.2)
	Kosovo	33.8	(1.3)		33.7	(1.2)		36.7	(1.4)		40.0	(1.5)		46.1	(1.7)		12.4	(2.0)
	Lebanon	46.3	(2.2)		46.3	(2.2)		45.4	(1.8)		47.2	(1.4)		46.2	(1.3)		-0.1	(2.4)
	Macao (China)	34.1	(1.6)		34.1	(1.6)		34.6	(1.6)		33.4	(1.7)		33.4	(1.5)		-0.7	(2.1)
	Malaysia	35.4	(1.3)		35.4	(1.3)		31.0	(1.2)		31.2	(1.3)		34.3	(1.6)		-1.1	(2.2)
	Malta	27.1	(1.6)		27.1	(1.6)		28.1	(1.7)		26.8	(1.4)		29.0	(1.6)		1.9	(2.4)
	Moldova	42.0	(1.5)		42.0	(1.5)		50.8	(1.5)		51.9	(1.5)		56.7	(1.6)		14.8	(2.1)
	Montenegro	57.0	(1.4)		57.0	(1.4)		59.9	(1.4)		62.1	(1.3)		60.4	(1.2)		3.4	(2.0)
	Morocco	45.8	(1.6)	†	45.8	(1.6)	†	46.4	(1.5)	†	46.0	(1.5)		47.7	(1.5)		1.9	(2.2)	†
	North Macedonia	41.2	(1.4)		41.2	(1.4)		45.3	(1.5)		45.4	(1.4)		49.4	(1.6)		8.2	(2.1)
	Panama	43.8	(2.2)	‡	43.7	(2.2)	‡	53.4	(1.9)	†	51.9	(1.7)	†	50.0	(1.8)		6.3	(2.9)	‡
	Peru	58.4	(2.0)	†	58.4	(2.0)	†	57.1	(1.2)	†	58.4	(1.5)		57.7	(1.3)		-0.7	(2.3)	†
	Philippines	36.6	(1.5)		36.6	(1.5)		35.8	(1.1)		36.9	(1.2)		37.3	(1.5)		0.7	(2.0)
	Qatar	45.9	(1.1)		45.9	(1.1)		43.4	(0.9)		39.7	(0.8)		38.1	(0.9)		-7.8	(1.5)
	Romania	56.8	(1.6)		57.0	(1.6)		57.9	(1.5)		60.9	(1.3)		59.8	(1.3)		2.9	(2.0)
	Russia	49.8	(1.3)		49.8	(1.3)		50.8	(1.2)		51.9	(1.2)		51.4	(1.5)		1.5	(2.1)
	Saudi Arabia	55.9	(1.6)		56.0	(1.6)		58.9	(1.6)		59.7	(1.4)		61.4	(1.1)		5.4	(1.9)
	Serbia	49.5	(1.2)		49.5	(1.3)		52.3	(1.1)		52.9	(1.1)		52.9	(1.3)		3.3	(1.9)
	Singapore	20.7	(0.9)		20.6	(0.9)		22.0	(1.1)		23.0	(0.9)		24.0	(1.0)		3.4	(1.4)
	Chinese Taipei	22.1	(0.9)		22.2	(0.9)		23.0	(1.1)		23.0	(1.2)		24.9	(1.1)		2.7	(1.4)
	Thailand	35.0	(1.3)		35.0	(1.3)		36.3	(1.3)		34.0	(1.1)		38.7	(1.0)		3.7	(1.7)
	Ukraine	57.4	(1.4)		57.5	(1.4)		60.9	(1.5)		60.9	(1.6)		63.7	(1.3)		6.2	(1.7)
	United Arab Emirates	39.5	(0.9)		39.5	(0.9)		37.8	(1.0)		33.3	(0.9)		32.5	(1.3)		-7.0	(1.7)
	Uruguay	41.5	(1.6)		41.6	(1.6)		45.9	(1.3)		46.5	(1.6)		48.2	(1.5)		6.5	(2.3)
	Viet Nam	48.2	(1.7)		48.3	(1.7)		49.3	(2.1)		45.7	(1.5)		46.7	(1.8)		-1.6	(2.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives.

2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”.

4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”.

5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.4 [7/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status

Percentage of students; based on students’ reports

		Students with positive wellbeing,5 by socio-economic status
		All students			By national quarter of ESCS
					Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Austria	41.5	(0.8)		37.8	(1.5)		42.6	(1.2)		41.0	(1.3)		45.3	(1.2)		7.4	(1.8)
	Belgium	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	26.4	(0.6)		24.2	(1.3)		25.9	(1.4)		26.6	(1.3)		28.9	(1.3)		4.7	(1.7)
	Colombia	38.2	(0.8)		39.1	(1.9)		37.6	(1.2)		37.9	(1.2)		38.1	(1.2)		-1.1	(2.0)
	Czech Republic	28.8	(0.8)		24.3	(1.7)		28.2	(1.5)		30.4	(1.3)		31.4	(1.5)		7.1	(2.3)
	Denmark	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Estonia	39.6	(0.8)		36.2	(1.6)		38.5	(1.7)		39.4	(1.4)		44.3	(1.6)		8.1	(2.4)
	Finland	46.9	(0.7)		44.1	(1.6)		46.9	(1.4)		46.9	(1.3)		49.8	(1.4)		5.7	(2.3)
	France	22.9	(0.6)		20.3	(1.1)		21.5	(1.3)		23.3	(1.2)		26.1	(1.0)		5.8	(1.3)
	Germany	41.6	(0.9)	†	35.4	(1.5)	†	44.0	(1.5)		41.1	(1.8)		45.2	(1.4)		9.8	(1.8)	†
	Greece	33.0	(0.5)		30.3	(1.3)		34.4	(1.2)		34.1	(1.2)		33.2	(1.2)		2.9	(1.8)
	Hungary	35.0	(0.8)		30.9	(1.5)		32.0	(1.5)		38.8	(1.6)		38.0	(1.6)		7.1	(2.1)
	Iceland	34.9	(0.9)		30.9	(1.9)		32.5	(1.9)		38.2	(1.6)		37.8	(1.8)		6.9	(2.7)
	Ireland	24.1	(0.6)		23.5	(1.1)		24.6	(1.3)		24.3	(1.2)		23.9	(1.2)		0.4	(1.7)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	29.9	(0.7)		27.1	(1.5)		29.8	(1.4)		28.7	(1.4)		33.7	(1.2)		6.6	(1.9)
	Japan	20.9	(0.6)		20.4	(0.9)		21.3	(1.0)		20.7	(1.2)		21.3	(1.1)		0.9	(1.6)
	Korea	31.8	(0.7)		29.0	(1.1)		32.4	(1.2)		32.0	(1.3)		33.7	(1.2)		4.7	(1.7)
	Latvia	34.6	(0.7)		29.9	(1.1)		33.0	(1.3)		34.8	(1.5)		40.5	(1.8)		10.6	(2.2)
	Lithuania	33.1	(0.7)		30.9	(1.5)		33.7	(1.3)		33.2	(1.3)		34.7	(1.4)		3.7	(2.0)
	Luxembourg	31.6	(0.6)		25.0	(1.3)		31.4	(1.3)		34.5	(1.4)		35.3	(1.4)		10.4	(2.0)
	Mexico	32.3	(0.8)	†	28.2	(1.4)	†	31.1	(1.5)		32.4	(1.8)		35.8	(1.4)		7.7	(2.0)	†
	Netherlands*	52.0	(0.9)		52.9	(1.8)	†	50.2	(1.7)		52.6	(1.7)		52.5	(1.6)		-0.4	(2.5)	†
	New Zealand	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	25.8	(0.7)		25.8	(1.3)		26.4	(1.3)		26.6	(1.4)		24.4	(1.5)		-1.4	(1.8)
	Portugal*	33.8	(0.9)		33.5	(2.0)		34.2	(1.4)		29.7	(1.5)		37.3	(1.6)		3.8	(2.6)
	Slovak Republic	29.5	(0.8)		25.1	(1.6)		28.6	(1.2)		30.5	(1.4)		33.0	(1.3)		7.8	(2.1)
	Slovenia	31.9	(0.8)		34.2	(1.7)		30.5	(1.3)		29.9	(1.3)		33.3	(1.8)		-0.8	(2.3)
	Spain	38.9	(0.4)		34.9	(1.0)		37.6	(1.0)		39.8	(0.8)		42.8	(0.6)		7.9	(1.2)
	Sweden	32.3	(0.7)		29.5	(1.4)		31.6	(1.3)		34.0	(1.4)		34.3	(1.2)		4.8	(1.8)
	Switzerland	39.5	(0.8)		34.7	(1.6)		41.1	(1.7)		40.4	(1.8)		41.0	(1.5)		6.3	(2.4)
	Turkey	13.7	(0.5)		12.5	(0.8)		13.5	(0.8)		13.8	(1.1)		15.1	(1.1)		2.5	(1.3)
	United Kingdom	18.1	(0.5)		15.0	(0.9)		17.1	(1.0)		18.7	(0.9)		20.5	(1.1)		5.5	(1.4)
	United States*	22.3	(0.7)		21.9	(1.2)		23.4	(1.5)		22.5	(1.4)		21.0	(1.2)		-0.9	(1.6)
	OECD average	32.2	(0.1)		29.6	(0.3)		31.9	(0.2)		32.6	(0.3)		34.4	(0.3)		4.8	(0.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives.

2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”.

4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”.

5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.3.4 [8/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status

Percentage of students; based on students’ reports

		Students with positive wellbeing,5 by socio-economic status
		All students			By national quarter of ESCS
					Bottom quarter			Third quarter			Second quarter			Top quarter			Difference Top - Bottom
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	45.9	(0.8)		42.2	(1.4)		46.7	(1.9)		44.2	(1.6)		50.5	(1.6)		8.3	(2.2)
	Argentina	31.4	(0.7)		22.2	(1.5)	†	27.0	(1.4)		34.2	(1.3)		40.2	(1.2)		18.0	(1.9)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	23.1	(0.6)	†	19.6	(1.4)	†	22.3	(1.5)	†	24.6	(1.2)	†	25.3	(1.1)	†	5.8	(1.9)	†
	Belarus	42.5	(0.7)		39.6	(1.7)		43.2	(1.6)		42.0	(1.4)		45.3	(1.1)		5.7	(2.1)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	39.2	(0.7)		34.7	(1.3)		39.8	(1.3)		40.5	(1.4)		41.4	(1.2)		6.7	(1.7)
	Brazil	26.3	(0.6)	†	27.5	(1.4)	†	25.7	(0.9)	†	27.5	(1.2)	†	25.1	(1.1)		-2.4	(1.9)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	9.8	(0.4)		8.5	(0.7)		9.6	(0.8)		9.4	(0.7)		11.5	(0.9)		2.9	(1.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	31.5	(0.7)		27.9	(1.5)		32.0	(1.5)		31.4	(1.1)		34.6	(1.3)		6.7	(1.8)
	Bulgaria	28.1	(0.8)	†	20.8	(1.6)	†	27.1	(1.3)		29.0	(1.5)		34.6	(1.3)		13.8	(2.1)	†
	Costa Rica	42.6	(0.7)		41.9	(1.4)		40.8	(1.3)		43.8	(1.4)		43.8	(1.4)		2.0	(2.1)
	Croatia	41.1	(0.7)		41.7	(1.3)		40.2	(1.3)		42.5	(1.2)		40.1	(1.6)		-1.6	(2.1)
	Cyprus	30.9	(0.6)		27.3	(1.3)		31.7	(1.5)		32.0	(1.4)		32.4	(1.3)		5.1	(1.9)
	Dominican Republic	31.3	(1.1)	‡	24.5	(1.9)	‡	29.6	(1.8)	‡	29.5	(1.8)	‡	37.4	(1.6)	†	12.8	(2.2)	‡
	Georgia	39.9	(1.0)		33.0	(1.7)	†	36.1	(1.5)		42.4	(1.5)		47.4	(2.0)		14.3	(2.4)	†
	Hong Kong (China)*	14.1	(0.6)		12.7	(0.9)		12.5	(0.9)		15.7	(1.0)		15.7	(1.2)		3.0	(1.4)
	Indonesia	40.2	(1.0)		43.7	(2.2)		37.8	(1.4)		41.4	(1.9)		38.0	(1.5)		-5.7	(2.5)
	Jordan	28.4	(0.7)		23.5	(1.7)		28.9	(1.3)		29.0	(1.3)		32.3	(1.2)		8.8	(2.0)
	Kazakhstan	50.1	(0.6)		50.1	(1.2)		50.1	(0.8)		49.2	(0.9)		51.0	(1.1)		0.9	(1.5)
	Kosovo	29.8	(0.6)		25.0	(1.2)		26.3	(1.4)		29.5	(1.3)		38.0	(1.5)		13.0	(1.9)
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	17.5	(0.7)		15.8	(1.3)		17.3	(1.3)		19.0	(1.4)		18.1	(1.2)		2.3	(1.8)
	Malaysia	19.6	(0.5)		18.5	(1.0)		17.9	(1.0)		18.6	(0.9)		23.5	(1.2)		5.0	(1.6)
	Malta	15.6	(0.6)		13.8	(1.1)		18.1	(1.4)		14.0	(1.4)		16.0	(1.1)		2.2	(1.6)
	Moldova	39.1	(0.8)		29.1	(1.4)		37.3	(1.5)		41.4	(1.5)		48.0	(1.5)		18.9	(2.0)
	Montenegro	41.3	(0.6)		37.6	(1.2)		42.1	(1.4)		42.3	(1.5)		43.3	(1.3)		5.7	(1.9)
	Morocco	25.8	(0.8)	†	22.9	(1.8)	‡	24.3	(1.3)	†	25.6	(1.5)	†	29.2	(1.3)	†	6.3	(2.1)	‡
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	33.4	(1.0)	†	28.7	(2.6)	‡	35.7	(1.9)	†	32.3	(1.9)	†	35.2	(1.9)	†	6.5	(3.4)	‡
	Peru	38.7	(1.0)	†	38.5	(1.9)	‡	38.5	(1.7)	†	38.1	(1.6)		39.5	(1.3)		1.0	(2.3)	‡
	Philippines	21.1	(0.7)		18.2	(1.2)		21.6	(1.1)		21.4	(1.2)		22.9	(1.2)		4.7	(1.6)
	Qatar	23.0	(0.4)		22.4	(0.9)		22.9	(0.8)		23.9	(0.7)		22.7	(0.8)		0.3	(1.2)
	Romania	46.1	(0.8)		40.1	(1.5)		43.7	(1.7)		49.3	(1.2)		51.2	(1.5)		11.1	(2.2)
	Russia	32.5	(0.9)		28.5	(1.4)		31.6	(1.4)		34.0	(1.5)		35.7	(1.5)		7.1	(2.0)
	Saudi Arabia	37.1	(0.9)		33.5	(1.7)		38.1	(1.6)		36.0	(1.5)		41.3	(1.3)		7.8	(2.1)
	Serbia	36.3	(0.7)		33.3	(1.4)		35.9	(1.3)		37.0	(1.2)		38.6	(1.3)		5.3	(1.9)
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	14.1	(0.5)		11.7	(0.7)		13.8	(1.0)		14.7	(1.1)		16.2	(1.0)		4.5	(1.1)
	Thailand	23.6	(0.8)		22.5	(1.3)		23.3	(1.3)		21.5	(1.1)		26.8	(1.0)		4.3	(1.5)
	Ukraine	44.9	(0.9)		38.7	(1.6)		45.0	(1.5)		46.4	(1.7)		49.5	(1.5)		10.8	(2.2)
	United Arab Emirates	21.0	(0.5)		21.0	(0.8)		21.1	(0.8)		20.6	(0.9)		21.3	(1.1)		0.3	(1.5)
	Uruguay	31.5	(0.8)	†	23.3	(1.6)	†	32.2	(1.3)	†	31.5	(1.6)		37.6	(1.7)		14.3	(2.3)	†
	Viet Nam	28.9	(1.0)		29.9	(1.7)		30.7	(1.6)		27.0	(1.5)		28.2	(1.6)		-1.7	(2.3)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives.

2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”.

4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”.

5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.4.3 [1/4]. School admissions policies, by school type

Based on principals’ reports

		Sample size	Coverage1	Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following criterion is “always” considered for admission to school:
				Residence in a particular area
				All students			By type of school
							Public			Private government-dependent			Private independent			Private - Public2
		Number of schools	%	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	665	87.3	47.6	(1.5)		74.6	(1.9)		15.9	(3.1)		3.0	(2.0)		-63.7	(2.9)
	Austria	291	m	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium	m	m	4.2	(1.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	767	96.1	68.4	(2.3)		74.3	(2.5)		6.5	(6.2)		0.0	c		-71.7	(3.2)
	Chile	203	85.0	9.8	(2.4)		15.4	(5.2)		8.5	(3.2)		2.6	(1.8)		-8.2	(5.8)
	Colombia	245	99.0	18.8	(3.0)		18.1	(3.4)		c	c		21.9	(6.8)		3.5	(7.4)
	Czech Republic	319	95.3	29.7	(2.1)		31.9	(2.3)		0.0	c		c	c		-31.9	(2.3)
	Denmark	260	77.8	39.8	(2.7)		54.5	(3.7)		2.5	(2.4)		4.0	(4.1)		-51.7	(4.3)
	Estonia	224	99.5	64.5	(2.1)		66.7	(2.1)		19.9	(17.7)		0.0	c		-55.0	(11.2)
	Finland	209	98.8	74.0	(3.2)		75.6	(3.2)		37.5	(20.2)		m	m		-38.1	(20.8)
	France	156	73.1	63.0	(2.8)		76.9	(2.8)		14.2	(8.8)		12.6	(9.3)		-63.6	(7.3)
	Germany	183	81.5	52.9	(4.1)		53.4	(4.1)		38.7	(24.8)		c	c		-6.0	(21.7)
	Greece	200	92.5	73.1	(3.2)		76.1	(3.3)		m	m		13.8	(10.2)		-62.3	(10.6)
	Hungary	158	88.2	11.2	(2.6)		12.7	(3.2)		6.4	(3.7)		c	c		-6.8	(4.6)
	Iceland	126	96.5	57.2	(0.2)		56.8	(0.2)		c	c		m	m		c	c
	Ireland	0	0.0	36.4	(3.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Israel	161	93.8	42.3	(3.7)		42.3	(3.7)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	482	93.3	30.4	(3.3)		31.0	(3.5)		38.9	(22.6)		0.7	(0.8)		-14.6	(12.4)
	Japan	183	100.0	17.8	(2.6)		23.8	(3.6)		0.0	c		6.7	(3.8)		-17.9	(4.9)
	Korea	149	81.1	18.8	(3.1)		25.7	(4.4)		9.1	(3.9)		11.8	(11.2)		-16.2	(5.4)
	Latvia	288	93.9	26.7	(1.4)		27.1	(1.5)		c	c		c	c		-27.1	(1.5)
	Lithuania	360	99.2	46.9	(1.8)		48.4	(1.9)		17.6	(3.0)		c	c		-35.8	(2.6)
	Luxembourg	39	90.4	48.4	(0.1)		56.0	(0.1)		19.0	(0.4)		c	c		-41.1	(0.3)
	Mexico	204	76.9	9.3	(2.1)		9.5	(2.3)		m	m		8.0	(5.7)		-1.5	(6.2)
	Netherlands*	144	92.6	10.3	(2.4)		14.9	(4.9)		7.8	(2.8)		c	c		-7.1	(5.8)
	New Zealand	181	94.7	48.9	(2.8)		51.6	(2.9)		m	m		6.7	(7.0)		-44.9	(7.5)
	Norway	230	92.6	57.7	(3.0)		w	w		w	w		w	w		w	w
	Poland	229	98.6	72.9	(2.8)		76.4	(2.9)		0.0	c		c	c		-76.4	(2.9)
	Portugal*	227	85.9	55.4	(3.3)		62.1	(3.7)		26.8	(10.0)		10.9	(9.6)		-43.5	(7.8)
	Slovak Republic	350	92.9	19.3	(2.1)		21.6	(2.3)		2.9	(2.9)		c	c		-18.8	(3.4)
	Slovenia	273	86.1	0.1	(0.0)		0.1	(0.0)		0.0	c		m	m		-0.1	(0.0)
	Spain	1012	93.3	62.9	(2.0)		66.2	(2.3)		58.2	(4.1)		40.6	(8.2)		-11.5	(4.2)
	Sweden	199	94.8	35.6	(2.7)		43.7	(3.3)		0.0	c		c	c		-43.7	(3.3)
	Switzerland	153	72.5	80.4	(3.0)		84.6	(3.0)		c	c		7.6	(7.6)		-77.9	(7.3)
	Turkey	176	97.7	12.6	(2.2)		13.5	(2.6)		c	c		6.9	(3.2)		-7.2	(4.0)
	United Kingdom	375	75.8	52.1	(3.2)		57.0	(5.7)		57.4	(4.6)		0.0	c		-8.1	(6.9)
	United States*	145	88.9	62.4	(3.7)		67.6	(3.9)		c	c		0.0	c		-67.6	(3.9)
	OECD average	m	m	40.6	(0.4)		45.8	(0.6)		16.9	(2.0)		8.3	(1.4)		-32.8	(1.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

2. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and private independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.4.3 [2/4]. School admissions policies, by school type

Based on principals’ reports

		Sample size	Coverage1	Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following criterion is “always” considered for admission to school:
				Residence in a particular area
				All students			By type of school
							Public			Private government-dependent			Private independent			Private - Public2
		Number of schools	%	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	324	99.6	45.1	(3.1)		45.1	(3.1)		m	m		45.1	(13.0)		0.0	(13.4)
	Argentina	418	93.0	18.9	(2.4)		23.5	(3.4)		8.3	(4.0)		8.7	(5.4)		-15.1	(4.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	122	60.6	65.6	(4.5)	†	65.9	(4.6)	†	m	m		c	c		c	c
	Belarus	234	100.0	53.6	(3.3)		53.9	(3.4)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	127	82.6	7.4	(1.9)		7.5	(2.0)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Brazil	412	75.7	35.0	(2.6)		41.1	(2.9)		m	m		7.2	(3.8)		-33.8	(4.8)
	Brunei Darussalam	55	100.0	76.4	(0.1)		89.8	(0.0)		m	m		4.1	(0.1)		-85.7	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	361	100.0	38.5	(3.0)		43.0	(3.1)		c	c		10.3	(6.0)		-31.5	(6.8)
	Bulgaria	185	94.2	16.1	(2.4)		15.9	(2.4)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Costa Rica	205	100.0	57.3	(3.6)		61.7	(3.8)		c	c		31.6	(7.8)		-31.6	(7.5)
	Croatia	172	95.5	5.2	(1.8)		5.4	(1.8)		c	c		c	c		-5.4	(1.8)
	Cyprus	77	96.0	67.7	(0.1)		81.9	(0.1)		m	m		0.0	c		-81.9	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	206	87.7	18.2	(2.6)		17.8	(3.1)		c	c		22.6	(5.8)		2.9	(6.6)
	Georgia	303	96.9	22.5	(2.7)		24.2	(2.8)		c	c		7.4	(5.8)		-16.2	(6.0)
	Hong Kong (China)*	111	74.9	24.3	(4.3)		32.7	(16.7)		24.5	(4.6)		c	c		-9.0	(17.5)
	Indonesia	323	84.6	52.3	(4.5)		54.9	(5.2)		58.0	(10.2)		29.8	(10.2)		-9.2	(9.6)
	Jordan	297	94.7	56.2	(3.1)		65.7	(3.8)		m	m		20.6	(6.3)		-45.1	(7.8)
	Kazakhstan	516	80.4	54.7	(2.7)		55.5	(2.7)		15.0	(17.9)		c	c		-45.3	(11.6)
	Kosovo	84	70.2	6.9	(1.0)		7.2	(1.0)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Lebanon	145	53.8	23.0	(2.8)		33.1	(4.8)		c	c		16.2	(5.1)		-17.5	(6.7)
	Macao (China)	45	100.0	5.2	(0.0)		0.0	c		6.1	(0.0)		c	c		5.5	(0.0)
	Malaysia	191	100.0	36.2	(3.6)		38.0	(3.7)		c	c		9.6	(9.6)		-29.2	(9.6)
	Malta	49	99.9	42.0	(0.1)		76.4	(0.2)		0.0	c		0.0	c		-76.4	(0.2)
	Moldova	212	92.8	47.2	(3.2)		47.5	(3.2)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Montenegro	49	96.7	17.1	(0.0)		16.9	(0.0)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Morocco	170	94.6	41.0	(3.6)		44.3	(3.7)		c	c		0.0	c		-44.3	(3.7)
	North Macedonia	92	86.3	6.3	(0.1)		6.1	(0.1)		m	m		32.6	(1.3)		26.6	(1.3)
	Panama	138	69.1	17.0	(2.1)		18.7	(2.2)		c	c		8.6	(5.5)		-10.6	(5.7)
	Peru	323	97.7	13.9	(2.2)		15.0	(2.4)		c	c		10.7	(3.3)		-4.5	(3.6)
	Philippines	185	99.1	54.7	(3.5)		58.0	(3.8)		48.3	(13.5)		28.6	(9.7)		-19.2	(9.1)
	Qatar	136	86.0	47.7	(0.1)		78.9	(0.1)		c	c		15.2	(0.1)		-63.1	(0.1)
	Romania	139	91.2	8.1	(2.4)		8.3	(2.4)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Russia	235	91.5	53.5	(3.6)		53.5	(3.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Saudi Arabia	156	74.5	64.5	(3.8)		71.6	(3.8)		m	m		18.1	(9.6)		-53.6	(10.3)
	Serbia	177	98.5	3.6	(1.4)		3.8	(1.4)		m	m		0.0	c		-3.8	(1.4)
	Singapore	166	100.0	9.6	(0.6)		9.5	(0.1)		c	c		12.6	(8.7)		0.5	(6.8)
	Chinese Taipei	178	92.6	28.2	(3.2)		33.5	(4.2)		1.3	(1.3)		23.9	(6.6)		-17.6	(6.5)
	Thailand	204	93.0	48.3	(4.1)		49.8	(4.3)		44.4	(12.8)		36.9	(16.3)		-8.9	(10.8)
	Ukraine	247	98.9	47.9	(3.7)		47.9	(3.8)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	United Arab Emirates	587	90.5	39.5	(1.2)		74.3	(0.9)		c	c		19.4	(1.7)		-54.9	(2.0)
	Uruguay	189	100.0	29.1	(2.8)		34.0	(3.2)		c	c		0.0	c		-30.5	(4.7)
	Viet Nam	123	95.2	35.0	(4.1)		35.2	(4.0)		m	m		30.6	(31.4)		-4.7	(31.7)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

2. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and private independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.4.3 [3/4]. School admissions policies, by school type

Based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following criterion is “always” considered for admission to school:
		Student’s record of academic performance, including placement tests
		All students			By type of school
					Public			Private government-dependent			Private independent			Private - Public2
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	24.0	(1.6)		23.5	(2.2)		24.0	(3.7)		26.6	(4.8)		1.5	(3.5)
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium	19.4	(2.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Canada	16.5	(1.7)		11.2	(1.7)		56.0	(10.7)		86.0	(6.2)		63.1	(6.6)
	Chile	6.1	(1.4)		5.8	(3.4)		0.0	c		28.6	(5.5)		0.5	(3.4)
	Colombia	44.9	(3.9)		38.4	(4.2)		c	c		74.6	(6.4)		35.1	(6.6)
	Czech Republic	52.3	(1.9)		49.7	(2.3)		84.2	(8.3)		c	c		35.9	(8.4)
	Denmark	4.9	(1.5)		2.3	(0.8)		12.1	(5.5)		10.1	(9.5)		9.4	(4.9)
	Estonia	25.1	(1.4)		22.8	(1.1)		70.9	(11.7)		91.1	(10.5)		56.4	(7.4)
	Finland	3.2	(1.2)		2.8	(1.1)		12.5	(13.3)		m	m		9.7	(13.3)
	France	29.2	(3.6)		20.0	(3.7)		48.3	(14.1)		85.4	(10.8)		46.8	(10.1)
	Germany	40.1	(3.2)		38.4	(3.2)		68.5	(21.3)		c	c		34.5	(19.5)
	Greece	2.9	(1.2)		2.5	(1.1)		m	m		11.3	(10.2)		8.8	(10.3)
	Hungary	95.3	(1.6)		95.5	(1.7)		93.7	(4.3)		c	c		-1.4	(4.3)
	Iceland	3.4	(0.1)		3.5	(0.1)		c	c		m	m		c	c
	Ireland	13.2	(3.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Israel	37.0	(4.0)		37.0	(4.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	44.2	(3.3)		44.2	(3.5)		43.4	(22.6)		53.1	(18.0)		4.9	(14.4)
	Japan	95.6	(1.8)		97.7	(1.4)		100.0	(0.0)		90.6	(4.2)		-6.0	(3.3)
	Korea	60.7	(3.5)		57.2	(4.7)		66.7	(5.9)		59.4	(16.6)		8.5	(7.6)
	Latvia	25.4	(1.4)		25.1	(1.4)		c	c		c	c		20.5	(25.2)
	Lithuania	20.2	(1.1)		19.0	(1.1)		47.4	(7.1)		c	c		29.5	(6.9)
	Luxembourg	54.9	(0.1)		51.6	(0.1)		52.6	(0.4)		c	c		10.2	(0.4)
	Mexico	60.9	(3.4)		61.6	(3.7)		m	m		56.4	(8.4)		-5.2	(9.0)
	Netherlands*	66.7	(4.4)		66.7	(7.6)		67.5	(5.1)		c	c		0.7	(8.9)
	New Zealand	33.5	(3.5)		32.3	(3.4)		m	m		51.0	(14.4)		18.6	(14.5)
	Norway	4.9	(1.3)		w	w		w	w		w	w		w	w
	Poland	16.2	(2.6)		14.9	(2.5)		41.3	(21.3)		c	c		28.4	(15.8)
	Portugal*	7.6	(1.8)		3.0	(1.3)		52.7	(10.9)		20.0	(11.0)		33.0	(8.3)
	Slovak Republic	56.6	(1.7)		54.1	(1.8)		72.4	(7.5)		c	c		19.4	(7.7)
	Slovenia	26.2	(0.1)		25.4	(0.1)		55.1	(1.2)		m	m		29.7	(1.2)
	Spain	2.7	(0.6)		1.3	(0.4)		2.6	(1.8)		19.0	(6.2)		4.6	(1.9)
	Sweden	1.0	(0.7)		1.2	(0.9)		0.0	c		c	c		-1.2	(0.9)
	Switzerland	46.2	(4.2)		47.7	(4.6)		c	c		10.2	(7.6)		-26.9	(10.6)
	Turkey	80.4	(2.7)		82.5	(3.0)		c	c		71.8	(9.4)		-17.3	(12.0)
	United Kingdom	18.2	(2.0)		9.5	(2.0)		10.1	(3.4)		99.2	(0.5)		13.9	(4.1)
	United States*	28.8	(4.3)		25.0	(4.5)		c	c		80.1	(10.5)		47.2	(11.0)
	OECD average	32.5	(0.4)		32.5	(0.5)		47.0	(2.2)		53.9	(2.3)		16.5	(1.8)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

2. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and private independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.4.3 [4/4]. School admissions policies, by school type

Based on principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following criterion is “always” considered for admission to school:
		Student’s record of academic performance, including placement tests
		All students			By type of school
					Public			Private government-dependent			Private independent			Private - Public
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	58.2	(3.3)		55.5	(3.6)		m	m		79.7	(8.4)		24.2	(9.0)
	Argentina	14.0	(2.0)		11.1	(2.1)		17.8	(4.6)		26.2	(10.0)		9.0	(4.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	57.4	(4.4)	†	57.2	(4.4)	†	m	m		c	c		c	c
	Belarus	31.5	(2.6)		31.2	(2.6)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	73.5	(3.8)		73.2	(3.9)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Brazil	16.7	(2.1)		13.2	(2.2)		m	m		32.5	(7.4)		19.3	(7.9)
	Brunei Darussalam	51.1	(0.1)		44.6	(0.1)		m	m		85.8	(0.1)		41.2	(0.2)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	57.2	(3.2)		56.6	(3.4)		c	c		60.7	(9.7)		4.3	(10.1)
	Bulgaria	81.0	(3.0)		80.7	(3.0)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Costa Rica	43.0	(3.4)		35.1	(3.8)		c	c		95.4	(3.4)		57.1	(6.3)
	Croatia	90.2	(2.0)		91.6	(1.8)		c	c		c	c		-34.8	(23.7)
	Cyprus	21.6	(0.1)		6.1	(0.1)		m	m		94.8	(0.3)		88.7	(0.3)
	Dominican Republic	21.0	(2.7)		14.7	(2.9)		c	c		52.3	(8.7)		34.6	(9.2)
	Georgia	27.5	(2.9)		23.9	(3.2)		c	c		55.0	(7.7)		32.9	(8.1)
	Hong Kong (China)*	92.4	(2.6)		93.0	(7.3)		92.1	(2.8)		c	c		-0.6	(7.8)
	Indonesia	68.0	(3.6)		68.8	(4.9)		64.1	(9.0)		76.9	(8.7)		0.9	(7.7)
	Jordan	28.1	(3.0)		22.4	(3.6)		m	m		49.5	(6.7)		27.1	(8.0)
	Kazakhstan	51.7	(2.7)		51.2	(2.6)		87.4	(10.6)		c	c		31.5	(12.1)
	Kosovo	92.2	(1.3)		92.0	(1.4)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Lebanon	77.0	(2.8)		63.2	(5.2)		c	c		92.4	(2.1)		27.7	(5.8)
	Macao (China)	78.2	(0.1)		42.6	(0.1)		79.4	(0.1)		c	c		37.8	(0.1)
	Malaysia	35.4	(3.3)		32.8	(3.3)		c	c		73.1	(14.6)		42.4	(12.9)
	Malta	39.0	(0.1)		52.3	(0.2)		5.6	(0.0)		61.9	(0.5)		-29.5	(0.3)
	Moldova	36.0	(3.4)		35.4	(3.4)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Montenegro	50.4	(0.1)		50.3	(0.1)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	Morocco	25.4	(3.5)		22.4	(3.4)		c	c		65.0	(13.8)		36.5	(13.9)
	North Macedonia	49.3	(0.1)		49.3	(0.1)		m	m		100.0	c		50.7	(0.1)
	Panama	67.5	(2.2)		59.3	(2.4)		c	c		99.3	(0.8)		40.1	(2.5)
	Peru	14.4	(2.0)		7.7	(1.7)		c	c		36.0	(6.4)		27.9	(6.7)
	Philippines	68.2	(3.1)		65.0	(3.6)		81.8	(9.3)		84.9	(10.4)		18.3	(8.3)
	Qatar	59.5	(0.1)		27.7	(0.1)		c	c		92.0	(0.1)		64.6	(0.1)
	Romania	82.4	(3.4)		83.5	(3.2)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Russia	19.7	(3.2)		19.7	(3.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Saudi Arabia	49.0	(3.7)		44.1	(3.8)		m	m		76.2	(11.0)		32.1	(11.5)
	Serbia	84.8	(2.3)		85.8	(2.1)		m	m		53.3	(27.9)		-32.6	(27.9)
	Singapore	88.0	(0.8)		87.7	(0.1)		c	c		88.2	(10.9)		3.0	(8.7)
	Chinese Taipei	47.4	(3.3)		57.4	(4.5)		21.0	(11.4)		29.7	(6.3)		-30.8	(6.2)
	Thailand	84.1	(3.2)		86.7	(3.1)		46.9	(16.4)		100.0	c		-15.5	(10.2)
	Ukraine	37.2	(3.0)		36.6	(3.0)		m	m		c	c		c	c
	United Arab Emirates	70.2	(1.1)		53.8	(0.6)		c	c		79.7	(1.6)		25.9	(1.7)
	Uruguay	29.8	(3.4)		27.7	(3.6)		c	c		42.5	(10.0)		13.3	(10.8)
	Viet Nam	82.9	(3.3)		82.0	(3.5)		m	m		100.0	c		18.0	(3.5)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

2. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and private independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.5.5 [1/2]. Novice teachers, by school characteristics

Teachers with less than five years of experience; results based on teachers’ reports

		All schools1					Proportion of novice teachers, by schools’ socio-economic profile4
		Sample size		Coverage2	Average proportion of novice teachers3		Bottom quarter		Second quarter		Third quarter		Top quarter		Top - bottom quarter
		Number of teachers	Number of schools	%	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	% dif	S.E.
OECD	Chile	689	223	81.3	25.4	(1.3)	27.2	(2.0)	30.1	(3.9)	26.0	(2.8)	20.2	(1.8)	-7.0	(2.7)
	Germany	996	218	70.6	20.8	(1.0)	20.6	(1.7)	19.8	(1.9)	23.0	(2.2)	20.8	(2.2)	0.2	(2.8)
	Korea	635	154	83.4	16.5	(1.1)	19.4	(2.7)	15.5	(2.2)	14.7	(1.2)	14.7	(1.5)	-4.6	(3.1)
	Portugal*	99	234	81.1	3.7	(0.6)	4.5	(1.5)	3.6	(0.8)	2.5	(0.8)	3.4	(1.2)	-1.0	(1.9)
	Spain	2981	1079	85.5	16.8	(0.5)	18.2	(0.9)	17.4	(1.3)	14.9	(1.0)	16.5	(1.1)	-1.6	(1.3)
	Scotland (United Kingdom)	249	97	35.7	17.2	(1.3)	18.6	(2.5)	21.0	(1.8)	14.4	(2.8)	12.1	(1.9)	-6.5	(3.2)
	United States*	514	157	78.2	19.3	(1.5)	25.6	(2.9)	20.0	(3.0)	17.5	(2.7)	12.3	(2.4)	-13.3	(3.8)
	OECD average-7	m	m	m	17.1	(0.4)	19.1	(0.8)	18.2	(0.9)	16.2	(0.8)	14.3	(0.7)	-4.9	(1.1)
Partners	Albania	575	324	95.2	18.9	(0.8)	19.0	(1.4)	18.4	(2.4)	16.2	(2.2)	21.2	(2.4)	2.2	(2.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	99	153	49.3	4.9	(0.8)	9.9	(2.2)	6.0	(1.9)	0.7	(0.3)	2.8	(0.9)	-7.1	(2.3)
	Brazil	861	435	71.4	14.2	(1.0)	18.0	(1.8)	12.3	(1.0)	10.8	(1.2)	14.8	(2.4)	-3.3	(2.8)
	Dominican Republic	573	222	83.1	33.2	(2.2)	39.6	(3.9)	30.1	(4.3)	30.7	(4.6)	26.9	(5.0)	-12.7	(6.1)
	Hong Kong (China)*	367	147	84.7	11.8	(0.8)	9.9	(1.3)	12.4	(1.3)	11.2	(1.7)	14.8	(2.3)	5.0	(2.7)
	Macao (China)	588	45	98.0	21.3	c	12.9	c	24.4	c	19.3	c	28.8	c	15.9	c
	Malaysia	676	191	97.5	16.2	(1.2)	14.2	(1.6)	11.3	(1.8)	15.4	(2.1)	23.8	(3.0)	9.6	(3.4)
	Morocco	763	177	85.6	28.4	(2.1)	44.8	(5.1)	32.3	(3.9)	19.7	(2.9)	15.8	(5.0)	-29.0	(7.3)
	Panama	385	157	70.7	23.7	(2.5)	28.7	(5.4)	12.7	(4.5)	10.1	(4.4)	29.7	(4.7)	1.0	(7.1)
	Peru	790	324	95.6	21.6	(1.0)	27.9	(1.6)	13.4	(1.6)	18.1	(3.9)	19.2	(2.1)	-8.7	(2.7)
	Chinese Taipei	473	192	87.6	12.5	(1.2)	16.9	(2.9)	9.4	(1.5)	10.6	(1.5)	10.4	(1.3)	-6.5	(3.2)
	United Arab Emirates	1469	619	85.8	15.2	(0.7)	12.5	(1.7)	13.6	(0.6)	17.5	(1.8)	16.7	(0.8)	4.2	(1.9)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

3. The average proportion is computed as the proportion of novice teachers amongst all teachers in the school, averaged across all schools included in this analysis.

4. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

5. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.5.5 [2/2]. Novice teachers, by school characteristics

Teachers with less than five years of experience; results based on teachers’ reports

		Proportion of novice teachers, by type of school
		Public		Private government-dependent		Private independent		Private-Public5
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	% dif.	S.E.
OECD	Chile	26.2	(1.4)	26.9	(1.9)	18.2	(2.1)	-1.8	(2.2)
	Germany	20.6	(1.1)	26.4	(9.9)	29.6	(0.0)	6.4	(8.3)
	Korea	18.3	(1.8)	13.4	(1.1)	16.4	(2.2)	-4.5	(2.1)
	Portugal*	1.6	(0.3)	10.5	(3.2)	6.7	(1.7)	7.1	(1.8)
	Spain	16.6	(0.6)	16.1	(1.0)	21.7	(1.8)	0.7	(1.1)
	Scotland (United Kingdom)	17.7	(1.3)	m	m	12.6	(3.8)	-5.1	(4.0)
	United States*	18.7	(1.5)	41.3	(2.9)	16.9	(7.6)	5.4	(7.7)
	OECD average-7	17.1	(0.5)	22.5	(1.8)	17.4	(1.3)	1.2	(1.8)
Partners	Albania	17.2	(0.9)	m	m	32.4	(3.4)	15.2	(3.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	4.8	(0.8)	m	m	13.5	(0.4)	8.7	(0.9)
	Brazil	13.6	(0.8)	m	m	15.5	(3.2)	1.9	(3.3)
	Dominican Republic	33.2	(2.4)	19.9	(2.9)	29.4	(3.9)	-4.7	(4.3)
	Hong Kong (China)*	6.7	(2.7)	11.7	(0.9)	21.0	(10.6)	5.5	(2.9)
	Macao (China)	12.7	c	22.2	c	21.4	c	9.4	c
	Malaysia	13.7	(1.2)	38.9	(0.0)	41.4	(8.0)	27.3	(7.6)
	Morocco	29.1	(2.1)	33.3	(0.0)	26.3	(7.9)	-2.3	(7.8)
	Panama	17.7	(2.8)	37.5	(0.0)	36.1	(5.5)	18.5	(6.1)
	Peru	20.9	(1.2)	9.1	(0.0)	23.5	(1.9)	2.5	(2.4)
	Chinese Taipei	12.0	(1.4)	14.6	(4.0)	14.1	(1.8)	2.2	(2.5)
	United Arab Emirates	7.5	(0.1)	6.7	c	18.9	(1.1)	11.3	(1.1)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

3. The average proportion is computed as the proportion of novice teachers amongst all teachers in the school, averaged across all schools included in this analysis.

4. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

5. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.5.7 [1/4]. Teacher absenteeism, by school characteristics

Results based on school principals’ reports

		All schools1				Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism, by schools’ socio-economic profile3
		Sample size	Coverage1	Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school's capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism		Bottom quarter		Second quarter		Third quarter		Top quarter		Top - bottom quarter
		Number of schools	%	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	% dif.	S.E.
OECD	Australia	692	91.0	19.5	(1.3)	28.2	(3.7)	24.8	(3.8)	20.7	(3.8)	5.2	(2.0)	-23.0	(4.3)
	Austria	291	m	17.6	(2.7)	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Belgium	255	92.0	42.4	(2.9)	65.0	(5.8)	33.2	(7.0)	35.9	(5.8)	35.0	(5.8)	-29.9	(8.5)
	Canada	772	96.7	19.4	(2.1)	19.6	(4.2)	21.6	(5.3)	17.7	(5.3)	19.1	(5.8)	-0.5	(6.4)
	Chile	200	84.2	34.9	(4.0)	41.6	(9.1)	50.0	(9.4)	22.1	(7.7)	25.9	(6.4)	-15.7	(10.7)
	Colombia	245	99.0	31.8	(3.3)	50.3	(9.9)	30.4	(8.0)	29.0	(8.5)	18.4	(7.0)	-31.8	(12.4)
	Czech Republic	325	97.5	12.1	(1.6)	11.9	(3.7)	8.2	(4.6)	14.5	(5.6)	13.7	(3.8)	1.8	(5.7)
	Denmark	256	76.8	17.3	(2.7)	20.3	(7.1)	19.4	(8.7)	11.8	(4.9)	18.0	(5.9)	-2.3	(9.1)
	Estonia	224	99.5	19.7	(1.5)	19.8	(4.3)	20.6	(4.3)	21.9	(4.4)	16.6	(0.9)	-3.1	(4.4)
	Finland	210	99.3	12.8	(2.3)	12.2	(4.1)	13.2	(4.7)	14.8	(5.2)	10.8	(4.7)	-1.4	(5.8)
	France	164	76.7	12.4	(2.5)	20.6	(6.9)	5.4	(4.9)	14.7	(6.4)	8.5	(2.7)	-12.1	(8.3)
	Germany	185	82.2	41.8	(3.6)	44.3	(8.1)	64.7	(8.5)	27.7	(8.7)	30.4	(7.2)	-13.9	(10.4)
	Greece	205	95.0	14.0	(2.6)	8.0	(4.1)	20.2	(6.6)	13.6	(7.2)	14.5	(4.6)	6.4	(6.3)
	Hungary	160	88.9	5.2	(1.8)	7.6	(4.5)	3.8	(3.1)	6.5	(3.9)	2.7	(2.7)	-4.9	(5.2)
	Iceland	127	98.7	29.2	(0.2)	19.8	(0.5)	29.2	(0.4)	39.3	(0.5)	28.6	(0.3)	8.8	(0.6)
	Ireland	155	98.9	19.6	(3.2)	30.4	(7.0)	15.8	(6.8)	19.0	(6.6)	13.5	(5.6)	-17.0	(8.8)
	Israel	161	93.9	46.3	(4.4)	46.6	(8.9)	43.1	(8.3)	59.5	(10.7)	36.0	(7.8)	-10.6	(11.7)
	Italy	490	94.7	11.4	(2.1)	17.0	(5.4)	6.9	(5.1)	15.1	(5.5)	6.5	(3.4)	-10.5	(6.2)
	Japan	183	100.0	6.4	(1.8)	6.7	(3.3)	8.9	(4.5)	3.2	(3.8)	6.7	(3.8)	0.0	(5.1)
	Korea	153	83.3	4.9	(1.7)	3.6	(2.4)	10.3	(5.5)	2.9	(4.8)	2.6	(4.0)	-1.0	(4.7)
	Latvia	292	95.2	8.5	(1.4)	4.6	(2.4)	5.9	(2.1)	8.0	(3.2)	15.8	(2.6)	11.3	(3.1)
	Lithuania	360	99.7	1.3	(0.3)	0.7	(0.7)	0.2	(0.0)	1.2	(0.1)	3.1	(0.7)	2.4	(1.0)
	Luxembourg	42	96.0	4.8	(0.0)	9.4	(0.6)	9.5	(0.6)	0.0	c	0.0	c	-9.4	(0.6)
	Mexico	209	78.5	15.2	(2.7)	8.1	(4.7)	19.3	(6.5)	26.6	(7.4)	6.2	(4.1)	-1.9	(6.6)
	Netherlands*	145	93.1	46.9	(4.9)	34.0	(8.4)	52.8	(11.7)	47.8	(12.6)	53.6	(11.0)	19.6	(13.1)
	New Zealand	183	95.6	9.8	(2.0)	20.2	(5.9)	7.1	(5.2)	4.8	(3.2)	6.8	(4.4)	-13.4	(7.3)
	Norway	243	97.6	30.7	(3.1)	42.9	(7.8)	22.1	(10.1)	29.0	(9.8)	29.1	(6.8)	-13.8	(10.9)
	Poland	229	98.6	9.3	(1.9)	7.4	(3.8)	11.8	(5.0)	11.9	(5.9)	6.2	(3.6)	-1.3	(5.2)
	Portugal*	231	87.5	12.9	(2.7)	5.7	(2.6)	17.8	(7.5)	14.6	(7.4)	13.7	(5.9)	8.0	(6.4)
	Slovak Republic	355	94.7	6.9	(1.5)	4.8	(2.2)	4.2	(3.6)	3.7	(3.0)	14.8	(4.5)	10.0	(5.4)
	Slovenia	276	87.4	22.8	(0.2)	31.1	(0.3)	32.4	(0.3)	12.0	(0.2)	16.0	(0.3)	-15.1	(0.5)
	Spain	1053	97.4	7.3	(1.2)	13.6	(3.3)	6.8	(2.0)	4.1	(1.7)	4.9	(2.5)	-8.7	(4.1)
	Sweden	201	96.1	20.8	(2.9)	41.0	(7.6)	24.8	(7.4)	10.5	(5.5)	6.7	(3.7)	-34.3	(8.5)
	Switzerland	156	73.9	6.2	(2.2)	2.3	(3.2)	8.5	(5.4)	3.3	(3.5)	10.6	(6.0)	8.2	(6.4)
	Turkey	179	99.1	6.9	(2.0)	4.3	(3.5)	6.4	(4.8)	13.8	(6.2)	2.8	(4.2)	-1.5	(5.5)
	United Kingdom	389	78.9	20.5	(2.9)	21.8	(6.1)	29.0	(8.7)	11.5	(6.7)	21.1	(7.5)	-0.7	(9.6)
	United States*	146	88.8	14.1	(2.8)	25.4	(8.2)	19.3	(7.4)	9.6	(5.2)	2.5	(3.2)	-22.8	(9.1)
	OECD average	m	m	17.9	(0.4)	20.9	(0.9)	19.7	(1.0)	16.7	(1.0)	14.6	(0.8)	-6.2	(1.2)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

3. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

4. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.5.7 [2/4]. Teacher absenteeism, by school characteristics

Results based on school principals’ reports

		All schools1				Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism, by schools’ socio-economic profile3
		Sample size	Coverage2	Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school's capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism		Bottom quarter		Second quarter		Third quarter		Top quarter		Top - bottom quarter
		Number of schools	%	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	% dif.	S.E.
Partners	Albania	324	99.5	4.8	(1.3)	7.6	(3.5)	2.6	(1.7)	5.4	(3.3)	3.3	(3.0)	-4.3	(4.5)
	Argentina	440	96.7	53.7	(3.2)	57.7	(7.1)	67.8	(6.1)	60.9	(6.3)	28.3	(6.2)	-29.3	(9.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	112	53.7	24.1	(4.0)	30.1	(7.9)	14.8	(8.5)	33.6	(10.6)	18.1	(8.9)	-12.1	(11.7)
	Belarus	234	100.0	4.5	(1.3)	3.3	(2.8)	5.5	(3.7)	4.9	(3.8)	4.3	(3.2)	1.0	(5.0)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	129	83.5	20.0	(3.0)	12.9	(5.4)	17.9	(6.2)	19.9	(7.0)	29.7	(9.2)	16.8	(10.9)
	Brazil	421	77.9	38.2	(2.4)	36.5	(4.9)	51.5	(6.2)	44.8	(6.5)	19.8	(4.7)	-16.6	(7.2)
	Brunei Darussalam	55	100.0	15.8	(0.1)	37.6	(0.2)	0.0	c	23.8	(0.1)	0.0	c	-37.6	(0.2)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	361	100.0	31.8	(3.3)	32.9	(5.8)	41.1	(10.7)	27.3	(9.2)	25.9	(4.8)	-7.0	(7.1)
	Bulgaria	185	93.9	20.2	(3.3)	15.3	(8.4)	24.1	(8.3)	17.7	(7.2)	24.0	(8.4)	8.6	(13.5)
	Costa Rica	205	100.0	31.5	(3.3)	48.5	(9.3)	38.5	(7.3)	24.1	(8.4)	14.6	(7.0)	-33.9	(10.7)
	Croatia	178	99.1	15.4	(2.5)	13.8	(7.9)	18.7	(8.8)	23.1	(7.1)	6.6	(2.8)	-7.2	(8.3)
	Cyprus	77	96.0	10.6	(0.0)	18.6	(0.2)	14.4	(0.1)	0.0	c	8.9	(0.1)	-9.6	(0.2)
	Dominican Republic	215	91.6	6.0	(1.8)	4.4	(3.1)	7.9	(3.9)	7.3	(3.9)	4.4	(3.1)	0.0	(5.1)
	Georgia	309	98.3	11.0	(1.9)	12.5	(3.5)	9.6	(4.9)	11.6	(5.0)	10.4	(4.6)	-2.1	(5.3)
	Hong Kong (China)*	112	75.5	13.3	(3.3)	27.1	(10.2)	12.1	(7.8)	13.7	(6.7)	0.0	c	-27.1	(10.2)
	Indonesia	336	88.9	9.0	(3.1)	13.4	(6.6)	7.0	(6.4)	5.5	(3.7)	9.9	(8.2)	-3.5	(10.8)
	Jordan	311	99.1	41.5	(3.6)	34.9	(7.5)	41.4	(6.7)	54.3	(8.1)	35.6	(7.3)	0.8	(10.6)
	Kazakhstan	516	80.4	59.6	(2.5)	57.6	(5.1)	64.4	(5.6)	50.5	(6.9)	65.9	(5.5)	8.3	(7.7)
	Kosovo	90	74.6	18.6	(1.3)	17.0	(2.1)	38.3	(6.0)	12.1	(5.9)	5.9	(2.2)	-11.1	(3.0)
	Lebanon	207	76.9	23.0	(2.7)	11.6	(5.3)	33.7	(6.7)	29.2	(6.4)	17.1	(5.3)	5.5	(6.6)
	Macao (China)	45	100.0	14.3	(0.0)	4.3	(0.1)	28.7	(0.1)	22.8	(0.1)	3.7	(0.1)	-0.6	(0.1)
	Malaysia	191	100.0	24.4	(3.3)	28.0	(6.2)	24.5	(6.6)	27.0	(8.6)	18.0	(7.2)	-10.0	(9.3)
	Malta	49	99.9	22.3	(0.1)	29.7	(0.3)	44.3	(0.4)	13.6	(0.2)	0.0	c	-29.7	(0.3)
	Moldova	210	91.4	19.6	(2.9)	10.5	(3.8)	8.6	(4.7)	25.4	(6.9)	34.3	(7.6)	23.9	(8.3)
	Montenegro	49	96.7	5.3	(0.0)	11.7	(0.1)	9.9	(0.0)	0.0	c	0.0	c	-11.7	(0.1)
	Morocco	173	96.6	34.9	(3.7)	35.5	(8.0)	37.6	(9.0)	31.5	(7.2)	35.2	(8.2)	-0.3	(12.6)
	North Macedonia	96	89.0	11.0	(0.1)	9.7	(0.2)	15.9	(0.3)	10.9	(0.1)	7.5	(0.1)	-2.2	(0.3)
	Panama	140	69.4	28.2	(2.6)	40.2	(9.4)	32.5	(6.7)	30.9	(5.7)	8.2	(7.6)	-32.0	(13.5)
	Peru	323	97.7	17.5	(2.2)	23.7	(5.5)	20.5	(5.1)	15.6	(4.2)	10.2	(3.9)	-13.5	(6.5)
	Philippines	186	99.7	13.0	(2.8)	8.1	(4.8)	10.8	(5.8)	21.9	(6.7)	11.2	(5.9)	3.2	(7.5)
	Qatar	136	86.0	11.0	(0.0)	12.0	(0.2)	8.7	(0.2)	13.4	(0.1)	10.0	(0.1)	-2.1	(0.3)
	Romania	141	93.1	3.8	(1.3)	3.5	(2.6)	8.5	(5.4)	3.2	(3.6)	0.0	(1.4)	-3.5	(3.2)
	Russia	235	91.5	37.6	(3.3)	47.1	(6.3)	36.5	(6.9)	36.1	(8.6)	30.4	(7.6)	-16.7	(10.0)
	Saudi Arabia	170	81.2	23.2	(3.4)	22.9	(7.2)	25.9	(8.1)	23.6	(8.4)	20.2	(7.2)	-2.7	(10.0)
	Serbia	177	98.5	5.1	(1.8)	1.7	(1.2)	6.6	(5.0)	4.4	(4.5)	7.6	(4.0)	5.9	(4.1)
	Singapore	166	100.0	4.3	(0.4)	7.0	(0.2)	2.6	(0.1)	6.6	(0.2)	1.1	(1.5)	-5.9	(1.5)
	Chinese Taipei	186	96.7	7.2	(2.0)	3.0	(2.3)	6.9	(3.2)	8.1	(4.9)	11.1	(6.0)	8.1	(6.2)
	Thailand	204	93.0	4.1	(1.3)	0.0	c	5.9	(3.8)	10.2	(7.1)	0.0	(6.0)	0.0	(6.0)
	Ukraine	247	99.2	19.9	(3.1)	21.0	(4.9)	19.2	(6.1)	26.4	(8.0)	12.9	(8.0)	-8.1	(8.6)
	United Arab Emirates	590	90.7	25.7	(1.2)	38.4	(0.8)	33.6	(3.0)	20.6	(3.6)	10.4	(2.5)	-27.9	(2.3)
	Uruguay	189	100.0	61.4	(3.5)	74.7	(7.3)	58.7	(6.8)	72.1	(7.8)	40.0	(7.7)	-34.7	(10.9)
	Viet Nam	121	93.5	5.7	(2.1)	5.7	(4.2)	10.4	(6.4)	3.2	(3.9)	3.7	(2.6)	-2.1	(5.0)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

3. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

4. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.5.7 [3/4]. Teacher absenteeism, by school characteristics

Results based on school principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism, by type of school
		Public		Private government-dependent		Private independent		Private-Public4
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	% dif.	S.E.
OECD	Australia	22.9	(1.8)	19.4	(3.1)	6.8	(2.8)	-8.4	(3.0)
	Austria	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Belgium	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Canada	20.4	(2.2)	9.6	(6.5)	7.8	(4.9)	-11.8	(4.5)
	Chile	54.7	(8.4)	26.1	(5.3)	21.0	(6.3)	-29.7	(9.6)
	Colombia	37.0	(3.8)	m	m	10.0	(3.9)	-27.0	(5.3)
	Czech Republic	12.4	(1.7)	8.1	(5.9)	m	m	-4.3	(6.1)
	Denmark	23.2	(3.5)	3.9	(2.7)	0.0	c	-20.2	(4.0)
	Estonia	20.5	(1.6)	0.0	c	0.0	c	-20.5	(1.6)
	Finland	12.8	(2.4)	13.0	(13.3)	m	m	0.3	(13.5)
	France	13.4	(3.1)	0.8	(0.8)	0.0	c	-13.0	(3.1)
	Germany	42.2	(3.6)	29.8	(18.8)	m	m	-12.4	(19.1)
	Greece	14.3	(2.7)	m	m	9.7	(10.0)	-4.6	(10.4)
	Hungary	6.2	(2.2)	1.8	(1.9)	m	m	-4.4	(2.9)
	Iceland	29.8	(0.2)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Ireland	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Israel	46.3	(4.4)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Italy	11.8	(2.1)	1.5	(0.8)	0.0	c	-11.2	(2.1)
	Japan	1.5	(1.0)	26.5	(15.8)	14.7	(5.1)	14.5	(5.1)
	Korea	5.2	(2.3)	5.2	(3.0)	0.0	c	-0.7	(3.3)
	Latvia	8.7	(1.4)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Lithuania	1.4	(0.3)	0.0	c	m	m	-1.4	(0.3)
	Luxembourg	5.9	(0.1)	0.0	c	m	m	-5.9	(0.1)
	Mexico	17.4	(3.1)	m	m	0.0	c	-17.4	(3.1)
	Netherlands*	51.8	(7.5)	44.6	(5.8)	m	m	-7.2	(8.9)
	New Zealand	10.4	(2.1)	m	m	0.0	c	-10.4	(2.1)
	Norway	w	w	w	w	w	w	w	w
	Poland	9.8	(2.0)	0.0	c	m	m	-9.8	(2.0)
	Portugal*	14.6	(3.1)	8.2	(5.5)	0.0	c	-10.6	(3.9)
	Slovak Republic	6.8	(1.7)	8.0	(5.0)	m	m	1.2	(5.6)
	Slovenia	22.0	(0.1)	55.1	(1.2)	m	m	33.2	(1.2)
	Spain	10.2	(1.6)	1.0	(0.8)	2.6	(1.5)	-8.8	(1.6)
	Sweden	21.7	(3.3)	16.8	(6.1)	m	m	-4.9	(7.0)
	Switzerland	6.4	(2.3)	m	m	2.2	(2.1)	-4.2	(3.1)
	Turkey	7.8	(2.3)	m	m	0.0	c	-7.8	(2.3)
	United Kingdom	25.5	(4.5)	14.6	(3.8)	21.5	(12.5)	-9.9	(5.9)
	United States*	14.5	(3.0)	m	m	11.6	(8.4)	-2.9	(8.9)
	OECD average	18.5	(0.5)	12.8	(1.4)	5.7	(1.1)	-7.3	(1.2)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

3. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

4. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.5.7 [4/4]. Teacher absenteeism, by school characteristics

Results based on school principals’ reports

		Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism, by type of school
		Public		Private government-dependent		Private independent		Private-Public4
		%	S.E.	%	S.E.	%	S.E.	% dif.	S.E.
Partners	Albania	5.4	(1.4)	m	m	0.0	c	-5.4	(1.4)
	Argentina	65.0	(3.6)	32.7	(6.5)	20.1	(10.6)	-35.7	(6.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	24.2	(4.0)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Belarus	4.5	(1.3)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	20.3	(3.0)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Brazil	44.1	(2.7)	m	m	11.7	(4.8)	-32.4	(5.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	18.7	(0.1)	m	m	0.0	c	-18.7	(0.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	31.9	(3.5)	m	m	30.8	(8.5)	-1.1	(9.1)
	Bulgaria	20.6	(3.3)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Costa Rica	35.2	(3.7)	m	m	8.6	(5.2)	-26.6	(6.1)
	Croatia	15.3	(2.7)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Cyprus	12.8	(0.1)	m	m	0.0	c	-12.8	(0.1)
	Dominican Republic	5.7	(1.6)	0.0	c	8.4	(5.6)	1.8	(4.8)
	Georgia	11.5	(2.1)	m	m	7.7	(3.3)	-3.9	(3.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	9.7	(9.2)	14.1	(3.7)	m	m	4.4	(10.1)
	Indonesia	5.7	(3.1)	8.9	(4.4)	12.8	(10.5)	4.8	(6.0)
	Jordan	42.0	(4.5)	m	m	40.0	(7.7)	-2.0	(9.5)
	Kazakhstan	59.4	(2.5)	80.8	(16.0)	m	m	21.4	(16.3)
	Kosovo	18.0	(1.1)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Lebanon	18.7	(3.7)	m	m	25.6	(5.7)	6.9	(6.9)
	Macao (China)	0.0	c	15.7	(0.0)	m	m	15.7	(0.0)
	Malaysia	24.9	(3.4)	m	m	9.2	(6.1)	-15.7	(7.5)
	Malta	35.0	(0.2)	9.8	(0.2)	0.0	c	-28.2	(0.2)
	Moldova	19.0	(2.7)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Montenegro	5.4	(0.0)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Morocco	34.0	(4.1)	m	m	46.4	(16.8)	12.4	(17.7)
	North Macedonia	11.3	(0.1)	m	m	0.0	c	-11.3	(0.1)
	Panama	33.8	(3.1)	m	m	6.6	(4.1)	-27.2	(5.1)
	Peru	19.5	(2.6)	m	m	10.2	(3.4)	-9.3	(4.2)
	Philippines	13.6	(3.0)	19.5	(12.2)	0.0	c	-3.4	(7.1)
	Qatar	14.9	(0.1)	m	m	7.3	(0.1)	-7.6	(0.1)
	Romania	3.9	(1.3)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Russia	37.6	(3.3)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	Saudi Arabia	24.4	(3.8)	m	m	15.0	(9.7)	-9.4	(10.9)
	Serbia	4.1	(1.5)	m	m	32.7	(27.7)	28.6	(27.8)
	Singapore	4.5	(0.0)	m	m	3.6	(5.0)	-0.9	(5.0)
	Chinese Taipei	7.1	(2.5)	12.5	(6.9)	3.8	(2.7)	0.0	(4.2)
	Thailand	4.2	(1.4)	0.0	c	8.0	(8.3)	-0.5	(3.9)
	Ukraine	20.1	(3.1)	m	m	m	m	m	m
	United Arab Emirates	41.9	(0.5)	m	m	16.4	(1.8)	-25.5	(1.9)
	Uruguay	69.1	(3.9)	m	m	21.8	(6.3)	-47.3	(7.4)
	Viet Nam	6.0	(2.2)	m	m	0.0	c	-6.0	(2.2)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students.

2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

3. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

4. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools.

Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report.

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.1 [1/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation

Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job
		All students			By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS1)
					Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - Bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	28.1	(0.8)		23.3	(0.9)		21.1	(0.8)		20.9	(1.0)		19.1	(1.2)		-4.2	(1.3)
	Austria	26.1	(0.6)		22.6	(1.3)		23.2	(1.2)		26.1	(1.1)		29.2	(1.3)		6.6	(1.7)
	Belgium (French Community)	66.5	(0.7)		60.9	(1.4)		63.9	(1.4)		66.5	(1.0)		72.3	(1.5)		11.4	(2.1)
	Canada	27.6	(0.7)		25.8	(0.9)		23.8	(0.9)		22.5	(0.9)		22.4	(0.7)		-3.4	(1.0)
	Chile	24.3	(1.1)		24.8	(1.8)		23.1	(1.4)		22.1	(1.4)		20.5	(1.1)		-4.3	(2.0)
	Colombia	15.8	(1.1)		16.5	(1.5)		12.1	(1.1)		11.1	(1.3)		8.5	(0.8)		-8.0	(1.5)
	Czech Republic	29.5	(0.9)		24.8	(1.4)		25.2	(1.4)		30.7	(1.5)		34.7	(1.4)		9.9	(1.6)
	Denmark	35.2	(0.9)		32.8	(1.4)		34.0	(1.6)		35.5	(1.5)		33.8	(1.9)		1.0	(2.2)
	Estonia	21.4	(0.8)		21.0	(1.4)		20.8	(1.2)		19.9	(1.1)		17.7	(1.3)		-3.3	(1.8)
	Finland	30.6	(0.9)		30.6	(1.3)		28.9	(1.6)		30.4	(1.3)		28.8	(1.2)		-1.8	(1.6)
	France	24.0	(0.6)		25.4	(1.2)		21.9	(1.1)		21.4	(1.2)		23.9	(1.1)		-1.5	(1.6)
	Germany	38.5	(1.0)		31.3	(1.5)		29.5	(1.5)		29.1	(1.3)		26.7	(1.5)		-4.6	(1.9)
	Greece	15.1	(0.7)		15.9	(1.0)		14.4	(0.8)		12.7	(0.8)		15.7	(1.5)		-0.2	(1.7)
	Hungary	20.2	(0.7)		21.0	(1.3)		18.3	(1.2)		17.8	(1.1)		21.2	(1.2)		0.3	(1.9)
	Iceland	24.7	(0.7)		26.6	(1.6)		25.5	(1.5)		20.8	(1.4)		19.7	(1.4)		-6.9	(2.2)
	Ireland	18.7	(0.6)		20.0	(1.2)		18.9	(1.1)		17.1	(1.0)		16.9	(1.0)		-3.1	(1.5)
	Israel	34.7	(0.9)		37.4	(1.9)		35.2	(1.5)		32.1	(1.2)		27.7	(1.3)		-9.7	(2.1)
	Italy	25.5	(0.7)		24.6	(1.3)		22.5	(1.2)		25.9	(1.3)		22.9	(1.4)		-1.8	(1.8)
	Japan	22.3	(0.8)		27.1	(1.6)		23.0	(1.1)		19.1	(1.1)		17.7	(1.0)		-9.5	(1.7)
	Korea	12.0	(0.7)		14.4	(1.1)		11.6	(1.1)		10.9	(1.0)		10.0	(0.9)		-4.4	(1.4)
	Latvia	24.4	(0.7)		21.6	(1.3)		23.5	(1.4)		24.1	(1.2)		22.8	(1.3)		1.2	(2.0)
	Lithuania	26.2	(0.6)		26.7	(1.3)		25.3	(1.0)		24.1	(1.3)		23.4	(1.2)		-3.3	(1.7)
	Luxembourg	21.3	(0.5)		22.6	(1.1)		19.0	(0.9)		20.4	(1.0)		19.1	(1.1)		-3.5	(1.6)
	Mexico	26.5	(1.1)		31.4	(2.2)		16.5	(1.4)		12.6	(1.1)		10.4	(0.9)		-21.0	(2.4)
	Netherlands*	31.3	(1.0)		25.3	(1.8)		26.9	(1.7)		31.1	(1.5)		35.2	(1.5)		9.9	(2.3)
	New Zealand	24.0	(0.7)		23.8	(1.3)		23.8	(1.2)		21.1	(1.0)		21.6	(1.3)		-2.2	(1.7)
	Norway	25.7	(0.7)		23.3	(1.1)		23.0	(1.2)		22.6	(1.3)		24.3	(1.2)		1.0	(1.7)
	Poland	16.1	(0.6)		15.4	(1.0)		17.3	(1.2)		15.1	(1.0)		14.5	(1.0)		-0.9	(1.4)
	Portugal*	22.3	(0.7)		17.6	(1.4)		17.7	(1.2)		17.2	(1.1)		18.8	(1.2)		1.2	(1.9)
	Slovak Republic	27.6	(0.8)		27.8	(1.4)		25.0	(1.3)		25.7	(1.2)		28.1	(1.1)		0.3	(1.4)
	Slovenia	21.6	(0.7)		14.9	(1.0)		18.1	(1.2)		23.2	(1.3)		26.9	(1.5)		12.0	(1.8)
	Spain	19.4	(0.5)		21.0	(1.0)		17.4	(0.8)		17.5	(0.7)		16.7	(0.6)		-4.3	(1.1)
	Sweden	25.4	(0.7)		24.9	(1.3)		23.9	(1.2)		24.8	(1.2)		21.4	(1.1)		-3.5	(1.7)
	Switzerland	24.7	(1.0)		25.5	(1.5)		22.2	(1.5)		23.5	(1.8)		23.5	(1.4)		-2.0	(1.8)
	Turkey	6.4	(0.4)		7.2	(0.8)		5.4	(0.5)		5.5	(0.6)		5.8	(0.7)		-1.3	(1.0)
	United Kingdom	24.6	(0.8)		22.5	(1.1)		20.2	(1.1)		20.0	(1.0)		22.6	(1.1)		0.1	(1.6)
	United States*	20.9	(0.8)		21.4	(1.4)		20.7	(1.2)		20.0	(1.5)		18.5	(1.3)		-2.9	(1.8)
	OECD average	25.1	(0.1)		24.3	(0.2)		22.8	(0.2)		22.7	(0.2)		22.8	(0.2)		-1.5	(0.3)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.1 [2/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation

Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job
		All students			By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS1)
					Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - Bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	5.7	(0.4)		4.0	(0.6)		4.1	(0.6)		3.9	(0.5)		5.4	(1.0)		1.3	(1.2)
	Argentina	22.3	(0.8)		25.5	(1.6)		24.3	(1.2)		19.5	(1.0)		18.0	(1.1)		-7.4	(1.8)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	29.7	(1.0)		30.7	(1.4)		27.2	(1.4)		27.6	(1.6)		23.9	(1.6)		-6.8	(2.0)
	Belarus	16.6	(0.6)		16.5	(1.1)		16.4	(1.1)		16.0	(0.9)		16.0	(1.0)		-0.5	(1.4)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	17.2	(0.6)		16.6	(0.9)		15.0	(1.1)		15.9	(0.9)		16.5	(1.2)		-0.1	(1.3)
	Brazil	29.0	(0.7)		33.4	(1.6)		28.2	(1.1)		26.8	(1.0)		22.4	(1.0)		-11.0	(1.9)
	Brunei Darussalam	13.7	(0.4)		16.4	(0.9)		14.0	(0.7)		12.4	(0.9)		10.5	(0.8)		-5.9	(1.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	17.6	(0.6)		21.1	(1.1)		19.0	(1.0)		16.9	(1.1)		11.5	(0.7)		-9.6	(1.3)
	Bulgaria	33.4	(1.1)		34.5	(2.0)		33.8	(1.6)		33.0	(1.4)		25.5	(1.5)		-8.9	(2.5)
	Costa Rica	10.3	(0.5)		10.6	(0.9)		8.7	(0.8)		9.5	(0.8)		10.5	(0.9)		-0.1	(1.2)
	Croatia	20.3	(0.6)		18.6	(1.1)		18.6	(1.0)		20.1	(1.0)		22.2	(1.0)		3.7	(1.3)
	Cyprus	19.6	(0.6)		21.0	(1.3)		17.9	(1.1)		18.1	(1.2)		16.7	(1.0)		-4.3	(1.8)
	Dominican Republic	41.3	(1.4)		50.2	(2.0)		39.4	(1.8)		40.5	(1.8)		29.2	(1.8)		-21.0	(2.3)
	Georgia	31.4	(0.8)		35.3	(1.7)		30.3	(1.5)		29.5	(1.2)		26.6	(1.3)		-8.7	(2.1)
	Hong Kong (China)*	23.4	(0.8)		24.6	(1.5)		21.1	(1.4)		20.3	(1.3)		18.3	(1.3)		-6.3	(2.1)
	Indonesia	8.5	(0.8)		7.8	(0.8)		6.7	(0.9)		7.3	(1.0)		7.2	(1.6)		-0.6	(1.7)
	Jordan	12.5	(0.6)		16.2	(1.1)		12.4	(1.0)		11.2	(0.9)		8.3	(0.9)		-7.9	(1.4)
	Kazakhstan	20.8	(0.5)		20.5	(0.9)		20.2	(0.8)		21.7	(0.8)		20.3	(0.7)		-0.1	(1.2)
	Kosovo	14.1	(0.6)		14.0	(1.0)		13.8	(1.0)		13.2	(1.2)		11.4	(1.1)		-2.6	(1.5)
	Lebanon	37.9	(1.4)		45.3	(2.7)		39.1	(1.8)		35.8	(2.0)		28.2	(1.8)		-17.1	(3.1)
	Macao (China)	10.3	(0.5)		11.2	(0.9)		11.8	(1.1)		9.2	(1.1)		8.9	(0.9)		-2.3	(1.5)
	Malaysia	10.8	(0.8)		9.5	(1.0)		9.9	(1.0)		11.2	(0.9)		8.2	(0.8)		-1.3	(1.1)
	Malta	16.1	(0.6)		18.4	(1.2)		13.8	(1.1)		15.8	(1.5)		10.3	(1.0)		-8.1	(1.5)
	Moldova	10.4	(0.5)		13.9	(1.0)		9.4	(0.8)		8.3	(0.9)		9.1	(1.0)		-4.8	(1.4)
	Montenegro	18.1	(0.5)		18.9	(1.2)		16.2	(0.8)		16.9	(0.9)		17.4	(0.9)		-1.5	(1.4)
	Morocco	27.8	(1.2)		34.0	(1.6)		28.6	(1.6)		24.4	(1.5)		20.8	(1.4)		-13.2	(1.9)
	North Macedonia	24.4	(0.5)		26.8	(1.2)		25.6	(1.3)		21.5	(1.3)		18.4	(1.0)		-8.5	(1.6)
	Panama	36.8	(1.2)		50.9	(2.1)		34.9	(1.9)		30.8	(1.6)		24.1	(1.3)		-26.7	(2.5)
	Peru	25.6	(1.1)		42.6	(2.2)		25.8	(1.4)		19.5	(1.4)		12.6	(1.1)		-30.0	(2.3)
	Philippines	18.7	(0.7)		23.9	(1.3)		17.0	(1.0)		18.5	(1.0)		13.9	(1.2)		-10.0	(1.8)
	Qatar	19.6	(0.3)		23.6	(0.7)		17.4	(0.6)		13.8	(0.6)		15.4	(0.5)		-8.2	(1.0)
	Romania	11.9	(0.7)		17.5	(1.8)		11.5	(1.1)		10.1	(1.0)		7.6	(0.8)		-9.8	(2.2)
	Russia	20.4	(0.7)		17.6	(1.3)		19.5	(1.2)		19.3	(1.2)		18.7	(1.1)		1.0	(1.6)
	Saudi Arabia	14.7	(0.7)		17.5	(1.4)		13.8	(1.0)		13.6	(1.1)		12.2	(0.9)		-5.3	(1.5)
	Serbia	23.0	(1.0)		22.7	(1.4)		22.6	(1.3)		22.1	(1.2)		20.9	(1.4)		-1.7	(1.8)
	Singapore	19.2	(0.5)		20.9	(1.0)		19.4	(1.0)		18.6	(1.1)		16.8	(1.2)		-4.1	(1.5)
	Chinese Taipei	22.2	(0.6)		25.3	(1.3)		21.9	(1.1)		19.9	(1.1)		18.9	(1.1)		-6.4	(1.6)
	Thailand	16.9	(0.7)		23.1	(1.0)		16.8	(0.9)		15.2	(1.1)		10.9	(0.9)		-12.1	(1.2)
	Ukraine	13.7	(0.6)		17.1	(1.1)		13.4	(1.0)		13.2	(0.9)		10.2	(0.8)		-6.9	(1.3)
	United Arab Emirates	16.7	(0.6)		18.7	(0.5)		16.0	(0.8)		10.9	(0.6)		12.1	(0.7)		-6.6	(0.9)
	Uruguay	25.9	(1.1)		27.1	(1.9)		22.3	(1.7)		22.2	(1.5)		19.7	(1.4)		-7.4	(2.3)
	Viet Nam	9.4	(0.7)		11.7	(1.3)		8.3	(1.1)		8.6	(0.8)		9.1	(1.0)		-2.7	(1.6)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.1 [3/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation

Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job
		By type of programme
		Vocational			General or modular			General or modular - Vocational
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	27.2	(2.7)		27.8	(0.8)		0.7	(2.8)
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium (French Community)	75.9	(1.3)		60.2	(1.0)		-15.7	(1.9)
	Canada	m	m		27.6	(0.7)		m	m
	Chile	19.4	(3.5)		24.4	(1.1)		5.0	(3.4)
	Colombia	13.3	(2.1)		16.4	(1.2)		3.0	(2.2)
	Czech Republic	31.5	(1.9)		28.5	(1.1)		-3.0	(2.3)
	Denmark	c	c		35.3	(0.9)		c	c
	Estonia	c	c		21.4	(0.8)		c	c
	Finland	c	c		30.6	(0.9)		c	c
	France	21.1	(1.5)		24.7	(0.7)		3.6	(1.6)
	Germany	45.8	(11.8)		38.2	(1.0)		-7.6	(12.0)
	Greece	17.3	(1.8)		14.7	(0.8)		-2.6	(1.9)
	Hungary	18.3	(1.5)		20.6	(0.7)		2.3	(1.7)
	Iceland	m	m		24.7	(0.7)		m	m
	Ireland	15.8	(5.6)		18.7	(0.6)		2.9	(5.7)
	Israel	m	m		34.7	(0.9)		m	m
	Italy	26.4	(1.1)		24.7	(0.9)		-1.7	(1.4)
	Japan	26.6	(2.5)		20.9	(0.7)		-5.7	(2.6)
	Korea	16.6	(2.0)		11.1	(0.6)		-5.5	(2.0)
	Latvia	28.1	(4.7)		24.4	(0.7)		-3.8	(4.9)
	Lithuania	32.7	(5.2)		26.1	(0.6)		-6.6	(5.3)
	Luxembourg	18.1	(1.2)		21.9	(0.5)		3.7	(1.4)
	Mexico	19.3	(2.0)		29.3	(1.4)		10.0	(2.5)
	Netherlands*	26.7	(2.1)	†	32.1	(1.1)		5.4	(2.4)	†
	New Zealand	m	m		24.0	(0.7)		m	m
	Norway	m	m		25.7	(0.7)		m	m
	Poland	c	c		16.1	(0.6)		c	c
	Portugal*	17.0	(1.6)		23.3	(0.7)		6.4	(1.8)
	Slovak Republic	27.7	(2.6)		27.6	(0.8)		-0.1	(2.8)
	Slovenia	15.8	(0.6)		29.1	(1.4)		13.3	(1.5)
	Spain	26.4	(4.1)		19.3	(0.5)		-7.1	(4.0)
	Sweden	m	m		25.4	(0.7)		m	m
	Switzerland	18.0	(1.9)		25.6	(1.1)		7.6	(2.1)
	Turkey	7.1	(0.5)		6.1	(0.5)		-1.0	(0.7)
	United Kingdom	26.1	(6.6)		24.6	(0.8)		-1.5	(6.7)
	United States*	m	m		20.9	(0.8)		m	m
	OECD average	24.7	(0.8)		25.2	(0.1)		0.1	(0.8)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.1 [4/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation

Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job
		By type of programme
		Vocational			General or modular			General or modular - Vocational
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	4.8	(0.5)		6.7	(0.8)		1.9	(1.0)
	Argentina	21.9	(1.9)		22.4	(0.8)		0.5	(2.1)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		29.7	(1.0)		m	m
	Belarus	13.2	(1.5)		17.1	(0.6)		3.9	(1.6)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	16.6	(0.6)		18.2	(1.2)		1.6	(1.3)
	Brazil	22.3	(1.6)		29.6	(0.8)		7.4	(1.7)
	Brunei Darussalam	36.7	(2.6)		12.3	(0.4)		-24.4	(2.6)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	19.0	(1.6)		17.3	(0.7)		-1.8	(1.8)
	Bulgaria	37.1	(1.9)		29.8	(1.4)		-7.3	(2.4)
	Costa Rica	9.3	(1.1)		10.4	(0.6)		1.2	(1.3)
	Croatia	19.6	(0.8)		21.5	(0.9)		1.9	(1.3)
	Cyprus	30.7	(1.6)		18.1	(0.6)		-12.6	(1.7)
	Dominican Republic	20.1	(1.4)		44.3	(1.3)		24.3	(1.7)
	Georgia	m	m		31.4	(0.8)		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)*	m	m		23.4	(0.8)		m	m
	Indonesia	8.3	(1.9)		8.5	(0.9)		0.3	(2.1)
	Jordan	m	m		12.5	(0.6)		m	m
	Kazakhstan	22.8	(1.1)		20.3	(0.5)		-2.5	(1.2)
	Kosovo	17.0	(0.9)		12.1	(0.9)		-4.9	(1.3)
	Lebanon	m	m		37.9	(1.4)		m	m
	Macao (China)	18.5	(6.2)		10.3	(0.5)		-8.2	(6.1)
	Malaysia	9.1	(1.7)		11.0	(0.8)		1.8	(1.6)
	Malta	m	m		16.1	(0.6)		m	m
	Moldova	10.1	(2.4)		10.4	(0.5)		0.3	(2.5)
	Montenegro	18.7	(0.5)		17.0	(1.1)		-1.7	(1.2)
	Morocco	m	m		27.8	(1.2)		m	m
	North Macedonia	25.2	(0.7)		23.2	(0.8)		-2.0	(1.1)
	Panama	35.8	(1.6)		37.2	(1.5)		1.4	(2.0)
	Peru	m	m		25.6	(1.1)		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		18.7	(0.7)		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		19.6	(0.3)		m	m
	Romania	15.3	(2.0)		11.4	(0.7)		-4.0	(2.1)
	Russia	12.5	(3.2)		20.7	(0.7)		8.1	(3.1)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		14.7	(0.7)		m	m
	Serbia	22.9	(1.2)		23.1	(1.8)		0.2	(2.2)
	Singapore	m	m		19.2	(0.5)		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	24.9	(1.5)		20.8	(0.6)		-4.0	(1.6)
	Thailand	25.4	(2.1)		14.4	(0.6)		-11.0	(2.1)
	Ukraine	13.6	(1.1)		13.8	(0.6)		0.2	(1.2)
	United Arab Emirates	22.7	(1.5)		16.5	(0.6)		-6.3	(1.4)
	Uruguay	23.5	(3.4)		26.2	(1.1)		2.6	(3.6)
	Viet Nam	m	m		9.4	(0.7)		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.1 [5/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation

Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who expect to have a job that is included in the ten most common ones in their country
		All students			By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS)
					Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - Bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	31.6	(0.6)	†	25.6	(1.3)		30.9	(0.9)		32.3	(1.2)		37.7	(0.9)		12.1	(1.4)
	Austria	29.3	(0.9)	†	30.1	(1.6)	†	28.1	(1.6)		27.5	(1.5)	†	31.1	(1.8)	†	1.1	(2.3)	†
	Belgium (French Community)	33.9	(1.2)	‡	28.3	(1.9)	‡	31.8	(2.2)	‡	35.9	(1.7)	‡	41.1	(2.3)	‡	12.8	(2.8)	‡
	Canada	39.0	(0.6)	†	33.9	(1.1)	†	37.6	(0.9)	†	39.9	(1.1)		44.2	(1.1)		10.3	(1.6)	†
	Chile	42.9	(0.8)		36.7	(1.5)		41.6	(1.4)		42.8	(1.5)		50.4	(1.1)		13.7	(1.9)
	Colombia	45.0	(0.7)		45.5	(1.8)		44.4	(1.6)		44.6	(1.5)		45.1	(1.5)		-0.4	(2.4)
	Czech Republic	28.9	(0.9)	†	28.9	(1.7)	†	29.8	(1.6)	†	27.9	(1.4)	†	29.2	(1.5)	†	0.3	(2.3)	†
	Denmark	35.7	(1.0)	†	31.3	(1.6)	†	31.9	(1.8)	†	37.5	(1.6)	†	41.7	(1.7)	†	10.4	(2.2)	†
	Estonia	34.8	(0.8)		30.2	(1.8)		33.9	(1.7)		37.1	(1.4)		37.9	(1.5)		7.7	(2.4)
	Finland	36.6	(0.9)	†	29.2	(1.5)	†	32.9	(1.5)	†	37.3	(1.6)	†	46.7	(1.7)	†	17.5	(2.3)	†
	France	26.9	(0.8)		24.6	(1.4)	†	25.2	(1.4)		27.5	(1.5)		30.5	(1.3)		5.9	(1.7)	†
	Germany	32.5	(0.9)	†	32.0	(1.4)	†	32.9	(2.1)	†	32.1	(1.3)	†	32.4	(1.7)	†	0.4	(2.3)	†
	Greece	40.0	(0.8)		35.9	(1.5)		40.1	(1.6)		43.8	(1.4)		40.3	(1.6)		4.4	(2.2)
	Hungary	27.9	(1.0)		30.9	(1.8)		25.8	(1.2)		29.6	(1.9)		25.5	(1.5)		-5.4	(2.1)
	Iceland	39.9	(0.9)	†	36.8	(1.8)	†	38.6	(2.2)	†	40.3	(1.9)		43.5	(1.7)		6.6	(2.4)	†
	Ireland	36.6	(0.9)		31.6	(1.7)		35.3	(1.6)		39.6	(1.5)		39.7	(1.6)		8.1	(2.2)
	Israel	46.6	(0.8)	†	51.0	(1.3)	†	42.9	(1.6)	†	45.2	(1.6)	†	47.4	(1.7)	†	-3.7	(2.0)	†
	Italy	34.6	(0.9)	†	27.8	(1.6)		31.7	(1.4)		36.1	(1.6)	†	42.7	(1.7)		14.9	(2.4)
	Japan	44.2	(1.0)		39.4	(2.0)	†	45.5	(1.6)		46.2	(1.5)		45.3	(1.9)		5.9	(2.8)	†
	Korea	37.8	(0.7)		36.4	(1.8)		37.9	(1.3)		40.7	(1.5)		36.0	(1.4)		-0.4	(2.3)
	Latvia	34.8	(0.8)		26.8	(1.6)		34.2	(1.6)		36.9	(1.7)		41.5	(2.0)		14.7	(2.9)
	Lithuania	40.5	(0.8)	†	34.9	(1.5)	†	40.1	(1.3)	†	43.2	(1.7)		43.9	(1.2)		9.0	(2.1)	†
	Luxembourg	44.1	(0.8)		42.6	(1.6)		45.0	(1.6)		45.3	(1.4)		43.6	(1.4)		1.0	(2.2)
	Mexico	40.4	(0.7)	†	42.1	(2.0)	†	40.7	(1.4)		39.3	(1.5)		40.1	(1.2)		-2.1	(2.3)	†
	Netherlands*	25.8	(0.8)	†	19.8	(1.7)	†	25.9	(1.8)	†	27.6	(1.8)	†	29.7	(2.1)	†	9.9	(2.7)	†
	New Zealand	31.6	(0.7)		32.8	(1.3)		31.9	(1.6)		29.4	(1.5)		32.7	(1.4)		-0.1	(2.0)
	Norway	40.0	(0.9)	†	37.1	(1.7)		39.8	(1.5)		42.4	(1.5)		40.9	(1.5)		3.8	(2.4)
	Poland	34.5	(0.9)		24.2	(1.4)		32.3	(1.5)		36.6	(1.4)		44.8	(1.4)		20.6	(1.7)
	Portugal*	37.9	(1.1)		32.9	(1.9)		36.5	(1.7)		39.0	(1.5)		43.4	(2.3)		10.5	(2.9)
	Slovak Republic	30.9	(0.9)	†	31.8	(1.9)	†	28.5	(1.4)	†	29.7	(1.7)	†	33.8	(1.6)	†	2.0	(2.4)	†
	Slovenia	28.0	(0.7)		27.2	(1.2)		29.0	(1.3)		29.2	(1.9)		26.8	(1.8)	†	-0.4	(2.2)	†
	Spain	35.2	(0.4)		35.2	(0.9)		37.5	(0.9)		33.7	(0.8)		34.2	(0.8)		-0.9	(1.2)
	Sweden	33.5	(0.9)	†	29.4	(1.5)		34.5	(1.4)		32.8	(1.6)		36.9	(1.4)		7.5	(1.9)
	Switzerland	29.6	(0.8)		29.3	(1.7)	†	24.7	(1.6)		29.1	(1.7)		35.1	(1.9)		5.9	(2.8)	†
	Turkey	54.2	(0.8)		56.2	(1.4)		53.0	(1.4)		51.7	(1.2)		56.1	(1.5)		-0.1	(2.0)
	United Kingdom	33.5	(0.8)		34.3	(1.6)		29.9	(1.3)		31.7	(1.5)		38.7	(1.5)		4.4	(2.2)
	United States*	38.0	(1.0)		39.0	(1.6)		37.4	(1.5)		34.8	(1.7)		40.8	(2.3)		1.8	(2.9)
	OECD average	36.1	(0.1)		33.6	(0.3)		35.1	(0.3)		36.7	(0.3)		39.2	(0.3)		5.7	(0.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.1 [6/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation

Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who expect to have a job that is included in the ten most common ones in their country
		All students			By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS)
					Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - Bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	52.0	(0.8)		54.0	(1.4)		54.2	(1.5)		50.6	(1.4)		49.1	(1.2)		-4.9	(1.9)
	Argentina	48.9	(0.8)		49.4	(1.4)	†	49.7	(1.5)		50.2	(1.5)		46.5	(1.3)		-2.9	(1.9)	†
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	59.9	(0.9)	†	55.7	(1.8)	†	59.5	(1.5)	†	62.1	(1.3)	†	62.1	(1.7)		6.3	(2.6)	†
	Belarus	35.7	(0.7)		29.4	(1.4)		31.4	(1.4)		39.1	(1.5)		42.9	(1.5)		13.5	(2.0)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	37.7	(1.1)		36.8	(1.6)		37.1	(1.8)		40.3	(1.5)		36.8	(1.8)		0.0	(2.3)
	Brazil	52.1	(0.7)	†	57.1	(1.2)	†	51.8	(1.3)	†	48.7	(1.3)	†	51.3	(1.2)		-5.8	(1.7)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	69.3	(0.6)		76.6	(1.0)		72.2	(1.1)		68.5	(1.1)		60.3	(1.3)		-16.4	(1.7)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	46.0	(0.7)		44.4	(1.8)		47.5	(1.5)		47.4	(1.3)		44.6	(1.2)		0.2	(2.2)
	Bulgaria	40.6	(1.0)	†	31.7	(2.1)	†	39.6	(1.8)	†	45.4	(1.8)	†	45.8	(1.6)	†	14.1	(2.4)	†
	Costa Rica	48.3	(0.7)		45.3	(1.6)		49.6	(1.4)		49.7	(1.2)		48.4	(1.3)		3.1	(2.2)
	Croatia	30.4	(0.8)		26.2	(1.4)		28.4	(1.3)		32.2	(1.5)		35.2	(1.4)		8.9	(1.9)
	Cyprus	40.4	(0.9)		37.1	(1.5)		40.6	(1.7)		42.9	(1.5)		41.1	(1.7)		4.0	(2.4)
	Dominican Republic	63.1	(1.0)	†	67.7	(1.8)	‡	66.2	(1.7)	†	60.6	(1.7)	†	59.2	(1.8)	†	-8.5	(2.6)	‡
	Georgia	47.6	(1.0)	†	44.7	(2.2)	†	47.3	(2.0)	†	48.5	(1.8)	†	49.6	(1.6)	†	4.8	(2.8)	†
	Hong Kong (China)*	38.3	(0.7)		36.2	(1.5)		36.6	(1.5)		40.5	(1.5)		40.1	(1.6)		4.0	(2.2)
	Indonesia	64.0	(1.1)		67.1	(1.6)		67.0	(1.6)		63.4	(1.9)		58.5	(1.9)		-8.6	(2.5)
	Jordan	60.3	(0.9)		58.2	(1.6)		60.5	(1.6)		58.5	(1.4)		63.7	(1.1)		5.5	(2.0)
	Kazakhstan	41.5	(0.6)		41.5	(1.1)		40.6	(1.0)		43.5	(1.0)		40.4	(1.0)		-1.1	(1.4)
	Kosovo	55.0	(0.9)		53.0	(1.9)		52.4	(1.9)		58.3	(1.7)		56.4	(1.9)		3.4	(2.8)
	Lebanon	58.0	(1.1)	†	59.0	(2.1)	†	58.2	(1.9)	†	57.5	(1.8)	†	57.6	(1.7)	†	-1.4	(2.8)	†
	Macao (China)	41.5	(0.9)		41.3	(1.8)		41.9	(1.9)		43.7	(1.5)		39.1	(1.5)		-2.2	(2.4)
	Malaysia	42.5	(0.7)		42.2	(1.6)		45.1	(1.3)		41.6	(1.4)		40.9	(1.5)		-1.3	(2.3)
	Malta	40.0	(1.0)		33.2	(1.9)		42.1	(1.8)		39.1	(1.9)		45.6	(1.8)		12.3	(2.6)
	Moldova	44.5	(0.7)		41.5	(1.5)		44.4	(1.6)		43.7	(1.5)		48.4	(1.3)		7.0	(2.0)
	Montenegro	41.3	(0.7)		42.3	(1.4)		41.0	(1.5)		39.4	(1.3)		42.4	(1.3)		0.1	(2.0)
	Morocco	62.2	(0.9)	†	68.3	(1.4)	†	64.0	(1.4)	†	60.0	(1.5)		57.5	(1.7)		-10.9	(2.1)	†
	North Macedonia	45.2	(0.7)		43.1	(1.9)	†	45.0	(1.7)	†	44.0	(1.7)		48.8	(1.6)		5.7	(2.7)	†
	Panama	53.5	(1.0)	†	57.9	(2.2)	‡	51.7	(1.9)	†	52.5	(1.9)	†	53.3	(1.9)		-4.5	(3.1)	‡
	Peru	50.8	(1.0)	†	51.2	(1.8)	†	49.9	(1.5)	†	51.7	(1.8)		50.4	(1.4)		-0.8	(2.2)	†
	Philippines	64.1	(0.9)		74.0	(1.3)		67.2	(1.2)		64.6	(1.6)		52.0	(1.6)		-22.0	(2.0)
	Qatar	61.7	(0.4)		64.3	(1.1)		61.0	(0.8)		61.0	(0.8)		60.6	(0.9)		-3.7	(1.4)
	Romania	39.4	(0.9)		38.7	(1.5)		40.4	(1.8)		40.5	(1.6)		37.9	(1.6)		-0.8	(2.2)
	Russia	41.1	(0.6)		38.7	(1.5)		41.0	(1.1)		42.4	(1.2)		42.5	(1.3)		3.7	(2.1)
	Saudi Arabia	68.3	(0.7)		71.6	(1.4)		66.6	(1.2)		66.2	(1.6)		68.5	(1.3)		-3.1	(1.7)
	Serbia	37.9	(1.1)		28.1	(1.6)		32.0	(1.7)		43.8	(1.9)		47.5	(1.6)		19.5	(2.3)
	Singapore	41.9	(0.6)		39.8	(1.3)		41.6	(1.5)		42.3	(1.4)		44.0	(1.2)		4.2	(1.8)
	Chinese Taipei	28.8	(0.9)		31.8	(1.8)	†	28.8	(1.4)		27.4	(1.2)		27.3	(1.6)		-4.5	(2.2)	†
	Thailand	52.8	(1.0)		55.8	(1.7)		55.9	(1.4)		54.4	(1.4)		45.9	(1.5)		-9.9	(2.0)
	Ukraine	44.4	(1.0)		40.0	(1.7)		43.7	(1.3)		44.0	(1.5)		49.5	(1.6)		9.5	(2.0)
	United Arab Emirates	62.0	(0.5)		64.7	(1.0)		60.8	(0.9)		60.5	(0.9)		62.3	(1.1)		-2.4	(1.5)
	Uruguay	46.9	(1.0)	†	43.4	(1.8)	†	43.6	(1.6)		50.5	(1.6)		50.0	(1.7)		6.6	(2.5)	†
	Viet Nam	53.2	(1.0)		52.5	(1.7)		52.2	(1.6)		54.7	(1.7)		53.3	(1.6)		0.8	(2.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.1 [7/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation

Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who expect to have a job that is included in the ten most common ones in their country
		By type of programme
		Vocational			General or modular			General or modular - Vocational
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	27.7	(1.7)	†	32.1	(0.6)	†	4.3	(1.8)	†
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium (French Community)	15.2	(1.8)	‡	41.4	(1.4)	‡	26.2	(2.4)	‡
	Canada	m	m		39.0	(0.6)	†	m	m
	Chile	28.2	(4.5)		43.2	(0.9)		15.0	(4.8)
	Colombia	44.4	(1.8)		45.1	(0.9)		0.7	(2.1)
	Czech Republic	24.0	(2.1)	†	31.3	(1.0)	†	7.3	(2.4)	†
	Denmark	c	c		35.6	(0.9)	†	c	c
	Estonia	c	c		34.8	(0.7)		c	c
	Finland	m	m		36.6	(0.9)	†	m	m
	France	17.6	(2.0)		29.2	(0.8)		11.6	(2.1)
	Germany	34.7	(3.7)	†	32.5	(0.9)	†	-2.3	(3.9)	†
	Greece	23.5	(1.9)		42.4	(0.8)		19.0	(2.2)
	Hungary	37.4	(3.2)		26.0	(1.0)		-11.4	(3.4)
	Iceland	m	m		39.9	(0.9)	†	m	m
	Ireland	6.2	(3.4)		36.8	(0.9)		30.5	(3.5)
	Israel	m	m		46.6	(0.8)	†	m	m
	Italy	26.5	(1.1)	†	42.3	(1.5)		15.8	(1.9)	†
	Japan	37.7	(2.8)	†	46.1	(1.0)		8.4	(2.9)	†
	Korea	35.1	(3.0)		38.3	(0.7)		3.1	(3.1)
	Latvia	37.1	(7.9)	†	34.7	(0.8)		-2.4	(7.8)	†
	Lithuania	35.8	(5.5)	†	40.6	(0.8)	†	4.8	(5.7)	†
	Luxembourg	45.9	(2.0)		43.8	(0.8)		-2.1	(2.0)
	Mexico	37.0	(1.5)		41.9	(0.8)	†	4.9	(1.7)	†
	Netherlands*	14.8	(2.1)	‡	27.9	(0.9)	†	13.1	(2.2)	‡
	New Zealand	m	m		31.6	(0.7)		m	m
	Norway	m	m		40.0	(0.9)	†	m	m
	Poland	c	c		34.5	(0.9)		c	c
	Portugal*	19.3	(2.1)		42.1	(1.1)		22.7	(2.3)
	Slovak Republic	44.5	(7.9)	†	30.2	(0.9)	†	-14.3	(8.0)	†
	Slovenia	27.9	(0.6)		28.3	(1.3)	†	0.5	(1.5)	†
	Spain	40.6	(5.3)	†	35.1	(0.4)		-5.5	(5.3)	†
	Sweden	m	m		33.5	(0.9)	†	m	m
	Switzerland	25.0	(2.9)		30.3	(0.8)	†	5.3	(3.1)	†
	Turkey	44.4	(1.7)		59.1	(0.9)		14.7	(1.9)
	United Kingdom	24.5	(8.3)	†	33.5	(0.8)		9.0	(8.3)	†
	United States*	m	m		38.0	(1.0)		m	m
	OECD average	30.2	(0.8)		37.3	(0.2)		7.2	(0.8)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.1 [8/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation

Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports;

		Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job
		By type of programme
		Vocational			General or modular			General or modular - Vocational
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	51.8	(0.9)		52.3	(1.5)		0.5	(1.8)
	Argentina	43.5	(2.0)		49.9	(0.8)		6.3	(2.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		59.9	(0.9)	†	m	m
	Belarus	28.5	(2.5)		36.9	(0.8)		8.4	(2.6)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	38.2	(1.3)		36.6	(1.5)		-1.6	(1.9)
	Brazil	48.5	(2.8)		52.5	(0.7)	†	4.0	(3.0)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	80.6	(2.7)	†	68.8	(0.6)		-11.9	(2.7)	†
	B-S-J-Z (China)	37.5	(2.2)		47.8	(0.7)		10.3	(2.2)
	Bulgaria	34.2	(1.6)	†	46.1	(1.3)	†	11.9	(2.1)	†
	Costa Rica	45.4	(2.0)		48.7	(0.8)		3.4	(2.2)
	Croatia	25.6	(1.0)		40.6	(1.3)		15.0	(1.6)
	Cyprus	13.5	(1.4)	†	43.6	(1.0)		30.1	(1.8)	†
	Dominican Republic	57.7	(3.1)		64.2	(0.9)	†	6.5	(3.2)	†
	Georgia	m	m		47.6	(1.0)	†	m	m
	Hong Kong (China)*	m	m		38.3	(0.7)		m	m
	Indonesia	58.6	(3.6)		65.3	(1.0)		6.7	(3.8)
	Jordan	m	m		60.3	(0.9)		m	m
	Kazakhstan	30.8	(2.4)		44.0	(0.6)		13.2	(2.6)
	Kosovo	46.0	(1.3)		60.7	(1.1)		14.8	(1.7)
	Lebanon	m	m		58.0	(1.1)	†	m	m
	Macao (China)	19.3	(4.4)		41.7	(0.9)		22.4	(4.5)
	Malaysia	33.4	(2.8)		43.5	(0.8)		10.1	(2.9)
	Malta	m	m		40.0	(1.0)		m	m
	Moldova	32.9	(4.8)		45.0	(0.7)		12.0	(4.9)
	Montenegro	40.4	(0.6)		42.9	(1.4)		2.5	(1.6)
	Morocco	m	m		62.2	(0.9)	†	m	m
	North Macedonia	40.5	(1.1)	†	51.7	(1.0)		11.2	(1.6)	†
	Panama	45.5	(1.7)	†	56.5	(1.1)	†	11.0	(1.9)	†
	Peru	m	m		50.8	(1.0)	†	m	m
	Philippines	m	m		64.1	(0.9)		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		61.7	(0.4)		m	m
	Romania	43.9	(2.8)		38.8	(1.0)		-5.1	(3.0)
	Russia	29.4	(5.2)		41.6	(0.7)		12.1	(5.4)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		68.3	(0.7)		m	m
	Serbia	33.2	(1.3)		49.8	(2.0)		16.6	(2.4)
	Singapore	m	m		41.9	(0.6)		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	26.8	(1.9)		29.7	(1.0)		2.9	(2.1)
	Thailand	40.1	(2.1)	†	56.1	(1.0)		15.9	(2.3)	†
	Ukraine	38.2	(2.3)		46.9	(0.9)		8.7	(2.4)
	United Arab Emirates	72.0	(2.5)		61.7	(0.5)		-10.4	(2.4)
	Uruguay	32.0	(4.3)		48.4	(0.9)	†	16.3	(4.5)	†
	Viet Nam	m	m		53.2	(1.0)		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.5 [1/4]. Factors that influence students’ career and education expectations, by socio-economic status

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who considered that the following was important or very important in their decision about their future occupation:
		Their school grades
		All students			By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS)1
					Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - Bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	85.7	(0.4)		81.8	(0.9)		84.7	(0.8)		87.6	(0.7)		88.6	(0.6)		6.8	(1.1)
	Austria	80.7	(0.7)		83.6	(1.1)		82.3	(1.3)		82.4	(1.2)		75.2	(1.3)		-8.4	(1.7)
	Belgium	83.1	(0.5)		83.4	(1.1)	†	83.6	(1.0)		82.3	(1.0)		83.4	(1.0)		0.0	(1.5)	†
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Colombia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Denmark	81.0	(0.7)		79.8	(1.3)		80.7	(1.2)		82.6	(1.1)		80.8	(1.2)		0.9	(1.7)
	Estonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Finland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Greece	65.0	(0.7)		65.1	(1.3)		65.4	(1.1)		65.3	(1.1)		64.3	(1.5)		-0.8	(1.9)
	Hungary	78.1	(0.7)		73.2	(1.7)		79.7	(1.4)		81.5	(1.1)		78.1	(1.2)		4.9	(1.9)
	Iceland	81.0	(0.6)		75.8	(1.6)		79.9	(1.6)		82.2	(1.3)		85.5	(1.4)		9.7	(2.2)
	Ireland	84.8	(0.5)		79.6	(1.1)		85.5	(0.9)		85.1	(1.0)		89.0	(0.9)		9.4	(1.5)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	64.3	(0.8)		62.4	(1.1)		66.3	(1.4)		63.8	(1.4)		64.4	(1.4)		2.0	(1.7)
	Japan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	86.5	(0.5)		82.5	(1.0)		86.2	(0.8)		87.2	(0.9)		90.1	(0.8)		7.7	(1.0)
	Latvia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lithuania	61.3	(0.7)		59.1	(1.4)		62.6	(1.3)		62.1	(1.3)		62.0	(1.3)		2.9	(2.0)
	Luxembourg	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Mexico	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Netherlands*	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	New Zealand	84.7	(0.5)		81.2	(1.2)		82.9	(1.1)		86.3	(0.8)		88.2	(0.7)		6.9	(1.4)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	63.1	(0.7)		59.4	(1.4)		62.9	(1.4)		63.7	(1.2)		65.8	(1.5)		6.4	(2.0)
	Portugal*	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Slovak Republic	63.8	(0.7)		58.9	(1.6)	†	64.0	(1.6)		66.2	(1.3)		65.3	(1.5)		6.4	(2.2)	†
	Slovenia	73.5	(0.7)		69.8	(1.5)		74.6	(1.2)		72.8	(1.6)		76.5	(1.5)		6.7	(2.0)
	Spain	84.6	(0.3)		81.4	(0.7)		84.0	(0.6)		85.4	(0.5)		87.4	(0.6)		6.0	(1.0)
	Sweden	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Switzerland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Turkey	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Kingdom	90.1	(0.5)	†	89.7	(1.1)	†	90.1	(1.1)	†	89.4	(0.9)	†	91.1	(0.9)		1.3	(1.3)	†
	United States*	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	OECD average	77.1	(0.2)		74.5	(0.3)		77.4	(0.3)		78.0	(0.3)		78.6	(0.3)		4.0	(0.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Only countries and economies that distributed the educational career questionnaire are shown.

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.5 [2/4]. Factors that influence students’ career and education expectations, by socio-economic status

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who considered that the following was important or very important in their decision about their future occupation:
		Their school grades
		All students			By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS)
					Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - Bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	86.6	(0.6)		84.1	(0.9)		86.4	(1.0)		86.5	(1.1)		89.4	(1.0)		5.2	(1.4)
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	80.9	(0.6)	†	77.6	(1.2)	†	81.4	(1.1)	†	81.1	(1.1)	†	83.2	(1.1)		5.6	(1.7)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	91.2	(0.4)		87.1	(0.9)		92.3	(0.7)		90.7	(0.7)		94.6	(0.6)		7.5	(1.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	63.0	(1.0)	†	56.0	(2.4)	†	63.2	(1.6)	†	63.0	(1.4)	†	68.8	(1.6)		12.8	(2.8)	†
	Costa Rica	92.6	(0.4)		92.1	(1.0)		92.2	(0.7)		92.7	(0.7)		93.3	(0.6)		1.3	(1.2)
	Croatia	72.8	(0.6)		70.3	(1.1)		73.6	(1.4)		72.3	(1.3)		75.0	(0.9)		4.7	(1.4)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)*	81.7	(0.5)		78.4	(1.4)		82.3	(1.1)		81.3	(1.2)		85.3	(0.9)		6.9	(1.7)
	Indonesia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Jordan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	73.5	(0.5)		74.9	(0.8)		74.6	(1.0)		73.0	(0.9)		71.7	(1.0)		-3.3	(1.2)
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	84.8	(0.7)		83.4	(1.6)		86.2	(1.3)		83.6	(1.5)		86.4	(1.2)		3.0	(1.9)
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Morocco	81.4	(0.7)		80.3	(1.1)		81.7	(1.2)		79.8	(1.0)		84.0	(1.2)		3.8	(1.5)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	89.0	(0.6)		90.7	(1.1)	†	89.8	(1.1)	†	89.3	(1.1)		86.7	(1.0)		-4.0	(1.4)	†
	Peru	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Romania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	70.1	(0.7)	†	66.2	(1.7)	†	72.9	(1.3)	†	69.6	(1.3)	†	71.5	(1.3)		5.3	(2.1)	†
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	74.5	(0.7)		68.8	(1.2)		74.0	(1.2)		77.0	(1.1)		78.4	(1.6)		9.6	(2.0)
	Thailand	87.7	(0.6)		86.9	(0.9)		88.1	(1.1)		88.1	(1.0)		87.9	(0.9)		1.0	(1.3)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Only countries and economies that distributed the educational career questionnaire are shown.

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.5 [3/4]. Factors that influence students’ career and education expectations, by socio-economic status

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who considered that the following was important or very important in their decision about their future occupation:
		The school subjects they are good at
		All students			By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS)
					Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - Bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	87.5	(0.4)		82.6	(0.8)		87.4	(0.7)		89.6	(0.6)		90.4	(0.5)		7.8	(1.0)
	Austria	79.6	(0.7)		80.2	(1.5)		79.6	(1.2)		81.8	(1.2)		77.4	(1.2)		-2.8	(1.9)
	Belgium	83.9	(0.5)		80.7	(1.3)	†	82.6	(0.9)		84.0	(0.9)		88.2	(0.8)		7.4	(1.4)	†
	Canada	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chile	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Colombia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Denmark	82.5	(0.6)		78.2	(1.3)		81.5	(1.2)		84.9	(1.0)		84.9	(1.1)		6.7	(1.9)
	Estonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Finland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	France	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Germany	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Greece	74.3	(0.7)		71.1	(1.4)		73.0	(1.3)		75.6	(1.2)		77.3	(1.2)		6.3	(1.7)
	Hungary	80.6	(0.7)		72.4	(1.4)		80.4	(1.3)		83.4	(1.3)		85.8	(1.0)		13.4	(1.6)
	Iceland	83.2	(0.7)		78.0	(1.8)		81.2	(1.4)		85.5	(1.3)		87.5	(1.3)		9.5	(2.1)
	Ireland	86.8	(0.5)		81.2	(1.0)		87.3	(0.9)		87.8	(1.0)		90.8	(0.9)		9.5	(1.4)
	Israel	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Italy	68.2	(0.8)		64.8	(1.4)		67.9	(1.4)		69.6	(1.3)		70.4	(1.3)		5.5	(1.9)
	Japan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	85.5	(0.5)		80.9	(1.0)		84.8	(0.9)		86.9	(0.9)		89.3	(0.7)		8.4	(1.0)
	Latvia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lithuania	67.7	(0.7)		62.1	(1.3)		68.3	(1.1)		69.6	(1.3)		71.3	(1.3)		9.2	(1.9)
	Luxembourg	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Mexico	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Netherlands*	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	New Zealand	86.4	(0.5)		82.6	(1.1)		84.4	(1.0)		87.5	(0.8)		91.3	(0.6)		8.8	(1.1)
	Norway	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Poland	69.4	(0.7)		62.6	(1.4)		67.8	(1.4)		70.2	(1.3)		76.4	(1.3)		13.8	(1.7)
	Portugal*	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Slovak Republic	66.8	(0.7)		58.1	(1.8)	†	66.2	(1.4)		69.5	(1.3)		71.7	(1.2)		13.6	(2.2)	†
	Slovenia	73.3	(0.8)		66.8	(1.4)		70.6	(1.3)		75.8	(1.5)		79.8	(1.4)		12.9	(1.9)
	Spain	85.6	(0.3)		81.7	(0.7)		84.9	(0.7)		86.9	(0.5)		88.7	(0.6)		6.9	(0.9)
	Sweden	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Switzerland	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Turkey	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Kingdom	87.4	(0.6)	†	84.0	(1.4)	†	86.3	(1.2)	†	87.6	(1.0)	†	91.6	(1.0)		7.6	(1.7)	†
	United States*	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	OECD average	79.3	(0.2)		74.6	(0.3)		78.5	(0.3)		81.0	(0.3)		83.1	(0.3)		8.5	(0.4)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Only countries and economies that distributed the educational career questionnaire are shown.

Statlink

Table II.B1.6.5 [4/4]. Factors that influence students’ career and education expectations, by socio-economic status

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of students who considered that the following was important or very important in their decision about their future occupation:
		The school subjects they are good at
		All students			By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS)
					Bottom quarter			Second quarter			Third quarter			Top quarter			Top - Bottom quarter
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	86.6	(0.6)		83.9	(1.0)		86.4	(1.1)		86.3	(1.1)		90.1	(0.9)		6.2	(1.2)
	Argentina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	81.6	(0.5)	†	77.0	(1.3)	†	82.9	(1.0)	†	81.2	(1.1)	†	84.7	(0.8)		7.7	(1.5)	†
	Brunei Darussalam	89.4	(0.4)		86.0	(0.8)		89.6	(0.9)		89.1	(0.8)		93.0	(0.6)		7.0	(1.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	65.8	(1.1)	†	57.6	(2.4)	†	64.5	(2.0)	†	67.1	(1.8)	†	73.0	(1.4)	†	15.4	(2.7)	†
	Costa Rica	90.1	(0.5)		89.1	(0.9)		88.3	(0.9)		90.8	(0.8)		92.1	(0.8)		3.0	(1.2)
	Croatia	73.4	(0.7)		69.2	(1.2)		73.1	(1.4)		73.4	(1.3)		77.6	(1.0)		8.4	(1.6)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)*	84.4	(0.5)		80.1	(1.1)		83.9	(1.1)		86.7	(1.0)		87.5	(0.8)		7.3	(1.4)
	Indonesia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Jordan	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Kazakhstan	82.7	(0.4)		80.1	(0.7)		83.0	(0.7)		83.6	(0.6)		84.3	(0.8)		4.2	(1.0)
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malaysia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Malta	87.2	(0.6)		85.7	(1.3)		88.8	(1.3)		86.4	(1.4)		88.0	(1.2)		2.2	(1.9)
	Moldova	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Montenegro	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Morocco	80.8	(0.7)		79.1	(1.0)		80.1	(1.5)		79.4	(0.9)		84.4	(1.2)		5.3	(1.5)
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	88.4	(0.6)	†	88.9	(1.4)	†	87.2	(1.2)	†	88.6	(1.0)		88.9	(1.0)		0.1	(1.5)	†
	Peru	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Romania	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	72.5	(0.7)	†	68.6	(1.5)	†	73.8	(1.4)	†	71.7	(1.1)	†	75.4	(1.2)		6.7	(1.8)	†
	Singapore	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Chinese Taipei	81.4	(0.6)		75.9	(1.1)		80.3	(1.2)		84.1	(0.9)		85.5	(1.2)		9.6	(1.6)
	Thailand	86.6	(0.6)		85.1	(1.0)		86.1	(1.1)		86.6	(1.0)		88.7	(1.0)		3.6	(1.4)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Only countries and economies that distributed the educational career questionnaire are shown.

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.3 [1/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018)

		Boys
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	494	(2.4)		369	(4.1)		496	(2.5)		616	(4.1)
	Austria	505	(3.9)		376	(6.2)		509	(4.8)		630	(4.4)
	Belgium	514	(2.9)		381	(5.4)		520	(3.5)		636	(3.9)
	Canada	514	(2.5)		391	(3.5)		516	(3.1)		635	(3.4)
	Chile	421	(3.3)		310	(4.6)		420	(4.0)		536	(4.5)
	Colombia	401	(3.8)		296	(5.4)		398	(4.5)		513	(5.0)
	Czech Republic	501	(2.9)		378	(4.6)		502	(3.6)		623	(4.2)
	Denmark	511	(2.3)		399	(3.7)		514	(2.8)		619	(3.7)
	Estonia	528	(2.2)		420	(3.8)		529	(2.9)		636	(4.2)
	Finland	504	(2.5)		392	(4.6)		506	(3.0)		615	(3.6)
	France	499	(2.7)		370	(4.2)		505	(3.3)		619	(3.6)
	Germany	503	(3.0)		372	(4.5)		508	(4.2)		628	(3.8)
	Greece	452	(3.9)		329	(5.3)		453	(4.5)		572	(4.8)
	Hungary	486	(3.0)		363	(5.3)		488	(3.8)		604	(3.9)
	Iceland	490	(2.5)		362	(5.8)		494	(3.4)		610	(4.2)
	Ireland	503	(2.9)		397	(4.3)		505	(3.4)		607	(4.2)
	Israel	458	(5.2)		297	(8.5)		463	(6.0)		610	(5.3)
	Italy	494	(3.3)		364	(6.0)		499	(4.0)		616	(4.4)
	Japan	532	(3.4)		411	(5.0)		537	(4.1)		646	(5.0)
	Korea	528	(4.1)		390	(6.0)		533	(4.5)		657	(6.3)
	Latvia	500	(2.2)		392	(3.6)		500	(2.8)		607	(4.7)
	Lithuania	480	(2.4)		356	(4.6)		481	(3.0)		604	(4.2)
	Luxembourg	487	(1.5)		355	(3.7)		490	(2.9)		616	(3.4)
	Mexico	415	(2.9)		315	(5.0)		413	(3.2)		518	(4.3)
	Netherlands*	520	(3.5)		392	(6.3)		525	(4.4)		642	(4.9)
	New Zealand	499	(2.5)		372	(4.1)		500	(3.2)		623	(3.8)
	Norway	497	(2.5)		370	(4.8)		501	(3.2)		618	(3.8)
	Poland	516	(2.9)		394	(4.6)		518	(3.9)		635	(4.7)
	Portugal*	497	(3.0)		361	(4.4)		501	(3.8)		624	(4.5)
	Slovak Republic	488	(3.2)		355	(6.3)		492	(4.0)		617	(4.2)
	Slovenia	509	(1.9)		390	(4.1)		511	(2.4)		625	(4.5)
	Spain	485	(2.1)		365	(3.2)		487	(2.3)		600	(2.6)
	Sweden	502	(3.1)		380	(6.1)		504	(3.8)		620	(4.4)
	Switzerland	519	(3.0)		394	(4.5)		521	(3.9)		641	(5.0)
	Turkey	456	(3.2)		342	(5.5)		453	(3.7)		575	(5.0)
	United Kingdom	508	(3.2)		384	(5.0)		511	(4.1)		628	(4.9)
	United States*	482	(3.9)		356	(5.4)		485	(4.2)		605	(6.0)
	OECD average-36b	491	(0.5)		368	(0.8)		494	(0.6)		611	(0.7)
	OECD average-37	492	(0.5)		369	(0.8)		494	(0.6)		612	(0.7)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.3 [2/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018)

		Boys
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	435	(2.8)		329	(4.0)		433	(3.3)		545	(5.4)
	Argentina	387	(3.2)		275	(5.5)		387	(3.5)		501	(5.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	423	(3.1)		304	(4.5)		422	(3.6)		546	(5.0)
	Belarus	475	(3.2)		349	(5.1)		476	(3.8)		600	(4.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	408	(3.3)		303	(4.0)		403	(4.0)		520	(5.1)
	Brazil	388	(2.6)		277	(3.2)		380	(3.0)		510	(4.9)
	Brunei Darussalam	426	(1.7)		307	(2.7)		421	(2.5)		557	(3.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	597	(2.9)		488	(5.7)		602	(3.0)		698	(3.6)
	Bulgaria	435	(4.9)		308	(6.7)		433	(5.0)		568	(7.3)
	Costa Rica	411	(3.1)		318	(4.5)		410	(3.3)		507	(5.7)
	Croatia	469	(3.0)		355	(4.8)		467	(3.5)		586	(4.2)
	Cyprus	447	(1.9)		314	(3.5)		449	(2.9)		575	(3.5)
	Dominican Republic	324	(3.0)		234	(3.3)		319	(3.6)		419	(5.9)
	Georgia	396	(3.3)		280	(4.4)		392	(3.3)		518	(6.2)
	Hong Kong (China)*	548	(3.6)		417	(6.7)		555	(4.2)		670	(4.5)
	Indonesia	374	(3.6)		277	(5.5)		370	(4.2)		474	(6.2)
	Jordan	397	(5.2)		281	(7.1)		398	(6.1)		511	(5.4)
	Kazakhstan	424	(2.0)		310	(3.1)		422	(2.6)		540	(3.4)
	Kosovo	368	(2.1)		267	(3.2)		365	(2.6)		474	(4.0)
	Lebanon	394	(5.0)		254	(5.7)		390	(6.9)		538	(5.6)
	Macao (China)	560	(2.2)		451	(4.4)		562	(2.9)		664	(3.9)
	Malaysia	437	(3.5)		330	(4.1)		434	(3.6)		550	(5.7)
	Malta	466	(2.4)		321	(5.3)		471	(3.9)		603	(4.3)
	Moldova	420	(2.7)		294	(4.1)		418	(4.0)		547	(4.7)
	Montenegro	434	(1.9)		323	(2.8)		433	(2.5)		546	(3.2)
	Morocco	368	(3.7)		274	(3.8)		362	(4.0)		473	(5.1)
	North Macedonia	391	(1.9)		271	(3.5)		390	(2.8)		513	(4.3)
	Panama	357	(3.4)		257	(5.2)		355	(3.4)		461	(5.8)
	Peru	408	(3.3)		299	(4.1)		404	(3.4)		525	(5.2)
	Philippines	346	(4.0)		247	(5.0)		341	(3.8)		455	(7.5)
	Qatar	402	(1.4)		272	(2.8)		393	(1.9)		548	(3.0)
	Romania	432	(4.9)		308	(6.0)		430	(5.7)		561	(7.1)
	Russia	490	(3.2)		375	(5.2)		493	(4.0)		602	(4.1)
	Saudi Arabia	367	(3.8)		263	(4.7)		364	(4.6)		475	(5.1)
	Serbia	450	(3.9)		323	(5.6)		446	(4.9)		582	(4.7)
	Singapore	571	(1.6)		436	(3.1)		580	(2.8)		691	(2.8)
	Chinese Taipei	533	(4.3)		391	(4.8)		540	(4.5)		662	(6.5)
	Thailand	410	(4.9)		299	(5.3)		405	(5.1)		530	(8.8)
	Ukraine	456	(4.3)		329	(5.6)		459	(4.8)		580	(6.1)
	United Arab Emirates	430	(2.4)		285	(3.9)		426	(3.2)		583	(3.5)
	Uruguay	422	(3.3)		309	(5.1)		423	(4.2)		537	(5.2)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.3 [3/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018)

		Girls
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	488	(2.5)		373	(3.0)		489	(2.9)		603	(3.3)
	Austria	492	(3.8)		371	(6.1)		498	(4.8)		603	(4.0)
	Belgium	502	(2.7)		372	(4.5)		509	(3.5)		620	(3.4)
	Canada	510	(2.7)		393	(3.5)		511	(3.3)		624	(3.2)
	Chile	414	(2.7)		312	(4.2)		412	(3.5)		520	(4.0)
	Colombia	381	(3.1)		285	(4.4)		378	(3.3)		483	(5.2)
	Czech Republic	498	(3.2)		378	(6.4)		500	(3.6)		615	(4.0)
	Denmark	507	(2.3)		402	(3.4)		509	(2.8)		608	(3.7)
	Estonia	519	(2.0)		419	(3.8)		519	(3.1)		620	(3.2)
	Finland	510	(2.2)		407	(4.3)		514	(3.4)		609	(3.5)
	France	492	(2.8)		370	(4.8)		498	(4.0)		603	(3.6)
	Germany	496	(3.1)		374	(6.0)		500	(4.1)		613	(3.7)
	Greece	451	(3.2)		339	(5.5)		454	(3.5)		557	(4.1)
	Hungary	477	(3.2)		356	(5.4)		480	(4.1)		591	(5.0)
	Iceland	500	(2.9)		386	(5.7)		504	(3.5)		608	(4.5)
	Ireland	497	(2.7)		397	(4.0)		499	(3.2)		592	(3.5)
	Israel	467	(3.5)		334	(5.6)		473	(4.3)		591	(4.1)
	Italy	479	(3.1)		362	(6.5)		481	(3.8)		591	(4.7)
	Japan	522	(2.9)		414	(5.3)		525	(3.7)		626	(3.9)
	Korea	524	(4.0)		397	(6.8)		527	(4.3)		645	(5.6)
	Latvia	493	(2.5)		393	(4.1)		494	(3.2)		592	(3.8)
	Lithuania	482	(2.7)		369	(4.1)		485	(3.5)		592	(3.8)
	Luxembourg	480	(1.7)		352	(4.2)		481	(2.5)		605	(3.5)
	Mexico	403	(2.7)		307	(3.9)		403	(3.0)		500	(4.5)
	Netherlands*	519	(2.7)		396	(5.6)		524	(3.5)		632	(4.5)
	New Zealand	490	(2.3)		373	(4.1)		492	(2.8)		605	(3.7)
	Norway	505	(2.6)		392	(4.3)		507	(3.3)		615	(4.6)
	Poland	515	(3.1)		402	(4.2)		516	(3.4)		627	(5.8)
	Portugal*	488	(3.1)		363	(5.0)		493	(3.8)		602	(4.4)
	Slovak Republic	484	(3.2)		352	(6.7)		491	(4.5)		605	(4.3)
	Slovenia	509	(1.8)		395	(4.1)		511	(2.7)		619	(4.4)
	Spain	478	(1.5)		365	(2.7)		482	(1.7)		586	(2.2)
	Sweden	503	(3.1)		386	(5.2)		506	(3.9)		616	(4.5)
	Switzerland	512	(3.5)		389	(4.7)		515	(4.3)		631	(5.1)
	Turkey	451	(2.9)		343	(4.7)		447	(3.3)		567	(4.8)
	United Kingdom	496	(3.0)		378	(4.9)		497	(3.3)		612	(4.0)
	United States*	474	(3.3)		358	(5.2)		474	(3.8)		590	(5.3)
	OECD average-36b	487	(0.5)		372	(0.8)		489	(0.6)		598	(0.7)
	OECD average-37	487	(0.5)		372	(0.8)		489	(0.6)		598	(0.7)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.3 [4/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018)

		Girls
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	440	(2.7)		336	(4.1)		440	(3.5)		542	(3.5)
	Argentina	372	(2.7)		270	(4.2)		371	(3.2)		477	(3.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	416	(3.2)		308	(4.2)		415	(3.5)		524	(5.1)
	Belarus	469	(3.1)		353	(4.0)		470	(3.8)		584	(4.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	405	(3.7)		303	(4.3)		404	(4.2)		509	(5.3)
	Brazil	379	(2.0)		276	(3.0)		374	(2.7)		492	(4.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	434	(1.3)		326	(3.5)		429	(2.0)		553	(3.0)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	586	(2.6)		485	(4.4)		590	(2.8)		682	(4.3)
	Bulgaria	437	(3.9)		317	(5.5)		436	(4.8)		558	(5.5)
	Costa Rica	394	(4.5)		300	(4.6)		392	(4.3)		490	(8.2)
	Croatia	460	(3.4)		352	(4.6)		460	(3.8)		568	(5.2)
	Cyprus	455	(1.7)		338	(3.7)		459	(2.7)		567	(3.2)
	Dominican Republic	327	(2.9)		239	(3.3)		325	(3.5)		416	(5.0)
	Georgia	400	(2.6)		293	(3.7)		397	(3.2)		512	(4.5)
	Hong Kong (China)*	554	(3.4)		435	(6.7)		559	(3.8)		664	(4.5)
	Indonesia	383	(3.5)		286	(5.1)		380	(3.5)		485	(7.2)
	Jordan	403	(3.1)		302	(4.4)		402	(3.4)		505	(5.5)
	Kazakhstan	422	(2.6)		317	(3.3)		422	(2.9)		530	(3.8)
	Kosovo	364	(1.9)		270	(4.2)		363	(2.9)		457	(4.2)
	Lebanon	393	(4.0)		259	(5.5)		392	(4.7)		529	(4.9)
	Macao (China)	556	(2.2)		453	(4.8)		559	(3.1)		654	(3.5)
	Malaysia	443	(3.2)		340	(4.2)		442	(3.5)		549	(5.6)
	Malta	478	(2.7)		353	(5.2)		484	(3.6)		595	(4.8)
	Moldova	422	(2.9)		305	(4.2)		420	(3.0)		539	(6.2)
	Montenegro	425	(2.2)		324	(3.3)		425	(3.1)		528	(3.3)
	Morocco	367	(3.4)		273	(3.8)		365	(3.9)		466	(5.3)
	North Macedonia	398	(2.1)		280	(3.8)		398	(3.4)		519	(4.3)
	Panama	349	(3.0)		254	(4.2)		348	(3.6)		446	(5.9)
	Peru	392	(2.6)		288	(4.1)		390	(3.1)		496	(4.1)
	Philippines	358	(3.7)		264	(4.3)		356	(3.5)		457	(6.1)
	Qatar	426	(1.5)		316	(2.4)		425	(1.9)		539	(3.5)
	Romania	427	(5.6)		312	(6.4)		427	(6.6)		546	(7.8)
	Russia	485	(3.1)		378	(4.5)		487	(3.3)		592	(4.7)
	Saudi Arabia	380	(4.0)		286	(5.5)		379	(4.2)		475	(4.8)
	Serbia	447	(3.4)		326	(4.5)		446	(4.4)		570	(4.0)
	Singapore	567	(2.3)		446	(4.1)		574	(2.7)		678	(4.0)
	Chinese Taipei	529	(4.1)		403	(5.7)		534	(4.3)		649	(6.7)
	Thailand	426	(3.7)		320	(3.8)		422	(3.9)		539	(6.6)
	Ukraine	449	(3.9)		333	(5.7)		449	(4.6)		566	(6.2)
	United Arab Emirates	439	(2.8)		315	(3.6)		438	(3.5)		566	(4.0)
	Uruguay	414	(3.0)		306	(4.2)		415	(3.7)		520	(4.8)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.3 [5/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018)

		Gender differences (girls - boys)
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	-6	(3.0)		4	(3.9)		-7	(3.7)		-13	(4.5)
	Austria	-13	(5.1)		-5	(8.3)		-11	(6.5)		-27	(5.3)
	Belgium	-12	(3.3)		-9	(5.7)		-11	(4.6)		-17	(4.1)
	Canada	-5	(2.3)		2	(3.7)		-5	(3.3)		-11	(3.8)
	Chile	-7	(3.6)		2	(5.4)		-8	(4.6)		-16	(5.1)
	Colombia	-20	(3.5)		-10	(6.4)		-20	(4.1)		-29	(5.8)
	Czech Republic	-4	(3.6)		0	(6.3)		-2	(5.0)		-9	(4.8)
	Denmark	-4	(2.9)		3	(4.9)		-5	(3.5)		-11	(5.1)
	Estonia	-8	(2.5)		-1	(5.2)		-9	(3.7)		-16	(5.2)
	Finland	6	(2.6)		15	(5.4)		8	(4.0)		-6	(4.3)
	France	-6	(2.9)		0	(5.6)		-7	(4.5)		-16	(4.2)
	Germany	-7	(2.9)		2	(6.2)		-8	(4.6)		-15	(4.2)
	Greece	0	(3.6)		10	(6.0)		2	(4.5)		-15	(5.1)
	Hungary	-9	(4.1)		-7	(7.5)		-8	(5.3)		-13	(4.9)
	Iceland	10	(3.7)		24	(8.3)		9	(4.8)		-3	(6.4)
	Ireland	-6	(3.4)		0	(5.0)		-6	(4.4)		-15	(5.0)
	Israel	9	(5.4)		37	(9.6)		10	(6.2)		-19	(5.7)
	Italy	-16	(3.5)		-2	(7.8)		-18	(4.2)		-25	(4.8)
	Japan	-10	(3.9)		3	(6.7)		-11	(5.0)		-20	(5.0)
	Korea	-4	(5.3)		7	(8.9)		-5	(5.9)		-13	(7.4)
	Latvia	-7	(2.6)		1	(4.2)		-6	(3.7)		-16	(5.8)
	Lithuania	2	(3.3)		13	(6.1)		4	(4.6)		-12	(5.3)
	Luxembourg	-7	(2.3)		-2	(5.0)		-8	(3.8)		-11	(4.0)
	Mexico	-12	(2.6)		-8	(5.7)		-10	(3.0)		-18	(4.8)
	Netherlands*	-1	(3.3)		5	(6.8)		-1	(5.0)		-10	(5.2)
	New Zealand	-9	(3.3)		1	(5.5)		-8	(4.0)		-18	(6.0)
	Norway	7	(2.6)		22	(5.4)		6	(3.5)		-4	(5.0)
	Poland	-1	(3.0)		8	(4.7)		-2	(4.7)		-8	(6.1)
	Portugal*	-9	(3.1)		2	(5.8)		-8	(4.5)		-22	(5.4)
	Slovak Republic	-5	(3.9)		-3	(7.8)		-1	(6.0)		-12	(6.2)
	Slovenia	-1	(2.5)		5	(5.4)		-1	(3.7)		-5	(6.8)
	Spain	-6	(2.1)		-1	(3.6)		-6	(2.6)		-14	(2.6)
	Sweden	1	(3.1)		6	(6.5)		2	(4.2)		-4	(6.0)
	Switzerland	-7	(2.9)		-5	(5.9)		-6	(4.2)		-10	(5.0)
	Turkey	-5	(4.0)		0	(7.0)		-7	(5.1)		-8	(5.6)
	United Kingdom	-12	(3.6)		-6	(5.8)		-13	(4.8)		-17	(5.8)
	United States*	-9	(3.2)		2	(5.9)		-12	(3.7)		-15	(6.7)
	OECD average-36b	-5	(0.6)		3	(1.0)		-5	(0.7)		-13	(0.9)
	OECD average-37	-5	(0.6)		3	(1.0)		-5	(0.7)		-14	(0.9)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.3 [6/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018)

		Gender differences (girls - boys)
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	5	(2.7)		7	(4.7)		7	(3.6)		-3	(5.1)
	Argentina	-15	(2.2)		-5	(4.4)		-16	(2.9)		-24	(4.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	-8	(2.8)		5	(5.4)		-7	(4.0)		-22	(4.8)
	Belarus	-6	(3.3)		4	(6.0)		-6	(4.4)		-17	(4.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	-3	(3.3)		0	(5.1)		1	(4.3)		-11	(5.8)
	Brazil	-9	(2.2)		-1	(4.1)		-6	(3.0)		-18	(5.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	8	(1.9)		18	(3.5)		8	(3.1)		-4	(4.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	-11	(2.4)		-3	(6.3)		-12	(3.0)		-16	(4.0)
	Bulgaria	2	(4.5)		9	(6.8)		4	(5.6)		-10	(6.5)
	Costa Rica	-18	(3.9)		-18	(5.7)		-18	(3.8)		-18	(7.5)
	Croatia	-9	(3.8)		-4	(5.4)		-7	(4.4)		-19	(5.7)
	Cyprus	8	(2.3)		24	(5.1)		9	(4.1)		-8	(4.5)
	Dominican Republic	3	(2.8)		5	(4.0)		6	(4.2)		-3	(4.8)
	Georgia	4	(3.0)		12	(4.4)		5	(3.7)		-5	(5.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	6	(3.6)		18	(7.3)		4	(4.9)		-6	(5.5)
	Indonesia	10	(3.3)		9	(6.6)		10	(4.3)		12	(6.7)
	Jordan	6	(5.4)		22	(8.4)		4	(6.5)		-6	(6.5)
	Kazakhstan	-1	(2.8)		7	(3.9)		0	(3.7)		-10	(3.8)
	Kosovo	-4	(2.8)		3	(4.9)		-2	(3.9)		-16	(5.0)
	Lebanon	0	(3.8)		5	(6.1)		2	(6.1)		-9	(5.4)
	Macao (China)	-4	(3.1)		2	(5.6)		-4	(4.1)		-10	(5.3)
	Malaysia	7	(3.4)		11	(5.7)		8	(3.8)		0	(5.8)
	Malta	13	(3.5)		33	(7.4)		12	(5.2)		-8	(6.2)
	Moldova	2	(2.7)		12	(5.7)		2	(4.4)		-8	(5.7)
	Montenegro	-8	(3.2)		0	(4.2)		-8	(4.2)		-19	(4.4)
	Morocco	-1	(2.5)		0	(4.1)		3	(3.0)		-7	(5.4)
	North Macedonia	7	(2.5)		9	(5.3)		8	(4.1)		6	(5.6)
	Panama	-8	(3.3)		-3	(5.7)		-7	(4.3)		-15	(5.7)
	Peru	-16	(2.9)		-11	(4.7)		-14	(3.4)		-29	(4.9)
	Philippines	12	(3.4)		17	(5.6)		14	(3.8)		2	(6.6)
	Qatar	24	(1.7)		44	(3.0)		32	(2.2)		-9	(4.6)
	Romania	-5	(3.7)		4	(6.6)		-3	(4.8)		-14	(6.1)
	Russia	-5	(2.2)		3	(4.3)		-6	(3.6)		-11	(4.8)
	Saudi Arabia	13	(5.0)		23	(6.4)		15	(5.8)		1	(6.7)
	Serbia	-3	(3.8)		3	(5.9)		0	(5.1)		-12	(5.3)
	Singapore	-4	(2.3)		9	(4.9)		-6	(3.7)		-13	(4.6)
	Chinese Taipei	-4	(6.1)		12	(7.1)		-7	(6.3)		-13	(9.5)
	Thailand	16	(5.3)		20	(5.1)		18	(5.5)		9	(9.6)
	Ukraine	-7	(3.8)		4	(7.2)		-10	(4.1)		-14	(6.8)
	United Arab Emirates	9	(3.1)		30	(4.3)		12	(4.3)		-16	(5.2)
	Uruguay	-8	(3.3)		-2	(5.9)		-8	(4.2)		-17	(6.2)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.5 [1/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018)

		Boys
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	504	(2.4)		364	(3.7)		508	(3.2)		636	(3.6)
	Austria	491	(3.8)		358	(4.5)		493	(5.3)		622	(4.5)
	Belgium	501	(2.6)		362	(5.1)		507	(3.2)		630	(3.1)
	Canada	516	(2.7)		387	(2.8)		519	(3.4)		642	(3.9)
	Chile	445	(3.2)		333	(4.5)		444	(4.2)		559	(4.1)
	Colombia	420	(3.8)		312	(5.0)		416	(4.5)		534	(4.8)
	Czech Republic	496	(3.2)		370	(5.5)		495	(3.7)		622	(4.7)
	Denmark	492	(2.5)		364	(4.7)		496	(3.3)		611	(4.0)
	Estonia	528	(2.3)		412	(4.4)		528	(3.4)		642	(4.1)
	Finland	510	(2.9)		376	(5.0)		513	(4.0)		638	(3.9)
	France	493	(2.7)		358	(4.6)		496	(3.5)		619	(4.2)
	Germany	502	(3.2)		357	(5.4)		508	(4.6)		639	(4.4)
	Greece	446	(3.8)		329	(5.5)		446	(4.4)		561	(4.6)
	Hungary	484	(3.1)		359	(5.2)		486	(4.3)		607	(4.7)
	Iceland	471	(2.3)		345	(4.5)		471	(3.6)		596	(4.7)
	Ireland	495	(3.0)		376	(5.1)		496	(3.3)		615	(4.6)
	Israel	452	(5.3)		294	(6.9)		451	(7.4)		612	(5.8)
	Italy	470	(3.0)		345	(5.1)		473	(3.4)		588	(4.4)
	Japan	531	(3.5)		399	(5.3)		537	(4.4)		651	(5.0)
	Korea	521	(3.9)		385	(5.9)		527	(4.8)		647	(4.9)
	Latvia	483	(2.2)		368	(3.9)		484	(3.3)		596	(3.6)
	Lithuania	479	(2.3)		356	(4.3)		479	(3.1)		603	(3.3)
	Luxembourg	475	(1.7)		343	(3.8)		475	(2.4)		606	(4.0)
	Mexico	424	(2.8)		331	(3.9)		419	(3.3)		524	(4.9)
	Netherlands*	499	(3.6)		358	(7.0)		502	(5.0)		637	(4.9)
	New Zealand	509	(2.9)		364	(4.9)		514	(3.8)		647	(4.0)
	Norway	485	(2.6)		345	(4.3)		489	(3.3)		617	(3.8)
	Poland	511	(2.8)		386	(4.2)		511	(3.5)		635	(4.4)
	Portugal*	494	(3.0)		367	(5.0)		496	(4.0)		616	(4.5)
	Slovak Republic	461	(2.8)		337	(4.0)		458	(4.0)		591	(4.6)
	Slovenia	502	(1.6)		382	(3.4)		504	(2.4)		620	(4.1)
	Spain	484	(1.9)		363	(2.8)		486	(2.4)		604	(2.5)
	Sweden	496	(3.2)		361	(6.0)		499	(4.1)		626	(4.3)
	Switzerland	495	(3.3)		363	(4.9)		496	(4.6)		626	(5.3)
	Turkey	465	(2.9)		354	(4.6)		463	(3.6)		580	(4.2)
	United Kingdom	506	(3.1)		374	(4.1)		508	(3.7)		636	(4.1)
	United States*	503	(3.9)		364	(6.4)		506	(4.9)		634	(5.7)
	OECD average-36b	487	(0.5)		360	(0.8)		489	(0.7)		612	(0.7)
	OECD average-37	488	(0.5)		359	(0.8)		489	(0.7)		613	(0.7)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.5 [2/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018)

		Boys
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	409	(2.5)		314	(3.5)		405	(3.4)		509	(4.0)
	Argentina	409	(3.3)		294	(5.1)		406	(4.2)		530	(5.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	395	(2.7)		299	(3.2)		392	(2.9)		496	(5.3)
	Belarus	473	(3.0)		358	(4.7)		473	(3.7)		587	(3.9)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	398	(3.1)		301	(3.6)		394	(4.0)		502	(4.3)
	Brazil	403	(2.5)		289	(2.8)		395	(3.0)		531	(4.3)
	Brunei Darussalam	427	(1.6)		309	(2.6)		415	(2.2)		569	(3.3)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	596	(2.9)		484	(5.2)		600	(3.1)		703	(3.3)
	Bulgaria	417	(4.5)		299	(5.7)		409	(5.1)		549	(6.7)
	Costa Rica	420	(3.0)		328	(3.4)		419	(3.2)		518	(5.3)
	Croatia	470	(3.5)		350	(4.9)		468	(3.9)		594	(3.8)
	Cyprus	429	(2.1)		305	(3.2)		425	(3.6)		559	(3.2)
	Dominican Republic	331	(2.8)		247	(2.8)		323	(3.0)		428	(5.8)
	Georgia	376	(2.9)		272	(4.3)		371	(3.4)		489	(5.4)
	Hong Kong (China)*	512	(3.4)		392	(5.4)		518	(4.2)		623	(4.6)
	Indonesia	393	(2.9)		309	(3.5)		387	(3.4)		487	(5.8)
	Jordan	414	(4.9)		296	(7.2)		416	(5.6)		530	(5.3)
	Kazakhstan	394	(2.0)		301	(2.8)		386	(2.4)		499	(3.9)
	Kosovo	362	(1.8)		280	(3.3)		357	(2.0)		450	(3.7)
	Lebanon	381	(4.2)		261	(4.3)		373	(5.1)		515	(6.4)
	Macao (China)	543	(2.1)		427	(4.5)		546	(3.0)		652	(3.8)
	Malaysia	434	(3.0)		334	(3.9)		432	(3.5)		538	(4.5)
	Malta	447	(2.4)		297	(5.1)		448	(3.7)		595	(4.4)
	Moldova	423	(2.6)		306	(3.8)		421	(3.9)		544	(4.0)
	Montenegro	413	(1.9)		306	(3.1)		410	(2.2)		526	(3.7)
	Morocco	372	(3.1)		289	(2.7)		366	(3.9)		467	(4.4)
	North Macedonia	404	(2.2)		288	(3.9)		402	(2.9)		524	(4.5)
	Panama	365	(3.2)		258	(4.6)		360	(3.4)		481	(7.2)
	Peru	411	(3.2)		309	(3.2)		405	(3.9)		522	(6.0)
	Philippines	355	(3.4)		270	(3.6)		344	(3.3)		461	(7.6)
	Qatar	400	(1.4)		268	(2.5)		387	(1.8)		553	(2.9)
	Romania	425	(4.6)		308	(5.4)		422	(5.7)		547	(6.3)
	Russia	477	(3.0)		366	(5.2)		477	(3.5)		588	(4.1)
	Saudi Arabia	372	(3.9)		273	(5.0)		368	(4.2)		480	(5.1)
	Serbia	437	(3.8)		317	(4.4)		434	(4.5)		564	(4.8)
	Singapore	553	(2.0)		411	(3.8)		564	(2.6)		676	(3.5)
	Chinese Taipei	516	(4.1)		377	(4.6)		523	(4.9)		645	(5.7)
	Thailand	415	(4.3)		314	(4.6)		409	(4.7)		527	(7.5)
	Ukraine	470	(3.9)		350	(5.8)		469	(4.4)		591	(4.9)
	United Arab Emirates	420	(2.1)		284	(2.0)		412	(3.2)		572	(3.5)
	Uruguay	428	(3.2)		313	(4.6)		425	(4.3)		548	(4.6)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.5 [3/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018)

		Girls
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	502	(2.0)		373	(3.4)		505	(2.5)		625	(3.4)
	Austria	489	(3.6)		366	(4.8)		493	(4.8)		606	(3.6)
	Belgium	496	(2.7)		363	(4.8)		504	(3.3)		618	(2.6)
	Canada	520	(2.5)		399	(3.3)		522	(3.0)		637	(2.9)
	Chile	442	(2.6)		338	(3.7)		441	(3.2)		548	(4.0)
	Colombia	407	(2.9)		310	(3.6)		403	(3.7)		513	(4.8)
	Czech Republic	498	(3.1)		375	(5.1)		499	(3.9)		618	(3.5)
	Denmark	494	(2.2)		379	(3.3)		495	(3.2)		605	(4.3)
	Estonia	533	(2.3)		421	(4.3)		533	(3.2)		645	(3.6)
	Finland	534	(2.9)		415	(4.6)		538	(3.5)		647	(3.9)
	France	493	(2.8)		369	(3.8)		498	(4.1)		611	(4.2)
	Germany	504	(3.3)		371	(4.7)		509	(4.7)		627	(4.0)
	Greece	457	(3.2)		348	(4.7)		460	(3.9)		561	(3.7)
	Hungary	478	(3.1)		353	(5.1)		481	(4.2)		597	(4.4)
	Iceland	479	(2.8)		365	(4.4)		480	(3.5)		593	(5.0)
	Ireland	497	(2.6)		384	(4.3)		499	(3.4)		606	(3.1)
	Israel	471	(3.5)		337	(5.3)		474	(4.3)		602	(4.1)
	Italy	466	(2.6)		351	(4.5)		467	(3.4)		577	(4.6)
	Japan	528	(3.0)		410	(5.0)		531	(3.2)		640	(3.7)
	Korea	517	(3.6)		389	(5.7)		522	(4.5)		635	(4.9)
	Latvia	491	(2.4)		387	(4.4)		493	(2.9)		594	(4.0)
	Lithuania	485	(2.1)		373	(3.9)		487	(2.9)		595	(3.3)
	Luxembourg	479	(1.7)		353	(4.0)		480	(2.5)		606	(3.3)
	Mexico	415	(2.9)		322	(4.7)		412	(3.3)		512	(4.5)
	Netherlands*	508	(3.1)		371	(4.7)		513	(4.2)		636	(4.4)
	New Zealand	508	(2.8)		378	(4.4)		510	(3.5)		632	(3.7)
	Norway	496	(2.8)		373	(4.6)		499	(3.3)		614	(4.0)
	Poland	511	(3.1)		397	(4.2)		512	(3.8)		625	(5.1)
	Portugal*	489	(3.3)		370	(5.9)		492	(3.6)		602	(4.4)
	Slovak Republic	467	(3.0)		340	(4.7)		470	(3.9)		588	(4.4)
	Slovenia	512	(2.0)		399	(4.0)		515	(2.7)		621	(3.6)
	Spain	482	(1.8)		368	(2.6)		484	(1.9)		593	(2.6)
	Sweden	503	(3.7)		376	(6.5)		507	(4.7)		622	(4.3)
	Switzerland	495	(3.3)		370	(4.6)		498	(4.2)		616	(5.0)
	Turkey	472	(2.5)		369	(4.1)		470	(3.3)		578	(5.0)
	United Kingdom	503	(3.2)		374	(5.0)		506	(3.6)		628	(4.0)
	United States*	502	(3.5)		377	(5.7)		504	(4.0)		624	(4.8)
	OECD average-36b	490	(0.5)		371	(0.8)		492	(0.6)		605	(0.7)
	OECD average-37	490	(0.5)		371	(0.8)		492	(0.6)		605	(0.7)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.5 [4/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018)

		Girls
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	425	(2.0)		335	(3.4)		425	(2.7)		517	(3.5)
	Argentina	399	(3.3)		288	(4.5)		396	(3.7)		517	(4.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	400	(2.6)		311	(3.1)		399	(2.5)		491	(4.8)
	Belarus	470	(2.8)		363	(4.1)		471	(3.3)		574	(3.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	399	(3.2)		303	(4.2)		398	(3.7)		497	(4.6)
	Brazil	404	(2.1)		297	(3.0)		398	(2.4)		523	(3.8)
	Brunei Darussalam	435	(1.6)		322	(2.8)		426	(2.2)		564	(3.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	584	(2.9)		480	(4.5)		587	(3.4)		685	(4.6)
	Bulgaria	432	(3.8)		315	(4.6)		429	(5.4)		555	(5.4)
	Costa Rica	411	(4.3)		320	(4.0)		409	(4.4)		506	(7.4)
	Croatia	474	(3.4)		361	(4.8)		474	(4.2)		587	(4.9)
	Cyprus	450	(1.9)		336	(3.2)		448	(2.8)		565	(3.1)
	Dominican Republic	340	(2.7)		254	(3.4)		336	(3.1)		433	(5.4)
	Georgia	390	(2.6)		293	(4.0)		387	(3.2)		492	(4.3)
	Hong Kong (China)*	521	(2.8)		411	(5.5)		526	(2.8)		623	(3.9)
	Indonesia	399	(2.5)		315	(3.4)		397	(3.0)		489	(5.0)
	Jordan	444	(3.0)		338	(4.2)		445	(3.8)		549	(4.3)
	Kazakhstan	401	(2.1)		313	(2.6)		396	(2.2)		497	(4.2)
	Kosovo	368	(1.4)		291	(3.2)		364	(2.3)		449	(3.1)
	Lebanon	386	(3.6)		269	(5.2)		380	(4.5)		512	(5.5)
	Macao (China)	545	(2.0)		442	(4.0)		548	(2.6)		644	(3.6)
	Malaysia	441	(3.2)		344	(3.4)		440	(3.3)		537	(6.0)
	Malta	468	(2.5)		335	(4.7)		471	(3.8)		592	(4.1)
	Moldova	434	(2.8)		324	(4.8)		432	(3.0)		547	(4.5)
	Montenegro	418	(1.6)		317	(3.2)		416	(2.0)		521	(4.0)
	Morocco	381	(3.3)		299	(4.0)		378	(4.2)		468	(4.4)
	North Macedonia	423	(2.0)		307	(4.0)		421	(3.0)		542	(4.3)
	Panama	364	(3.2)		259	(5.0)		361	(3.4)		476	(5.4)
	Peru	397	(2.7)		299	(4.2)		395	(3.2)		500	(4.8)
	Philippines	359	(3.7)		269	(3.9)		350	(3.5)		461	(7.3)
	Qatar	439	(1.5)		324	(2.9)		435	(1.5)		561	(2.7)
	Romania	426	(5.2)		315	(6.0)		425	(6.1)		541	(6.9)
	Russia	478	(3.2)		372	(4.4)		478	(3.6)		585	(4.7)
	Saudi Arabia	401	(3.4)		307	(4.5)		400	(3.9)		497	(4.6)
	Serbia	442	(3.4)		328	(4.8)		441	(4.3)		561	(4.5)
	Singapore	549	(1.9)		422	(4.2)		556	(2.6)		664	(3.3)
	Chinese Taipei	515	(4.1)		388	(4.8)		519	(4.3)		636	(7.2)
	Thailand	435	(3.6)		336	(3.5)		432	(3.9)		541	(6.0)
	Ukraine	468	(3.6)		352	(5.4)		468	(4.3)		584	(5.8)
	United Arab Emirates	447	(2.8)		326	(2.6)		444	(3.2)		572	(4.2)
	Uruguay	424	(2.7)		315	(3.9)		422	(3.6)		535	(4.5)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.5 [5/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018)

		Gender differences (girls - boys)
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	-2	(2.6)		9	(4.7)		-3	(3.5)		-11	(4.2)
	Austria	-2	(5.0)		7	(6.4)		0	(7.2)		-16	(5.3)
	Belgium	-5	(3.0)		1	(5.7)		-3	(4.0)		-12	(3.8)
	Canada	3	(2.9)		12	(3.9)		3	(3.5)		-5	(4.6)
	Chile	-3	(3.3)		5	(5.1)		-3	(4.8)		-12	(4.6)
	Colombia	-12	(2.9)		-2	(4.2)		-13	(3.6)		-21	(5.7)
	Czech Republic	2	(3.7)		5	(6.7)		4	(4.8)		-4	(5.6)
	Denmark	2	(2.8)		15	(5.0)		0	(4.2)		-6	(5.9)
	Estonia	5	(2.5)		9	(5.5)		5	(4.1)		3	(5.2)
	Finland	24	(3.0)		39	(6.0)		25	(4.6)		9	(5.1)
	France	1	(3.1)		11	(5.3)		3	(4.6)		-8	(5.1)
	Germany	1	(3.0)		15	(6.0)		1	(4.9)		-12	(5.4)
	Greece	11	(3.3)		19	(6.0)		14	(4.5)		0	(4.8)
	Hungary	-6	(4.0)		-5	(6.7)		-5	(5.9)		-10	(5.6)
	Iceland	8	(3.6)		20	(6.4)		9	(4.9)		-2	(7.2)
	Ireland	1	(3.4)		8	(6.1)		3	(4.2)		-9	(5.0)
	Israel	19	(5.3)		43	(7.6)		23	(7.5)		-10	(6.0)
	Italy	-3	(2.9)		7	(5.5)		-5	(3.8)		-11	(4.6)
	Japan	-3	(4.0)		12	(6.8)		-6	(5.0)		-10	(5.2)
	Korea	-4	(5.0)		4	(8.3)		-5	(6.5)		-12	(6.1)
	Latvia	8	(3.0)		19	(5.1)		9	(4.2)		-2	(5.2)
	Lithuania	6	(3.0)		17	(5.2)		8	(4.0)		-7	(5.0)
	Luxembourg	5	(2.3)		10	(6.1)		5	(3.5)		0	(5.1)
	Mexico	-9	(2.4)		-9	(4.2)		-7	(3.4)		-12	(4.5)
	Netherlands*	8	(3.6)		13	(7.0)		11	(5.5)		0	(5.7)
	New Zealand	-2	(3.9)		14	(6.3)		-4	(5.0)		-15	(4.9)
	Norway	11	(2.9)		27	(5.6)		10	(4.1)		-3	(5.2)
	Poland	0	(2.7)		10	(5.0)		1	(3.9)		-10	(5.0)
	Portugal*	-5	(3.1)		3	(6.5)		-4	(4.4)		-14	(5.1)
	Slovak Republic	6	(3.7)		3	(5.1)		12	(5.4)		-4	(5.9)
	Slovenia	10	(2.6)		17	(4.5)		10	(3.7)		1	(5.3)
	Spain	-2	(2.1)		5	(3.0)		-1	(2.7)		-11	(2.6)
	Sweden	8	(3.1)		15	(5.9)		9	(5.3)		-4	(5.6)
	Switzerland	0	(2.8)		7	(5.7)		3	(4.5)		-10	(5.1)
	Turkey	7	(3.6)		15	(6.2)		7	(5.0)		-2	(5.1)
	United Kingdom	-2	(3.6)		0	(5.0)		-2	(4.9)		-8	(5.4)
	United States*	-1	(3.3)		13	(6.4)		-2	(4.5)		-11	(6.7)
	OECD average-36b	2	(0.5)		11	(1.0)		3	(0.8)		-7	(0.9)
	OECD average-37	2	(0.5)		11	(1.0)		3	(0.8)		-7	(0.9)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.7.5 [6/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018)

		Gender differences (girls - boys)
		Mean			10th percentile			Median (50th percentile)			90th percentile
		Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	16	(2.4)		20	(4.4)		20	(3.5)		8	(4.2)
	Argentina	-10	(3.2)		-6	(5.3)		-10	(3.9)		-13	(6.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	5	(2.4)		12	(3.6)		7	(3.5)		-5	(4.7)
	Belarus	-3	(3.0)		6	(5.0)		-2	(4.0)		-14	(4.1)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1	(3.0)		2	(4.3)		4	(4.2)		-6	(4.6)
	Brazil	2	(2.1)		8	(3.4)		3	(3.0)		-8	(3.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	7	(2.1)		12	(3.8)		11	(3.2)		-5	(4.2)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	-12	(2.2)		-4	(5.4)		-13	(3.3)		-19	(3.8)
	Bulgaria	15	(4.3)		17	(6.1)		20	(6.2)		6	(6.6)
	Costa Rica	-9	(3.4)		-8	(4.0)		-10	(3.4)		-12	(7.1)
	Croatia	4	(4.0)		11	(5.7)		6	(4.8)		-7	(5.8)
	Cyprus	21	(2.9)		30	(4.4)		24	(4.7)		6	(4.7)
	Dominican Republic	10	(2.4)		7	(3.2)		13	(3.2)		5	(5.8)
	Georgia	14	(3.0)		21	(5.6)		16	(3.3)		4	(5.6)
	Hong Kong (China)*	9	(3.6)		20	(6.5)		8	(4.3)		0	(5.1)
	Indonesia	7	(2.6)		5	(4.4)		10	(4.0)		2	(5.0)
	Jordan	29	(5.6)		42	(8.4)		28	(6.8)		19	(6.0)
	Kazakhstan	7	(2.5)		12	(3.6)		10	(3.0)		-2	(4.4)
	Kosovo	6	(2.2)		10	(4.1)		7	(2.9)		-1	(4.5)
	Lebanon	5	(3.2)		8	(5.8)		7	(4.7)		-3	(6.4)
	Macao (China)	2	(2.9)		15	(5.7)		1	(4.3)		-8	(5.5)
	Malaysia	6	(3.2)		10	(4.0)		8	(3.8)		-1	(6.0)
	Malta	21	(3.2)		37	(6.2)		24	(5.3)		-3	(6.1)
	Moldova	11	(2.9)		18	(5.8)		11	(4.1)		3	(4.7)
	Montenegro	5	(2.3)		11	(4.0)		6	(3.0)		-5	(6.2)
	Morocco	9	(2.6)		11	(4.0)		13	(3.1)		1	(4.0)
	North Macedonia	19	(3.1)		18	(5.8)		20	(4.3)		18	(6.3)
	Panama	0	(2.8)		1	(5.5)		1	(3.6)		-5	(6.1)
	Peru	-13	(2.7)		-10	(4.4)		-10	(3.8)		-22	(5.8)
	Philippines	3	(3.1)		0	(4.4)		6	(3.0)		0	(6.2)
	Qatar	39	(2.2)		56	(3.9)		48	(2.4)		8	(3.8)
	Romania	1	(3.5)		6	(6.2)		3	(4.5)		-7	(7.1)
	Russia	1	(2.3)		6	(4.1)		0	(3.0)		-3	(4.7)
	Saudi Arabia	29	(4.7)		35	(6.3)		32	(5.3)		17	(6.2)
	Serbia	5	(3.8)		11	(5.5)		7	(5.0)		-3	(4.7)
	Singapore	-4	(2.5)		12	(5.4)		-8	(3.3)		-12	(5.2)
	Chinese Taipei	-1	(5.9)		11	(5.8)		-4	(6.6)		-9	(10.0)
	Thailand	20	(4.8)		22	(5.2)		22	(5.1)		14	(8.7)
	Ukraine	-2	(3.7)		2	(6.6)		-2	(4.4)		-7	(5.6)
	United Arab Emirates	26	(3.3)		41	(3.1)		32	(4.5)		0	(5.1)
	Uruguay	-3	(3.2)		2	(5.5)		-2	(4.7)		-13	(5.2)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.8.22 [1/2]. Expectation to work as science and engineering professionals amongst top performers in science or mathematics, by gender

		Percentage of top performers1 in science and/or mathematics			Percentage of top performers in science or mathematics who expect to work as science and engineering professionals when they are 30
					All students			Boys			Girls			Gender difference (girls-boys)
		%	S.E	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	14.1	(0.6)		27.0	(1.6)		33.2	(2.3)		19.2	(2.0)		-14.0	(2.8)
	Austria	14.2	(0.8)		16.2	(1.8)	†	20.3	(2.3)	†	8.9	(2.5)	†	-11.4	(3.4)	†
	Belgium2	17.4	(0.9)		24.7	(2.7)	‡	30.9	(4.1)	‡	16.3	(3.6)	‡	-14.6	(5.8)	‡
	Canada	19.5	(0.8)		23.0	(1.2)		31.4	(1.9)	†	14.1	(1.4)		-17.3	(2.5)	†
	Chile	1.9	(0.2)		33.0	(4.7)		38.1	(5.7)		22.7	(9.4)		-15.4	(11.5)
	Colombia	0.8	(0.2)		28.2	(8.7)		36.2	(11.5)		c	c		c	c
	Czech Republic	14.7	(0.8)		11.5	(1.7)	†	14.5	(2.6)	†	8.2	(2.0)	†	-6.2	(3.2)	†
	Denmark	13.3	(0.7)		25.1	(2.6)	†	32.3	(3.8)	†	16.9	(3.5)	†	-15.4	(5.1)	†
	Estonia	19.5	(0.8)		16.3	(1.5)		17.3	(2.0)		15.2	(2.3)		-2.0	(3.1)
	Finland	16.8	(0.8)		10.2	(1.2)	†	11.6	(2.0)	†	9.1	(1.9)		-2.5	(3.0)	†
	France	13.4	(0.8)		26.5	(2.1)		33.1	(3.2)		16.9	(2.7)	†	-16.2	(4.1)	†
	Germany	16.6	(0.9)		18.4	(1.7)	†	22.6	(2.6)	†	12.4	(2.2)	†	-10.2	(3.7)	†
	Greece	4.4	(0.5)		23.3	(4.1)		23.1	(5.1)		23.4	(6.8)		0.3	(8.5)
	Hungary	9.7	(0.7)		22.3	(2.2)		26.7	(3.3)		16.5	(3.4)		-10.1	(5.1)
	Iceland	11.2	(0.6)		17.6	(2.5)		21.1	(3.8)		14.1	(3.4)		-7.0	(5.3)
	Ireland	10.5	(0.7)		23.9	(2.5)		29.6	(3.2)		16.7	(3.2)		-12.9	(4.2)
	Israel	11.1	(0.7)		20.1	(1.8)	†	23.6	(2.8)	†	16.2	(2.7)	†	-7.3	(4.2)	†
	Italy	10.2	(0.9)		21.2	(2.5)		26.0	(3.5)		12.5	(3.6)		-13.6	(5.2)	†
	Japan	21.8	(1.1)		5.6	(0.8)		7.5	(1.2)		3.4	(1.0)		-4.0	(1.6)
	Korea	23.6	(1.2)		13.5	(1.4)		18.5	(2.2)		7.2	(1.3)		-11.3	(2.6)
	Latvia	9.9	(0.6)		16.7	(2.1)		20.4	(3.0)		12.2	(2.8)		-8.3	(4.2)
	Lithuania	9.9	(0.5)		16.1	(1.8)		17.9	(2.7)		13.5	(2.8)	†	-4.4	(4.2)	†
	Luxembourg	12.5	(0.5)		20.2	(2.0)		25.0	(3.2)		14.6	(2.8)		-10.5	(4.4)
	Mexico	0.7	(0.2)		38.3	(9.9)		43.2	(13.7)		c	c		c	c
	Netherlands*	20.7	(1.0)		13.6	(1.7)	†	19.0	(2.9)	†	8.2	(1.8)	†	-10.7	(3.3)	†
	New Zealand	16.4	(0.6)		21.1	(1.7)	†	26.4	(2.4)	†	14.3	(2.2)		-12.1	(3.2)	†
	Norway	13.9	(0.7)		22.8	(2.0)	†	32.7	(2.9)		11.6	(2.5)	†	-21.0	(3.9)	†
	Poland	18.2	(1.1)		13.0	(1.4)		14.0	(2.0)		11.9	(1.8)		-2.1	(2.6)
	Portugal*	13.2	(0.8)		35.6	(2.5)		47.9	(3.3)		15.1	(2.6)	†	-32.8	(4.1)	†
	Slovak Republic	11.6	(0.7)		11.7	(1.7)	†	12.6	(2.6)	†	10.7	(2.4)		-1.9	(3.7)	†
	Slovenia	15.5	(0.8)		18.8	(2.4)	†	22.8	(3.4)	†	14.5	(3.0)	†	-8.3	(4.3)	†
	Spain	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	14.8	(0.8)		28.7	(2.5)		36.7	(4.0)		20.4	(2.7)		-16.4	(4.7)
	Switzerland	18.6	(1.1)		18.2	(2.4)	†	23.8	(3.3)	†	11.2	(2.3)	†	-12.6	(3.3)	†
	Turkey	5.5	(0.6)		27.9	(3.2)		32.7	(4.1)		21.7	(4.0)		-11.0	(5.5)
	United Kingdom	16.2	(0.8)		24.1	(1.6)		27.7	(2.2)		20.0	(2.1)		-7.6	(3.0)
	United States*	12.3	(1.0)		20.0	(2.0)		27.8	(2.9)		10.4	(2.5)		-17.4	(3.7)
	OECD average-36a	13.1	(0.1)		21.2	(0.5)		26.0	(0.7)		14.3	(0.5)		-10.9	(0.8)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this figure, top performers refers to students who achieve at least Level 2 in all three core domains and at Level 5 in mathematics and/or science.

2. For students’ career expectations, results are only available for the French community.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.8.22 [2/2]. Expectation to work as science and engineering professionals amongst top performers in science or mathematics, by gender

		Percentage of top performers1 in science and/or mathematics			Percentage of top performers in science or mathematics who expect to work as science and engineering professionals when they are 30
					All students			Boys			Girls			Gender difference (girls-boys)
		%	S.E	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	2.3	(0.3)		31.4	(4.8)		37.8	(6.2)		23.2	(7.6)		-14.6	(10.1)
	Argentina	0.7	(0.2)		37.7	(10.1)		42.2	(10.2)		27.0	(17.4)		-15.2	(17.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	2.0	(0.3)		13.2	(4.5)		13.4	(5.1)		13.2	(8.2)		-0.2	(9.3)
	Belarus	8.0	(0.6)		12.9	(1.9)		14.1	(2.8)		10.9	(3.1)		-3.2	(4.6)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.9	(0.2)		26.7	(9.2)		29.9	(13.5)		c	c		c	c
	Brazil	1.4	(0.2)		29.2	(5.0)		34.2	(8.3)		20.2	(8.5)		-14.0	(14.0)
	Brunei Darussalam	4.0	(0.3)		28.7	(3.2)		36.6	(4.6)		18.4	(4.2)		-18.2	(6.2)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	48.5	(1.4)		12.3	(0.8)		15.1	(1.1)		9.1	(0.8)		-6.0	(1.1)
	Bulgaria	4.8	(0.7)		13.0	(2.7)		14.1	(3.9)	†	11.5	(3.5)		-2.7	(5.2)	†
	Costa Rica	0.4	(0.1)		c	c		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Croatia	6.9	(0.6)		18.6	(2.4)		20.1	(2.9)		16.5	(4.1)		-3.6	(5.2)
	Cyprus	5.1	(0.4)		24.3	(3.2)		26.3	(4.2)		21.6	(6.1)		-4.8	(8.0)
	Dominican Republic	0.0	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	1.1	(0.3)		19.7	(6.5)		22.2	(7.9)		c	c		c	c
	Hong Kong (China)*	29.6	(1.1)		13.1	(1.1)		19.7	(1.8)		6.4	(1.1)		-13.3	(2.0)
	Indonesia	0.5	(0.2)		8.5	(6.5)		12.5	(10.4)		5.0	(7.7)		-7.5	(12.5)
	Jordan	1.2	(0.3)		19.4	(5.1)		27.1	(9.3)		11.1	(5.8)		-16.0	(11.4)
	Kazakhstan	2.0	(0.2)		22.8	(3.2)		28.3	(4.4)		14.2	(3.7)		-14.1	(5.5)
	Kosovo	0.1	(0.1)		c	c		c	c		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	2.2	(0.3)		37.9	(7.8)		46.6	(9.1)		26.7	(11.1)		-20.0	(13.1)
	Macao (China)	31.0	(0.9)		11.6	(1.1)		15.1	(1.7)		7.7	(1.3)		-7.4	(2.2)
	Malaysia	2.6	(0.5)		26.6	(4.9)		38.2	(7.0)		14.7	(5.8)		-23.5	(8.4)
	Malta	9.8	(0.6)		21.2	(2.8)		26.6	(3.9)		14.6	(3.6)		-12.0	(5.4)
	Moldova	2.8	(0.4)		8.4	(3.2)		6.3	(3.4)		11.0	(4.6)		4.6	(4.9)
	Montenegro	1.9	(0.2)		12.6	(4.2)		9.8	(4.6)		17.5	(7.0)		7.8	(7.6)
	Morocco	0.1	(0.1)		c	c		c	c		c	c		c	c
	North Macedonia	1.6	(0.2)		17.0	(6.8)		14.0	(8.6)		20.0	(11.3)		5.9	(15.1)
	Panama	0.2	(0.1)		c	c		c	c		m	m		m	m
	Peru	1.0	(0.2)		29.6	(8.6)		34.2	(9.6)		c	c		c	c
	Philippines	0.1	(0.1)		c	c		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Qatar	4.0	(0.2)		29.4	(2.3)		34.9	(3.1)		22.3	(2.9)		-12.6	(4.1)
	Romania	3.5	(0.6)		12.7	(3.5)		13.4	(4.9)		11.4	(4.8)		-2.0	(6.9)
	Russia	9.1	(0.8)		16.5	(2.0)		20.3	(3.3)		12.3	(2.9)		-8.0	(4.8)
	Saudi Arabia	0.2	(0.1)		c	c		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Serbia	5.9	(0.5)		15.7	(2.5)		14.8	(2.7)		16.9	(4.1)		2.1	(4.6)
	Singapore	40.3	(0.8)		20.0	(0.9)		27.0	(1.4)		11.9	(1.0)		-15.1	(1.8)
	Chinese Taipei	24.6	(1.2)		16.7	(1.3)		23.8	(2.0)		8.7	(1.3)		-15.0	(2.4)
	Thailand	2.6	(0.4)		16.5	(3.3)		19.4	(5.8)		14.5	(4.0)		-4.9	(6.9)
	Ukraine	6.4	(0.7)		8.7	(1.6)		11.2	(2.3)		5.0	(2.3)		-6.2	(3.2)
	United Arab Emirates	6.6	(0.3)		24.9	(2.0)		31.5	(2.7)		16.2	(3.0)		-15.3	(4.0)
	Uruguay	1.5	(0.3)		41.1	(10.5)		47.0	(11.5)		c	c		c	c
	Viet Nam	0.0	c		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this figure, top performers refers to students who achieve at least Level 2 in all three core domains and at Level 5 in mathematics and/or science.

2. For students’ career expectations, results are only available for the French community.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.8.23 [1/2]. Expectation to work as health professionals amongst top performers in science or mathematics, by gender

		Percentage of top performers1 in science and/or mathematics			Percentage of top performers in science or mathematics who expect to work as health professionals when they are 30
					All students			Boys			Girls			Gender difference (girls-boys)
		%	S.E	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	14.1	(0.6)		24.9	(1.5)		17.5	(1.7)		34.1	(2.4)		16.6	(2.8)
	Austria	14.2	(0.8)		15.7	(2.1)	†	10.7	(2.5)	†	24.5	(3.0)	†	13.8	(3.7)	†
	Belgium2	17.4	(0.9)		18.3	(2.8)	‡	13.3	(3.4)	‡	25.0	(4.8)	‡	11.7	(5.9)	‡
	Canada	19.5	(0.8)		28.6	(1.5)		18.5	(1.6)	†	39.4	(2.2)		20.9	(2.6)	†
	Chile	1.9	(0.2)		32.6	(5.3)		25.6	(5.8)		46.4	(11.0)		20.8	(12.0)
	Colombia	0.8	(0.2)		11.0	(4.6)		8.4	(5.4)		c	c		c	c
	Czech Republic	14.7	(0.8)		19.2	(2.1)	†	11.2	(2.3)	†	28.0	(3.2)	†	16.8	(3.6)	†
	Denmark	13.3	(0.7)		19.5	(2.2)	†	10.6	(2.0)	†	29.8	(3.8)	†	19.2	(4.3)	†
	Estonia	19.5	(0.8)		15.9	(1.6)		11.2	(1.8)		21.3	(2.6)		10.1	(3.2)
	Finland	16.8	(0.8)		26.2	(2.1)	†	15.2	(2.3)	†	35.9	(2.9)		20.7	(3.4)	†
	France	13.4	(0.8)		18.8	(2.0)		12.6	(2.3)		27.6	(3.5)	†	15.0	(4.2)	†
	Germany	16.6	(0.9)		13.5	(1.3)	†	6.3	(1.3)	†	23.7	(2.6)	†	17.4	(3.1)	†
	Greece	4.4	(0.5)		20.2	(3.3)		15.4	(3.6)		27.7	(6.0)		12.3	(6.8)
	Hungary	9.7	(0.7)		15.8	(2.4)		10.3	(2.3)		23.1	(3.8)		12.8	(4.1)
	Iceland	11.2	(0.6)		21.2	(3.1)		9.6	(2.8)		32.9	(5.0)		23.3	(5.4)
	Ireland	10.5	(0.7)		22.8	(2.5)		17.0	(3.0)		30.4	(3.6)		13.4	(4.6)
	Israel	11.1	(0.7)		17.9	(2.0)	†	10.2	(2.0)	†	26.7	(3.2)	†	16.5	(3.5)	†
	Italy	10.2	(0.9)		15.0	(1.8)		10.7	(1.7)		22.7	(3.6)		12.0	(3.9)	†
	Japan	21.8	(1.1)		17.9	(2.1)		12.0	(2.3)		25.0	(2.9)		12.9	(3.1)
	Korea	23.6	(1.2)		12.5	(1.2)		10.3	(1.3)		15.2	(1.8)		4.9	(2.0)
	Latvia	9.9	(0.6)		16.2	(2.5)		9.2	(2.5)		24.9	(4.5)		15.7	(5.4)
	Lithuania	9.9	(0.5)		16.7	(2.3)		6.7	(1.6)		31.8	(5.0)	†	25.1	(5.3)	†
	Luxembourg	12.5	(0.5)		17.1	(1.7)		10.0	(1.9)		25.2	(3.1)		15.2	(3.7)
	Mexico	0.7	(0.2)		12.9	(7.0)		10.7	(7.6)		c	c		c	c
	Netherlands*	20.7	(1.0)		19.0	(2.0)	†	9.5	(2.0)	†	28.7	(3.1)	†	19.2	(3.7)	†
	New Zealand	16.4	(0.6)		23.7	(1.8)	†	14.8	(2.2)	†	35.1	(3.3)		20.3	(4.4)	†
	Norway	13.9	(0.7)		16.2	(2.0)	†	6.7	(1.9)		26.8	(3.4)	†	20.1	(3.6)	†
	Poland	18.2	(1.1)		19.9	(1.7)		10.8	(1.6)		30.4	(2.8)		19.6	(3.2)
	Portugal*	13.2	(0.8)		26.8	(2.3)		15.0	(2.0)		46.6	(4.7)	†	31.6	(5.3)	†
	Slovak Republic	11.6	(0.7)		23.5	(2.2)	†	14.7	(3.6)	†	33.2	(4.0)		18.5	(6.0)	†
	Slovenia	15.5	(0.8)		21.1	(2.5)	†	11.8	(2.2)	†	31.3	(3.9)	†	19.6	(4.1)	†
	Spain	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	14.8	(0.8)		14.3	(1.7)		6.6	(1.8)		22.2	(2.8)		15.6	(3.3)
	Switzerland	18.6	(1.1)		17.0	(1.9)	†	8.9	(1.7)	†	27.1	(3.1)	†	18.2	(3.4)	†
	Turkey	5.5	(0.6)		38.2	(3.3)		27.4	(3.9)		52.3	(4.2)		25.0	(5.4)
	United Kingdom	16.2	(0.8)		18.1	(1.5)		10.9	(1.7)		26.2	(2.3)		15.2	(2.9)
	United States*	12.3	(1.0)		24.9	(2.6)		14.5	(3.0)		37.7	(4.0)		23.1	(5.1)
	OECD average-36a	13.1	(0.1)		19.8	(0.4)		12.3	(0.5)		29.9	(0.7)		17.4	(0.8)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this figure, top performers refers to students who achieve at least Level 2 in all three core domains and at Level 5 in mathematics and/or science.

2. For students’ career expectations, results are only available for the French community.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.8.23 [2/2]. Expectation to work as health professionals amongst top performers in science or mathematics, by gender

		Percentage of top performers1 in science and/or mathematics			Percentage of top performers in science or mathematics who expect to work as science and engineering professionals when they are 30
					All students			Boys			Girls			Gender difference (girls-boys)
		%	S.E	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	2.3	m		29.2	(4.3)		24.9	(5.5)		34.7	(7.4)		9.8	(9.4)
	Argentina	0.7	m		10.8	(5.6)		7.3	(5.0)		19.3	(12.8)		12.0	(13.7)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	2.0	m		19.4	(4.5)		15.5	(4.9)		27.7	(10.3)		12.2	(11.9)
	Belarus	8.0	m		14.4	(2.5)		11.0	(2.6)		19.9	(4.1)		9.0	(4.5)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.9	m		16.6	(7.3)		7.3	(5.9)		c	c		c	c
	Brazil	1.4	m		28.8	(5.3)		22.9	(5.8)		39.5	(10.1)		16.6	(11.7)
	Brunei Darussalam	4.0	m		25.1	(3.7)		21.6	(4.0)		29.6	(5.8)		8.0	(6.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	48.5	m		11.7	(0.7)		11.1	(0.9)		12.3	(0.9)		1.2	(1.2)
	Bulgaria	4.8	m		18.1	(3.6)		14.7	(4.1)	†	22.7	(5.8)		8.0	(6.7)	†
	Costa Rica	0.4	m		c	c		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Croatia	6.9	m		20.9	(2.8)		12.9	(2.7)		32.0	(4.9)		19.1	(5.5)
	Cyprus	5.1	m		24.0	(4.0)		22.2	(5.0)		26.7	(7.1)		4.6	(8.9)
	Dominican Republic	0.0	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	1.1	m		8.7	(5.0)		6.9	(5.9)		c	c		c	c
	Hong Kong (China)*	29.6	m		18.7	(1.5)		13.7	(1.5)		23.7	(2.3)		10.1	(2.6)
	Indonesia	0.5	m		25.3	(9.4)		17.7	(15.4)		33.0	(11.3)		15.3	(19.4)
	Jordan	1.2	m		55.3	(7.6)		44.2	(11.2)		67.5	(11.2)		23.3	(16.2)
	Kazakhstan	2.0	m		12.9	(2.3)		10.4	(2.9)		16.7	(4.0)		6.3	(5.3)
	Kosovo	0.1	m		c	c		c	c		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	2.2	m		30.4	(5.7)		21.1	(7.1)		42.5	(8.9)		21.4	(11.2)
	Macao (China)	31.0	m		17.9	(1.2)		10.5	(1.3)		26.3	(1.9)		15.9	(2.4)
	Malaysia	2.6	m		24.2	(4.6)		9.7	(4.5)		39.0	(5.9)		29.2	(7.5)
	Malta	9.8	m		23.4	(2.7)		17.2	(3.6)		31.0	(4.0)		13.8	(5.4)
	Moldova	2.8	m		16.2	(3.9)		11.9	(4.7)		21.3	(6.1)		9.4	(7.3)
	Montenegro	1.9	m		14.7	(4.4)		13.3	(6.0)		17.0	(6.9)		3.7	(9.3)
	Morocco	0.1	m		c	c		c	c		c	c		c	c
	North Macedonia	1.6	m		10.3	(6.0)		6.4	(7.3)		14.0	(9.3)		7.6	(11.5)
	Panama	0.2	m		c	c		c	c		m	m		m	m
	Peru	1.0	m		13.3	(5.0)		8.3	(5.7)		c	c		c	c
	Philippines	0.1	m		c	c		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Qatar	4.0	m		28.8	(2.3)		22.2	(2.8)		37.1	(3.8)		14.9	(4.7)
	Romania	3.5	m		18.0	(4.2)		8.1	(3.3)		34.5	(8.5)		26.4	(8.8)
	Russia	9.1	m		12.2	(1.7)		8.5	(1.9)		16.3	(3.0)		7.8	(3.6)
	Saudi Arabia	0.2	m		c	c		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Serbia	5.9	m		17.1	(3.0)		14.1	(3.3)		21.5	(4.5)		7.3	(4.9)
	Singapore	40.3	m		22.1	(0.9)		15.4	(1.2)		29.9	(1.7)		14.6	(2.2)
	Chinese Taipei	24.6	m		17.8	(1.5)		12.4	(1.5)		24.0	(2.4)		11.6	(2.8)
	Thailand	2.6	m		34.8	(4.7)		20.5	(5.1)		45.2	(7.3)		24.7	(9.0)
	Ukraine	6.4	m		8.9	(2.0)		5.2	(1.7)		14.5	(4.3)		9.3	(4.7)
	United Arab Emirates	6.6	m		27.6	(2.2)		19.3	(2.8)		38.5	(3.9)		19.3	(5.0)
	Uruguay	1.5	m		15.9	(6.9)		11.4	(6.7)		c	c		c	c
	Viet Nam	0.0	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. In this figure, top performers refers to students who achieve at least Level 2 in all three core domains and at Level 5 in mathematics and/or science.

2. For students’ career expectations, results are only available for the French community.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.3 [1/4]. Mean reading performance and academic resilience, by immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of immigrant students			Reading performance
					Average performance			Non-immigrant students			Immigrant students			Second-generation immigrant students			First-generation immigrant students
		%	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	27.7	(0.8)		503	(1.6)		504	(2.0)		511	(3.3)		523	(4.5)		501	(3.9)
	Austria	22.7	(1.2)		484	(2.7)		500	(2.6)		437	(4.2)		446	(4.3)		421	(5.5)
	Belgium	18.1	(0.9)		493	(2.3)		506	(2.4)		445	(3.8)		459	(4.7)		427	(5.2)
	Canada	35.0	(1.4)		520	(1.8)		525	(1.6)		522	(3.0)		535	(3.9)		508	(3.6)
	Chile	3.4	(0.4)		452	(2.6)		456	(2.7)		438	(7.5)		447	(18.3)		435	(8.5)
	Colombia	0.6	(0.1)		412	(3.3)		414	(3.3)		355	(13.9)		c	c		c	c
	Czech Republic	4.1	(0.4)		490	(2.5)		493	(2.5)		440	(9.7)		459	(10.5)		421	(14.4)
	Denmark	10.7	(0.4)		501	(1.8)		509	(1.9)		444	(3.5)		447	(3.7)		435	(7.4)
	Estonia	10.4	(0.5)		523	(1.8)		528	(1.9)		489	(4.5)		492	(4.9)		453	(16.8)
	Finland	5.8	(0.5)		520	(2.3)		527	(2.1)		435	(7.5)		456	(10.3)		420	(9.0)
	France	14.3	(0.9)		493	(2.3)		502	(2.7)		449	(5.3)		461	(5.7)		425	(7.5)
	Germany	22.2	(1.1)		498	(3.0)		519	(3.3)		456	(6.5)		477	(6.6)		405	(11.8)
	Greece	11.7	(0.7)		457	(3.6)		465	(3.4)		414	(6.1)		420	(6.9)		397	(9.2)
	Hungary	2.6	(0.3)		476	(2.3)		477	(2.3)		490	(9.8)		510	(11.1)		468	(16.5)
	Iceland	5.6	(0.4)		474	(1.7)		481	(1.8)		407	(7.6)		412	(10.9)		402	(9.5)
	Ireland	17.9	(0.9)		518	(2.2)		522	(2.3)		508	(3.8)		509	(5.3)		508	(5.3)
	Israel	16.4	(1.1)		470	(3.7)		481	(3.5)		470	(6.6)		493	(6.1)		398	(10.4)
	Italy	10.0	(0.5)		476	(2.4)		482	(2.6)		440	(4.9)		445	(5.9)		433	(7.1)
	Japan	0.6	(0.1)		504	(2.7)		w	w		w	w		w	w		w	w
	Korea	0.2	(0.1)		514	(2.9)		515	(2.9)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Latvia	4.4	(0.3)		479	(1.6)		480	(1.6)		476	(8.7)		467	(9.2)		515	(19.9)
	Lithuania	1.6	(0.1)		476	(1.5)		478	(1.5)		457	(11.1)		454	(11.5)		469	(27.3)
	Luxembourg	54.9	(0.6)		470	(1.1)		491	(1.9)		455	(1.7)		450	(2.9)		461	(2.9)
	Mexico	1.6	(0.3)		420	(2.7)		424	(2.8)		328	(14.5)		332	(13.4)		324	(22.4)
	Netherlands*	13.8	(1.2)		485	(2.7)		498	(2.9)		426	(6.2)		433	(6.7)		399	(13.0)
	New Zealand	26.5	(1.3)		506	(2.0)		510	(2.3)		508	(3.5)		518	(5.3)		500	(4.0)
	Norway	12.4	(0.8)		499	(2.2)		509	(2.1)		457	(4.7)		463	(7.0)		451	(5.5)
	Poland	0.6	(0.2)		512	(2.7)		514	(2.7)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Portugal*	7.0	(0.6)		492	(2.4)		495	(2.6)		463	(7.8)		483	(10.1)		436	(9.1)
	Slovak Republic	1.2	(0.2)		458	(2.2)		460	(2.2)		407	(13.6)		424	(17.8)		387	(17.3)
	Slovenia	8.9	(0.3)		495	(1.2)		502	(1.3)		439	(6.0)		464	(7.3)		422	(8.2)
	Spain	12.2	(0.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	20.5	(1.3)		506	(3.0)		525	(2.7)		443	(5.8)		471	(6.4)		410	(6.9)
	Switzerland	33.9	(1.4)		484	(3.1)		503	(3.2)		451	(4.3)		453	(4.6)		448	(6.3)
	Turkey	0.9	(0.1)		466	(2.2)		467	(2.2)		462	(12.7)		474	(15.1)		c	c
	United Kingdom	19.8	(1.2)		504	(2.6)		511	(2.7)		491	(4.2)		493	(5.7)		488	(6.9)
	United States*	23.0	(1.5)		505	(3.6)		510	(3.6)		503	(6.0)		512	(6.1)		479	(8.3)
	OECD average-36a	13.0	(0.1)		487	(0.4)		494	(0.4)		452	(1.3)		465	(1.6)		440	(2.1)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

2. Immigrant students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.3 [2/4]. Mean reading performance and academic resilience, by immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of immigrant students			Reading performance
					Average performance			Non-immigrant students			Immigrant students			Second-generation immigrant students			First-generation immigrant students
		%	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	0.6	(0.1)		405	(1.9)		407	(1.9)		340	(11.3)		c	c		c	c
	Argentina	4.6	(0.3)		402	(3.0)		404	(3.1)		405	(7.0)		414	(9.4)		395	(8.0)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	5.2	(0.4)		389	(2.5)		393	(2.6)		379	(4.2)		386	(5.2)		369	(6.8)
	Belarus	4.1	(0.3)		474	(2.4)		475	(2.5)		457	(7.3)		461	(6.7)		447	(16.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2.8	(0.3)		403	(2.9)		405	(3.0)		386	(7.7)		403	(11.0)		369	(11.1)
	Brazil	0.6	(0.1)		413	(2.1)		418	(2.1)		334	(11.0)		332	(13.4)		c	c
	Brunei Darussalam	8.2	(0.3)		408	(0.9)		403	(1.0)		476	(4.0)		460	(6.8)		485	(5.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	0.2	(0.1)		555	(2.7)		556	(2.7)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Bulgaria	1.1	(0.2)		420	(3.9)		425	(3.8)		383	(13.0)		c	c		c	c
	Costa Rica	10.0	(0.7)		426	(3.4)		430	(3.5)		407	(4.8)		408	(4.7)		404	(8.8)
	Croatia	9.1	(0.5)		479	(2.7)		481	(2.6)		471	(5.5)		473	(5.7)		464	(11.8)
	Cyprus	14.8	(0.5)		424	(1.4)		426	(1.4)		430	(4.0)		420	(6.4)		436	(5.4)
	Dominican Republic	2.9	(0.3)		342	(2.9)		347	(2.7)		322	(11.2)		323	(10.4)		322	(16.2)
	Georgia	1.4	(0.2)		380	(2.2)		384	(2.1)		333	(11.4)		328	(15.3)		c	c
	Hong Kong (China)*	37.9	(1.3)		524	(2.7)		529	(2.9)		522	(4.7)		533	(4.3)		502	(6.9)
	Indonesia	0.3	(0.1)		371	(2.6)		373	(2.6)		276	(16.0)		c	c		c	c
	Jordan	11.6	(0.5)		419	(2.9)		421	(2.7)		433	(4.5)		433	(5.0)		434	(6.1)
	Kazakhstan	8.2	(0.4)		387	(1.5)		389	(1.5)		377	(2.8)		389	(4.0)		366	(3.7)
	Kosovo	1.1	(0.2)		353	(1.1)		355	(1.1)		333	(8.3)		339	(9.3)		c	c
	Lebanon	6.0	(0.5)		353	(4.3)		364	(4.4)		313	(8.4)		306	(13.1)		316	(9.3)
	Macao (China)	62.9	(0.7)		525	(1.2)		512	(2.2)		533	(1.8)		528	(2.5)		540	(2.8)
	Malaysia	1.6	(0.2)		415	(2.9)		417	(2.8)		410	(16.7)		413	(13.0)		c	c
	Malta	8.8	(0.4)		448	(1.7)		452	(1.8)		451	(6.8)		433	(16.3)		457	(8.3)
	Moldova	1.4	(0.2)		424	(2.4)		428	(2.4)		428	(13.8)		433	(14.4)		c	c
	Montenegro	5.8	(0.3)		421	(1.1)		422	(1.1)		429	(4.5)		438	(6.5)		415	(6.5)
	Morocco	0.8	(0.1)		359	(3.1)		361	(3.2)		305	(11.0)		c	c		c	c
	North Macedonia	1.6	(0.2)		393	(1.1)		397	(1.2)		369	(14.1)		372	(17.2)		c	c
	Panama	6.0	(0.7)		377	(3.0)		381	(2.9)		408	(10.1)		375	(14.3)		426	(12.1)
	Peru	0.5	(0.1)		401	(3.0)		403	(2.9)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Philippines	1.0	(0.2)		340	(3.3)		344	(3.3)		274	(12.8)		c	c		261	(14.4)
	Qatar	56.8	(0.4)		407	(0.8)		368	(1.3)		445	(1.2)		423	(2.6)		454	(1.4)
	Romania	0.8	(0.2)	†	428	(5.1)		431	(5.3)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Russia	5.8	(0.3)		479	(3.1)		480	(3.1)		478	(6.3)		491	(6.9)		457	(8.4)
	Saudi Arabia	11.9	(1.1)		399	(3.0)		400	(3.1)		436	(4.7)		435	(5.7)		437	(6.2)
	Serbia	9.3	(0.4)		439	(3.3)		441	(3.1)		447	(6.8)		447	(7.3)		449	(13.5)
	Singapore	24.8	(0.7)		549	(1.6)		546	(1.5)		565	(4.3)		587	(4.0)		554	(6.0)
	Chinese Taipei	0.7	(0.2)		503	(2.8)		504	(2.8)		428	(49.1)		c	c		c	c
	Thailand	1.1	(0.4)		393	(3.2)		394	(3.2)		356	(20.0)		348	(15.5)		c	c
	Ukraine	2.3	(0.2)		466	(3.5)		468	(3.4)		443	(9.9)		456	(11.7)		419	(18.7)
	United Arab Emirates	55.8	(0.8)		432	(2.3)		386	(2.0)		476	(2.7)		465	(2.6)		484	(3.4)
	Uruguay	1.3	(0.2)		427	(2.8)		429	(2.7)		402	(18.6)		399	(19.4)		404	(31.4)
	Viet Nam	0.1	(0.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

2. Immigrant students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.3 [3/4]. Mean reading performance and academic resilience, by immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Score-point difference in reading performance associated with immigrant background						Academic resilience
		Before accounting for gender, and students’ and schools' socio-economic profile1			After accounting for gender, and students’ and schools' socio-economic profile			Academically resilient immigrant students2
		Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	8	(3.5)		7	(3.0)		29.1	(1.3)
	Austria	-63	(4.5)		-33	(3.6)		11.2	(1.2)
	Belgium	-61	(4.1)		-21	(4.0)		12.0	(1.2)
	Canada	-3	(2.9)		-1	(2.6)		26.2	(1.2)
	Chile	-18	(7.1)		-14	(6.9)		18.6	(2.9)
	Colombia	-59	(13.6)		-46	(11.2)		13.5	(5.3)
	Czech Republic	-53	(9.4)		-34	(7.3)		12.3	(2.5)
	Denmark	-65	(3.8)		-34	(3.7)		9.3	(1.2)
	Estonia	-39	(4.6)		-35	(4.5)		13.6	(1.5)
	Finland	-92	(7.3)		-74	(6.7)		7.9	(1.8)
	France	-52	(6.2)		-13	(5.0)		13.4	(1.7)
	Germany	-63	(6.8)		-17	(5.6)		16.0	(1.7)
	Greece	-51	(5.3)		-22	(5.1)		12.1	(1.7)
	Hungary	13	(9.7)		-7	(9.4)		31.0	(5.3)
	Iceland	-74	(8.0)		-55	(7.9)		7.0	(2.6)
	Ireland	-14	(3.8)		-9	(3.2)		21.6	(1.5)
	Israel	-11	(6.4)		6	(5.3)		24.3	(1.8)
	Italy	-43	(5.1)		-22	(4.0)		14.1	(1.6)
	Japan	w	w		w	w		w	w
	Korea	c	c		c	c		m	m
	Latvia	-4	(8.8)		-7	(8.1)		27.5	(3.8)
	Lithuania	-21	(11.2)		-27	(9.0)		20.3	(4.2)
	Luxembourg	-35	(2.8)		-17	(2.8)		21.8	(0.7)
	Mexico	-96	(14.9)		-80	(11.6)		7.3	(3.4)
	Netherlands*	-72	(7.1)		-23	(6.5)		8.9	(1.7)
	New Zealand	-2	(4.0)		-8	(3.3)		26.5	(1.3)
	Norway	-52	(4.4)		-33	(4.5)		13.9	(1.5)
	Poland	c	c		c	c		m	m
	Portugal*	-32	(8.2)		-26	(6.2)		17.1	(2.8)
	Slovak Republic	-53	(13.7)		-40	(12.7)		12.6	(4.6)
	Slovenia	-63	(6.3)		-28	(6.2)		8.8	(1.8)
	Spain	m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	-83	(5.9)		-54	(4.7)		10.3	(1.5)
	Switzerland	-52	(4.7)		-25	(3.6)		15.7	(1.3)
	Turkey	-5	(12.6)		-27	(12.2)		25.1	(7.0)
	United Kingdom	-20	(4.4)		-4	(4.1)		20.5	(1.6)
	United States*	-7	(5.9)		16	(4.5)		24.5	(2.2)
	OECD average-36a	-41	(1.3)		-24	(1.2)		16.8	(0.5)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

2. Immigrant students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.3 [4/4]. Mean reading performance and academic resilience, by immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Score-point difference in reading performance associated with immigrant background						Academic resilience
		Before accounting for gender, and students’ and schools' socio-economic profile1			After accounting for gender, and students’ and schools' socio-economic profile			Academically resilient immigrant students2
		Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	-67	(11.3)		-68	(9.5)		3.0	(2.5)
	Argentina	1	(7.3)		12	(6.0)		23.0	(2.6)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	-14	(4.8)		-13	(4.6)		19.8	(2.9)
	Belarus	-19	(7.2)		-9	(6.5)		22.6	(2.9)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	-19	(7.7)		-23	(7.0)		20.1	(3.7)
	Brazil	-84	(11.2)		-74	(10.6)		4.6	(2.5)
	Brunei Darussalam	73	(4.2)		25	(4.1)		53.3	(2.1)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	c	c		c	c		m	m
	Bulgaria	-42	(12.4)		-34	(10.8)		16.8	(4.7)
	Costa Rica	-23	(4.5)		-12	(3.4)		17.5	(2.4)
	Croatia	-10	(5.2)		-3	(4.1)		21.2	(2.6)
	Cyprus	4	(4.1)		9	(5.1)		27.9	(1.8)
	Dominican Republic	-24	(10.3)		-17	(8.7)		20.0	(4.5)
	Georgia	-51	(11.4)		-47	(11.0)		12.5	(3.9)
	Hong Kong (China)*	-7	(5.0)		9	(4.2)		24.0	(1.3)
	Indonesia	-97	(16.1)		-89	(15.1)		0.6	(0.7)
	Jordan	12	(3.7)		14	(3.4)		31.3	(2.5)
	Kazakhstan	-11	(3.0)		-3	(2.8)		20.3	(1.6)
	Kosovo	-22	(8.6)		-31	(7.5)		14.6	(6.2)
	Lebanon	-51	(8.0)		-44	(9.1)		14.6	(2.6)
	Macao (China)	22	(3.0)		26	(3.1)		27.3	(0.9)
	Malaysia	-8	(16.3)		-3	(12.5)		25.7	(6.5)
	Malta	-1	(7.2)		-12	(7.1)		27.6	(2.9)
	Moldova	0	(13.4)		-14	(12.4)		31.5	(6.4)
	Montenegro	8	(4.7)		-7	(4.2)		29.6	(2.5)
	Morocco	-56	(10.7)		-55	(9.7)		7.6	(4.0)
	North Macedonia	-28	(14.4)		-27	(12.1)		18.7	(6.6)
	Panama	28	(9.5)		-12	(7.0)		41.4	(5.0)
	Peru	c	c		c	c		m	m
	Philippines	-70	(11.9)		-64	(7.8)		11.9	(5.6)
	Qatar	77	(1.9)		63	(1.6)		36.4	(0.5)
	Romania	c	c	†	c	c	†	m	m
	Russia	-2	(5.4)		-7	(5.1)		25.8	(2.8)
	Saudi Arabia	36	(5.4)		32	(4.3)		38.8	(2.8)
	Serbia	7	(6.3)		2	(4.8)		26.9	(2.9)
	Singapore	19	(4.5)		-9	(4.2)		28.9	(1.5)
	Chinese Taipei	-76	(49.0)		-82	(59.4)		17.3	(8.8)
	Thailand	-38	(20.2)		-2	(22.9)		17.4	(7.8)
	Ukraine	-25	(8.7)		-25	(8.4)		15.3	(4.0)
	United Arab Emirates	91	(2.8)		64	(2.5)		38.5	(1.2)
	Uruguay	-28	(18.6)		-42	(15.8)		22.3	(6.5)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS).

2. Immigrant students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country.

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.9 [1/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		PISA 2009
		Percentage of students
		Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	76.8	(1.1)		23.2	(1.1)		12.1	(0.7)		11.1	(0.6)
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium	85.2	(1.1)		14.8	(1.1)		7.8	(0.7)		6.9	(0.7)
	Canada	75.6	(1.3)		24.4	(1.3)		13.7	(0.8)		10.7	(0.7)
	Chile	99.5	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)		0.4	(0.1)
	Colombia	99.7	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.0	(0.0)
	Czech Republic	97.7	(0.2)		2.3	(0.2)		1.4	(0.2)		0.8	(0.1)
	Denmark	91.4	(0.4)		8.6	(0.4)		5.9	(0.3)		2.8	(0.2)
	Estonia	92.0	(0.6)		8.0	(0.6)		7.4	(0.6)		0.6	(0.1)
	Finland	97.4	(0.3)		2.6	(0.3)		1.1	(0.2)		1.4	(0.2)
	France	86.9	(1.4)		13.1	(1.4)		10.0	(1.0)		3.2	(0.5)
	Germany	82.4	(1.0)		17.6	(1.0)		11.7	(0.8)		5.9	(0.4)
	Greece	91.0	(0.8)		9.0	(0.8)		2.9	(0.3)		6.1	(0.7)
	Hungary	97.9	(0.3)		2.1	(0.3)		0.9	(0.1)		1.2	(0.2)
	Iceland	97.6	(0.2)		2.4	(0.2)		0.4	(0.1)		1.9	(0.2)
	Ireland	91.7	(0.6)		8.3	(0.6)		1.4	(0.2)		6.8	(0.5)
	Israel	80.3	(1.1)		19.7	(1.1)		12.6	(0.7)		7.1	(0.7)
	Italy	94.5	(0.3)		5.5	(0.3)		1.3	(0.1)		4.2	(0.2)
	Japan	99.7	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)		0.1	(0.0)
	Korea	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c
	Latvia	95.5	(0.5)		4.5	(0.5)		4.1	(0.5)		0.4	(0.1)
	Lithuania	98.3	(0.3)		1.7	(0.3)		1.6	(0.3)		0.2	(0.1)
	Luxembourg	59.8	(0.7)		40.2	(0.7)		24.0	(0.6)		16.1	(0.5)
	Mexico	98.1	(0.2)		1.9	(0.2)		0.7	(0.1)		1.1	(0.1)
	Netherlands*	87.9	(1.4)		12.1	(1.4)		8.9	(1.1)		3.2	(0.5)
	New Zealand	75.3	(1.0)		24.7	(1.0)		8.0	(0.6)		16.7	(0.7)
	Norway	93.2	(0.6)		6.8	(0.6)		3.6	(0.4)		3.2	(0.3)
	Poland	100.0	(0.0)		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	c		0.0	(0.0)
	Portugal*	94.5	(0.5)		5.5	(0.5)		2.7	(0.3)		2.8	(0.3)
	Slovak Republic	99.5	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Slovenia	92.2	(0.4)		7.8	(0.4)		6.4	(0.4)		1.4	(0.2)
	Spain	90.5	(0.5)		9.5	(0.5)		1.1	(0.1)		8.4	(0.5)
	Sweden	88.3	(1.2)		11.7	(1.2)		8.0	(0.8)		3.7	(0.5)
	Switzerland	76.5	(0.9)		23.5	(0.9)		15.1	(0.7)		8.4	(0.5)
	Turkey	99.5	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)
	United Kingdom	89.4	(1.0)		10.6	(1.0)		5.8	(0.7)		4.8	(0.4)
	United States*	80.5	(1.3)		19.5	(1.3)		13.0	(1.1)		6.4	(0.5)
	OECD average-36b	90.5	(0.1)		9.5	(0.1)		5.4	(0.1)		4.1	(0.1)
	OECD average-37	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.9 [2/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		PISA 2009
		Percentage of students
		Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	99.4	(0.2)		0.6	(0.2)		0.5	(0.2)		0.1	(0.1)
	Argentina	96.4	(0.5)		3.6	(0.5)		2.2	(0.3)		1.5	(0.3)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	99.2	(0.1)		0.8	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	99.5	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Costa Rica	94.0	(0.6)		6.0	(0.6)		2.6	(0.4)		3.4	(0.4)
	Croatia	89.3	(0.6)		10.7	(0.6)		7.2	(0.5)		3.5	(0.3)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	98.5	(0.2)		1.5	(0.2)		1.3	(0.2)		0.1	(0.1)
	Hong Kong (China)*	60.6	(1.5)		39.4	(1.5)		23.9	(0.8)		15.5	(1.0)
	Indonesia	99.7	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.0	c		0.3	(0.1)
	Jordan	86.2	(0.9)		13.8	(0.9)		10.5	(0.7)		3.3	(0.3)
	Kazakhstan	88.4	(1.1)		11.6	(1.1)		7.2	(0.8)		4.4	(0.6)
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	29.6	(0.6)		70.4	(0.6)		54.9	(0.6)		15.5	(0.4)
	Malaysia	98.7	(0.3)		1.3	(0.3)		1.2	(0.3)		0.2	(0.1)
	Malta	97.5	(0.3)		2.5	(0.3)		0.7	(0.2)		1.8	(0.2)
	Moldova	98.7	(0.2)		1.3	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)		0.2	(0.1)
	Montenegro	93.4	(0.4)		6.6	(0.4)		2.5	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	96.1	(0.8)		3.9	(0.8)		1.4	(0.3)		2.5	(0.7)
	Peru	99.6	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	53.6	(0.4)		46.4	(0.4)		20.0	(0.4)		26.4	(0.4)
	Romania	99.7	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)		0.2	(0.1)
	Russia	87.9	(0.7)		12.1	(0.7)		7.2	(0.7)		4.9	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	90.5	(0.6)		9.5	(0.6)		5.2	(0.4)		4.3	(0.4)
	Singapore	85.6	(0.7)		14.4	(0.7)		4.8	(0.4)		9.6	(0.5)
	Chinese Taipei	99.6	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)
	Thailand	100.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c		0.0	c
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	99.4	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.9 [3/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		PISA 2018
		Percentage of students
		Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	72.3	(0.8)		27.7	(0.8)		13.5	(0.6)		14.2	(0.5)
	Austria	77.3	(1.2)		22.7	(1.2)		14.9	(0.8)		7.8	(0.7)
	Belgium	81.9	(0.9)		18.1	(0.9)		10.2	(0.6)		7.8	(0.6)
	Canada	65.0	(1.4)		35.0	(1.4)		17.9	(0.9)		17.1	(0.8)
	Chile	96.6	(0.4)		3.4	(0.4)		0.7	(0.1)		2.7	(0.4)
	Colombia	99.4	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Czech Republic	95.9	(0.4)		4.1	(0.4)		2.0	(0.2)		2.1	(0.3)
	Denmark	89.3	(0.4)		10.7	(0.4)		8.4	(0.4)		2.2	(0.2)
	Estonia	89.6	(0.5)		10.4	(0.5)		9.6	(0.4)		0.7	(0.1)
	Finland	94.2	(0.5)		5.8	(0.5)		2.5	(0.3)		3.3	(0.3)
	France	85.7	(0.9)		14.3	(0.9)		9.6	(0.8)		4.7	(0.4)
	Germany	77.8	(1.1)		22.2	(1.1)		15.7	(0.9)		6.5	(0.6)
	Greece	88.3	(0.7)		11.7	(0.7)		8.5	(0.5)		3.2	(0.3)
	Hungary	97.4	(0.3)		2.6	(0.3)		1.3	(0.2)		1.2	(0.3)
	Iceland	94.4	(0.4)		5.6	(0.4)		2.5	(0.3)		3.1	(0.3)
	Ireland	82.1	(0.9)		17.9	(0.9)		8.0	(0.6)		9.8	(0.5)
	Israel	83.6	(1.1)		16.4	(1.1)		12.4	(1.0)		4.0	(0.3)
	Italy	90.0	(0.5)		10.0	(0.5)		5.5	(0.4)		4.6	(0.3)
	Japan	99.4	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Korea	99.8	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)
	Latvia	95.6	(0.3)		4.4	(0.3)		3.6	(0.3)		0.9	(0.1)
	Lithuania	98.4	(0.1)		1.6	(0.1)		1.2	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Luxembourg	45.1	(0.6)		54.9	(0.6)		30.4	(0.6)		24.5	(0.5)
	Mexico	98.4	(0.3)		1.6	(0.3)		0.9	(0.2)		0.7	(0.1)
	Netherlands*	86.2	(1.2)		13.8	(1.2)		11.0	(1.1)		2.7	(0.3)
	New Zealand	73.5	(1.3)		26.5	(1.3)		11.7	(0.8)		14.8	(0.7)
	Norway	87.6	(0.8)		12.4	(0.8)		6.2	(0.6)		6.2	(0.4)
	Poland	99.4	(0.2)		0.6	(0.2)		0.3	(0.1)		0.4	(0.2)
	Portugal*	93.0	(0.6)		7.0	(0.6)		4.0	(0.4)		3.0	(0.4)
	Slovak Republic	98.8	(0.2)		1.2	(0.2)		0.6	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)
	Slovenia	91.1	(0.3)		8.9	(0.3)		3.6	(0.2)		5.2	(0.3)
	Spain	87.8	(0.5)		12.2	(0.5)		4.9	(0.3)		7.3	(0.3)
	Sweden	79.5	(1.3)		20.5	(1.3)		10.9	(0.9)		9.6	(0.7)
	Switzerland	66.1	(1.4)		33.9	(1.4)		21.8	(1.0)		12.0	(0.6)
	Turkey	99.1	(0.1)		0.9	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	United Kingdom	80.2	(1.2)		19.8	(1.2)		11.3	(0.9)		8.4	(0.6)
	United States*	77.0	(1.5)		23.0	(1.5)		17.1	(1.2)		5.9	(0.6)
	OECD average-36b	87.2	(0.1)		12.8	(0.1)		7.5	(0.1)		5.3	(0.1)
	OECD average-37	87.0	(0.1)		13.0	(0.1)		7.7	(0.1)		5.4	(0.1)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.9 [4/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		PISA 2018
		Percentage of students
		Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s	%	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	99.4	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Argentina	95.4	(0.3)		4.6	(0.3)		2.4	(0.2)		2.2	(0.2)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	94.8	(0.4)		5.2	(0.4)		3.0	(0.3)		2.2	(0.2)
	Belarus	95.9	(0.3)		4.1	(0.3)		2.9	(0.2)		1.3	(0.2)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	97.2	(0.3)		2.8	(0.3)		1.4	(0.2)		1.4	(0.3)
	Brazil	99.4	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.2	(0.0)
	Brunei Darussalam	91.8	(0.3)		8.2	(0.3)		3.0	(0.2)		5.2	(0.2)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	99.8	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)
	Bulgaria	98.9	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)		0.6	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)
	Costa Rica	90.0	(0.7)		10.0	(0.7)		6.8	(0.5)		3.2	(0.3)
	Croatia	90.9	(0.5)		9.1	(0.5)		7.7	(0.4)		1.3	(0.2)
	Cyprus	85.2	(0.5)		14.8	(0.5)		5.2	(0.3)		9.6	(0.5)
	Dominican Republic	97.1	(0.3)		2.9	(0.3)		1.6	(0.2)		1.3	(0.2)
	Georgia	98.6	(0.2)		1.4	(0.2)		0.8	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)
	Hong Kong (China)*	62.1	(1.3)		37.9	(1.3)		25.1	(0.9)		12.8	(0.9)
	Indonesia	99.7	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)		0.2	(0.1)
	Jordan	88.4	(0.5)		11.6	(0.5)		6.5	(0.4)		5.1	(0.3)
	Kazakhstan	91.8	(0.4)		8.2	(0.4)		4.2	(0.3)		4.0	(0.3)
	Kosovo	98.9	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)		0.9	(0.2)		0.3	(0.1)
	Lebanon	94.0	(0.5)		6.0	(0.5)		2.1	(0.2)		3.9	(0.4)
	Macao (China)	37.1	(0.7)		62.9	(0.7)		36.8	(0.8)		26.1	(0.6)
	Malaysia	98.4	(0.2)		1.6	(0.2)		1.2	(0.2)		0.5	(0.1)
	Malta	91.2	(0.4)		8.8	(0.4)		2.1	(0.2)		6.6	(0.4)
	Moldova	98.6	(0.2)		1.4	(0.2)		1.1	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Montenegro	94.2	(0.3)		5.8	(0.3)		3.6	(0.2)		2.2	(0.2)
	Morocco	99.2	(0.1)		0.8	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)
	North Macedonia	98.4	(0.2)		1.6	(0.2)		1.1	(0.2)		0.5	(0.1)
	Panama	94.0	(0.7)		6.0	(0.7)		2.1	(0.4)		3.9	(0.6)
	Peru	99.5	(0.1)		0.5	(0.1)		0.4	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)
	Philippines	99.0	(0.2)		1.0	(0.2)		0.4	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)
	Qatar	43.2	(0.4)		56.8	(0.4)		17.0	(0.3)		39.8	(0.3)
	Romania	99.2	(0.2)	†	0.8	(0.2)	†	0.5	(0.1)	†	0.3	(0.1)	†
	Russia	94.2	(0.3)		5.8	(0.3)		3.5	(0.2)		2.2	(0.2)
	Saudi Arabia	88.1	(1.1)		11.9	(1.1)		6.4	(0.7)		5.5	(0.5)
	Serbia	90.7	(0.4)		9.3	(0.4)		8.3	(0.4)		1.0	(0.1)
	Singapore	75.2	(0.7)		24.8	(0.7)		8.1	(0.3)		16.7	(0.7)
	Chinese Taipei	99.3	(0.2)		0.7	(0.2)		0.4	(0.1)		0.3	(0.1)
	Thailand	98.9	(0.4)		1.1	(0.4)		0.7	(0.3)		0.3	(0.1)
	Ukraine	97.7	(0.2)		2.3	(0.2)		1.5	(0.2)		0.8	(0.1)
	United Arab Emirates	44.2	(0.8)		55.8	(0.8)		23.0	(0.4)		32.7	(0.7)
	Uruguay	98.7	(0.2)		1.3	(0.2)		0.6	(0.1)		0.6	(0.1)
	Viet Nam	99.9	(0.0)		0.1	(0.0)		0.0	(0.0)		0.0	(0.0)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.9 [5/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Change between PISA 2009 and PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
		Percentage of students
		Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		% dif.	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	-4.5	(1.4)		4.5	(1.4)		1.4	(0.9)		3.1	(0.8)
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium	-3.3	(1.4)		3.3	(1.4)		2.4	(0.9)		0.9	(0.9)
	Canada	-10.6	(1.9)		10.6	(1.9)		4.2	(1.2)		6.4	(1.1)
	Chile	-2.9	(0.4)		2.9	(0.4)		0.6	(0.1)		2.3	(0.4)
	Colombia	-0.2	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)
	Czech Republic	-1.9	(0.5)		1.9	(0.5)		0.6	(0.3)		1.3	(0.3)
	Denmark	-2.0	(0.6)		2.0	(0.6)		2.5	(0.5)		-0.5	(0.3)
	Estonia	-2.4	(0.8)		2.4	(0.8)		2.3	(0.7)		0.1	(0.2)
	Finland	-3.2	(0.6)		3.2	(0.6)		1.3	(0.3)		1.9	(0.4)
	France	-1.1	(1.7)		1.1	(1.7)		-0.4	(1.3)		1.5	(0.7)
	Germany	-4.5	(1.5)		4.5	(1.5)		4.0	(1.2)		0.6	(0.7)
	Greece	-2.7	(1.0)		2.7	(1.0)		5.6	(0.6)		-3.0	(0.8)
	Hungary	-0.5	(0.4)		0.5	(0.4)		0.4	(0.2)		0.0	(0.3)
	Iceland	-3.2	(0.5)		3.2	(0.5)		2.1	(0.3)		1.2	(0.3)
	Ireland	-9.6	(1.1)		9.6	(1.1)		6.6	(0.7)		3.0	(0.8)
	Israel	3.3	(1.5)		-3.3	(1.5)		-0.2	(1.2)		-3.1	(0.8)
	Italy	-4.5	(0.6)		4.5	(0.6)		4.1	(0.4)		0.3	(0.3)
	Japan	-0.3	(0.2)		0.3	(0.2)		0.2	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)
	Korea	-0.1	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)
	Latvia	0.0	(0.6)		0.0	(0.6)		-0.5	(0.6)		0.5	(0.2)
	Lithuania	0.2	(0.3)		-0.2	(0.3)		-0.4	(0.3)		0.2	(0.1)
	Luxembourg	-14.7	(0.9)		14.7	(0.9)		6.3	(0.9)		8.4	(0.7)
	Mexico	0.3	(0.3)		-0.3	(0.3)		0.1	(0.2)		-0.4	(0.2)
	Netherlands*	-1.6	(1.8)		1.6	(1.8)		2.1	(1.5)		-0.5	(0.6)
	New Zealand	-1.8	(1.7)		1.8	(1.7)		3.7	(1.0)		-1.9	(1.1)
	Norway	-5.6	(0.9)		5.6	(0.9)		2.6	(0.7)		3.0	(0.5)
	Poland	-0.6	(0.2)		0.6	(0.2)		0.3	(0.1)		0.3	(0.2)
	Portugal*	-1.5	(0.7)		1.5	(0.7)		1.3	(0.5)		0.2	(0.5)
	Slovak Republic	-0.7	(0.2)		0.7	(0.2)		0.4	(0.1)		0.3	(0.2)
	Slovenia	-1.1	(0.5)		1.1	(0.5)		-2.8	(0.4)		3.9	(0.3)
	Spain	-2.7	(0.7)		2.7	(0.7)		3.8	(0.3)		-1.1	(0.6)
	Sweden	-8.7	(1.8)		8.7	(1.8)		2.9	(1.2)		5.8	(0.8)
	Switzerland	-10.3	(1.7)		10.3	(1.7)		6.7	(1.2)		3.6	(0.8)
	Turkey	-0.3	(0.2)		0.3	(0.2)		0.2	(0.2)		0.1	(0.1)
	United Kingdom	-9.2	(1.5)		9.2	(1.5)		5.5	(1.1)		3.6	(0.8)
	United States*	-3.6	(2.0)		3.6	(2.0)		4.1	(1.6)		-0.5	(0.8)
	OECD average-36b	-3.2	(0.2)		3.2	(0.2)		2.1	(0.1)		1.2	(0.1)
	OECD average-37	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.9 [6/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Change between PISA 2009 and PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
		Percentage of students
		Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		% dif.	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s	% dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	0.0	(0.2)		0.0	(0.2)		-0.1	(0.2)		0.2	(0.1)
	Argentina	-0.9	(0.6)		0.9	(0.6)		0.2	(0.4)		0.7	(0.4)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	0.2	(0.2)		-0.2	(0.2)		-0.1	(0.1)		-0.1	(0.1)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	-0.6	(0.2)		0.6	(0.2)		0.4	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)
	Costa Rica	-4.0	(0.9)		4.0	(0.9)		4.2	(0.6)		-0.2	(0.5)
	Croatia	1.7	(0.8)		-1.7	(0.8)		0.5	(0.6)		-2.2	(0.4)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	0.1	(0.3)		-0.1	(0.3)		-0.5	(0.2)		0.4	(0.1)
	Hong Kong (China)*	1.5	(2.0)		-1.5	(2.0)		1.2	(1.2)		-2.6	(1.4)
	Indonesia	0.0	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)		0.1	(0.0)		-0.1	(0.1)
	Jordan	2.2	(1.0)		-2.2	(1.0)		-4.0	(0.8)		1.8	(0.4)
	Kazakhstan	3.4	(1.2)		-3.4	(1.2)		-3.0	(0.9)		-0.3	(0.7)
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	7.5	(0.9)		-7.5	(0.9)		-18.1	(1.0)		10.6	(0.7)
	Malaysia	-0.3	(0.3)		0.3	(0.3)		0.0	(0.3)		0.3	(0.1)
	Malta	-6.3	(0.5)		6.3	(0.5)		1.4	(0.3)		4.9	(0.5)
	Moldova	-0.1	(0.3)		0.1	(0.3)		0.0	(0.2)		0.1	(0.1)
	Montenegro	0.8	(0.5)		-0.8	(0.5)		1.1	(0.4)		-1.8	(0.4)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	-2.1	(1.1)		2.1	(1.1)		0.7	(0.5)		1.4	(0.9)
	Peru	0.0	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)		0.1	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	-10.4	(0.6)		10.4	(0.6)		-3.0	(0.5)		13.4	(0.5)
	Romania	-0.5	(0.2)		0.5	(0.2)		0.4	(0.1)		0.0	(0.1)
	Russia	6.3	(0.8)		-6.3	(0.8)		-3.7	(0.7)		-2.7	(0.4)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	0.1	(0.7)		-0.1	(0.7)		3.1	(0.5)		-3.3	(0.4)
	Singapore	-10.5	(0.9)		10.5	(0.9)		3.3	(0.5)		7.1	(0.9)
	Chinese Taipei	-0.3	(0.2)		0.3	(0.2)		0.1	(0.1)		0.2	(0.1)
	Thailand	-1.1	(0.4)		1.1	(0.4)		0.7	(0.3)		0.3	(0.1)
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	-0.7	(0.2)		0.7	(0.2)		0.4	(0.2)		0.3	(0.2)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.10 [1/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Reading performance
		PISA 2009
		All students			Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	515	(2.3)		515	(2.1)		524	(5.8)		530	(6.2)		518	(6.3)
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium	506	(2.3)		519	(2.2)		451	(6.4)		454	(7.0)		448	(8.3)
	Canada	524	(1.5)		528	(1.5)		521	(3.4)		522	(3.6)		520	(4.6)
	Chile	449	(3.1)		452	(3.0)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Colombia	413	(3.7)		415	(3.6)		313	(24.8)		c	c		c	c
	Czech Republic	478	(2.9)		479	(2.8)		457	(13.7)		448	(17.9)		472	(17.5)
	Denmark	495	(2.1)		502	(2.2)		438	(3.8)		446	(4.3)		422	(6.2)
	Estonia	501	(2.6)		505	(2.7)		470	(6.5)		470	(6.6)		470	(17.4)
	Finland	536	(2.3)		538	(2.2)		468	(12.8)		493	(13.9)		449	(17.7)
	France	496	(3.4)		505	(3.8)		444	(8.5)		449	(8.9)		428	(15.9)
	Germany	497	(2.7)		511	(2.6)		455	(4.7)		457	(6.1)		450	(5.7)
	Greece	483	(4.3)		489	(4.2)		432	(11.5)		456	(10.4)		420	(15.5)
	Hungary	494	(3.2)		495	(3.1)		507	(8.3)		527	(12.4)		493	(11.6)
	Iceland	500	(1.4)		504	(1.4)		423	(11.7)		c	c		417	(12.4)
	Ireland	496	(3.0)		502	(3.0)		473	(7.1)		508	(12.8)		466	(7.6)
	Israel	474	(3.6)		480	(3.3)		478	(6.4)		487	(6.5)		462	(9.2)
	Italy	486	(1.6)		491	(1.6)		418	(4.2)		446	(9.4)		410	(4.5)
	Japan	520	(3.5)		521	(3.4)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Korea	539	(3.5)		540	(3.4)		c	c		c	c		m	m
	Latvia	484	(3.0)		485	(2.9)		474	(9.0)		472	(9.7)		c	c
	Lithuania	468	(2.4)		471	(2.4)		448	(10.5)		447	(11.0)		c	c
	Luxembourg	472	(1.3)		495	(1.9)		442	(2.1)		439	(2.9)		448	(4.5)
	Mexico	425	(2.0)		430	(1.8)		331	(7.9)		340	(9.9)		324	(9.9)
	Netherlands*	508	(5.1)		515	(5.2)		470	(7.8)		469	(8.2)		471	(12.5)
	New Zealand	521	(2.4)		526	(2.6)		513	(4.7)		498	(8.3)		520	(4.5)
	Norway	503	(2.6)		508	(2.6)		456	(5.9)		463	(8.0)		447	(7.8)
	Poland	500	(2.6)		502	(2.6)		c	c		m	m		c	c
	Portugal*	489	(3.1)		492	(3.1)		466	(6.9)		476	(9.4)		456	(8.8)
	Slovak Republic	477	(2.5)		478	(2.5)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Slovenia	483	(1.0)		488	(1.1)		441	(4.8)		447	(5.5)		414	(8.7)
	Spain	481	(2.0)		488	(2.0)		430	(4.0)		461	(9.3)		426	(4.1)
	Sweden	497	(2.9)		507	(2.7)		442	(6.9)		454	(7.5)		416	(11.3)
	Switzerland	501	(2.4)		513	(2.2)		465	(4.1)		471	(4.5)		455	(6.7)
	Turkey	464	(3.5)		466	(3.5)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	United Kingdom	494	(2.3)		499	(2.2)		476	(7.5)		492	(8.5)		458	(9.5)
	United States*	500	(3.7)		506	(3.8)		484	(5.8)		483	(6.2)		485	(7.9)
	OECD average-35a	491	(0.5)		496	(0.5)		454	(1.6)		468	(1.7)		451	(2.0)
	OECD average-36a	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.10 [2/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Reading performance
		PISA 2009
		All students			Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	385	(4.0)		389	(4.0)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Argentina	398	(4.6)		401	(4.6)		362	(15.2)		366	(12.6)		356	(26.5)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	412	(2.7)		416	(2.7)		317	(13.5)		321	(18.7)		310	(18.6)
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	429	(6.7)		433	(6.7)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Costa Rica	443	(3.2)		445	(3.1)		427	(7.5)		419	(11.5)		434	(8.4)
	Croatia	476	(2.9)		479	(2.9)		461	(5.3)		465	(5.5)		452	(8.4)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	374	(2.9)		378	(2.8)		393	(11.1)		393	(10.7)		c	c
	Hong Kong (China)*	533	(2.1)		535	(2.7)		531	(3.4)		543	(3.2)		512	(5.5)
	Indonesia	402	(3.7)		403	(3.7)		c	c		m	m		c	c
	Jordan	405	(3.3)		407	(3.1)		418	(5.7)		420	(6.5)		412	(8.6)
	Kazakhstan	390	(3.1)		390	(3.2)		396	(9.7)		415	(12.1)		366	(8.9)
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	487	(0.9)		482	(2.0)		489	(1.0)		489	(1.3)		491	(2.2)
	Malaysia	414	(2.9)		415	(2.8)		399	(10.6)		405	(10.5)		c	c
	Malta	442	(1.6)		446	(1.7)		448	(13.6)		c	c		447	(15.3)
	Moldova	388	(2.8)		389	(2.8)		449	(11.1)		450	(14.6)		c	c
	Montenegro	408	(1.7)		408	(1.7)		415	(6.8)		433	(10.1)		404	(8.9)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	371	(6.5)		382	(5.6)		350	(26.8)		398	(28.8)		324	(32.6)
	Peru	370	(4.0)		374	(3.9)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	372	(0.8)		331	(1.3)		429	(1.4)		392	(2.3)		457	(2.1)
	Romania	424	(4.1)		426	(4.0)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Russia	459	(3.3)		464	(3.2)		439	(7.0)		435	(9.4)		444	(7.1)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	442	(2.4)		442	(2.4)		457	(4.8)		466	(6.8)		446	(7.3)
	Singapore	526	(1.1)		526	(1.2)		529	(4.3)		544	(6.4)		521	(4.9)
	Chinese Taipei	495	(2.6)		497	(2.5)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Thailand	421	(2.6)		421	(2.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	426	(2.6)		427	(2.6)		412	(36.1)		c	c		c	c
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.10 [3/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Reading performance
		PISA 2018
		All students			Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	503	(1.6)		504	(2.0)		511	(3.3)		523	(4.5)		501	(3.9)
	Austria	484	(2.7)		500	(2.6)		437	(4.2)		446	(4.3)		421	(5.5)
	Belgium	493	(2.3)		506	(2.4)		445	(3.8)		459	(4.7)		427	(5.2)
	Canada	520	(1.8)		525	(1.6)		522	(3.0)		535	(3.9)		508	(3.6)
	Chile	452	(2.6)		456	(2.7)		438	(7.5)		447	(18.3)		435	(8.5)
	Colombia	412	(3.3)		414	(3.3)		355	(13.9)		c	c		c	c
	Czech Republic	490	(2.5)		493	(2.5)		440	(9.7)		459	(10.5)		421	(14.4)
	Denmark	501	(1.8)		509	(1.9)		444	(3.5)		447	(3.7)		435	(7.4)
	Estonia	523	(1.8)		528	(1.9)		489	(4.5)		492	(4.9)		453	(16.8)
	Finland	520	(2.3)		527	(2.1)		435	(7.5)		456	(10.3)		420	(9.0)
	France	493	(2.3)		502	(2.7)		449	(5.3)		461	(5.7)		425	(7.5)
	Germany	498	(3.0)		519	(3.3)		456	(6.5)		477	(6.6)		405	(11.8)
	Greece	457	(3.6)		465	(3.4)		414	(6.1)		420	(6.9)		397	(9.2)
	Hungary	476	(2.3)		477	(2.3)		490	(9.8)		510	(11.1)		468	(16.5)
	Iceland	474	(1.7)		481	(1.8)		407	(7.6)		412	(10.9)		402	(9.5)
	Ireland	518	(2.2)		522	(2.3)		508	(3.8)		509	(5.3)		508	(5.3)
	Israel	470	(3.7)		481	(3.5)		470	(6.6)		493	(6.1)		398	(10.4)
	Italy	476	(2.4)		482	(2.6)		440	(4.9)		445	(5.9)		433	(7.1)
	Japan	504	(2.7)		w	w		w	w		w	w		w	w
	Korea	514	(2.9)		515	(2.9)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Latvia	479	(1.6)		480	(1.6)		476	(8.7)		467	(9.2)		515	(19.9)
	Lithuania	476	(1.5)		478	(1.5)		457	(11.1)		454	(11.5)		469	(27.3)
	Luxembourg	470	(1.1)		491	(1.9)		455	(1.7)		450	(2.9)		461	(2.9)
	Mexico	420	(2.7)		424	(2.8)		328	(14.5)		332	(13.4)		324	(22.4)
	Netherlands*	485	(2.7)		498	(2.9)		426	(6.2)		433	(6.7)		399	(13.0)
	New Zealand	506	(2.0)		510	(2.3)		508	(3.5)		518	(5.3)		500	(4.0)
	Norway	499	(2.2)		509	(2.1)		457	(4.7)		463	(7.0)		451	(5.5)
	Poland	512	(2.7)		514	(2.7)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Portugal*	492	(2.4)		495	(2.6)		463	(7.8)		483	(10.1)		436	(9.1)
	Slovak Republic	458	(2.2)		460	(2.2)		407	(13.6)		424	(17.8)		387	(17.3)
	Slovenia	495	(1.2)		502	(1.3)		439	(6.0)		464	(7.3)		422	(8.2)
	Spain	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	506	(3.0)		525	(2.7)		443	(5.8)		471	(6.4)		410	(6.9)
	Switzerland	484	(3.1)		503	(3.2)		451	(4.3)		453	(4.6)		448	(6.3)
	Turkey	466	(2.2)		467	(2.2)		462	(12.7)		474	(15.1)		c	c
	United Kingdom	504	(2.6)		511	(2.7)		491	(4.2)		493	(5.7)		488	(6.9)
	United States*	505	(3.6)		510	(3.6)		503	(6.0)		512	(6.1)		479	(8.3)
	OECD average-35a	487	(0.4)		494	(0.4)		452	(1.3)		465	(1.6)		440	(2.1)
	OECD average-36a	487	(0.4)		494	(0.4)		452	(1.3)		466	(1.6)		441	(2.1)

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.10 [4/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Reading performance
		PISA 2018
		All students			Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s	Mean score	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	405	(1.9)		407	(1.9)		340	(11.3)		c	c		c	c
	Argentina	402	(3.0)		404	(3.1)		405	(7.0)		414	(9.4)		395	(8.0)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	389	(2.5)		393	(2.6)		379	(4.2)		386	(5.2)		369	(6.8)
	Belarus	474	(2.4)		475	(2.5)		457	(7.3)		461	(6.7)		447	(16.3)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	403	(2.9)		405	(3.0)		386	(7.7)		403	(11.0)		369	(11.1)
	Brazil	413	(2.1)		418	(2.1)		334	(11.0)		332	(13.4)		c	c
	Brunei Darussalam	408	(0.9)		403	(1.0)		476	(4.0)		460	(6.8)		485	(5.4)
	B-S-J-Z (China)	555	(2.7)		556	(2.7)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Bulgaria	420	(3.9)		425	(3.8)		383	(13.0)		c	c		c	c
	Costa Rica	426	(3.4)		430	(3.5)		407	(4.8)		408	(4.7)		404	(8.8)
	Croatia	479	(2.7)		481	(2.6)		471	(5.5)		473	(5.7)		464	(11.8)
	Cyprus	424	(1.4)		426	(1.4)		430	(4.0)		420	(6.4)		436	(5.4)
	Dominican Republic	342	(2.9)		347	(2.7)		322	(11.2)		323	(10.4)		322	(16.2)
	Georgia	380	(2.2)		384	(2.1)		333	(11.4)		328	(15.3)		c	c
	Hong Kong (China)*	524	(2.7)		529	(2.9)		522	(4.7)		533	(4.3)		502	(6.9)
	Indonesia	371	(2.6)		373	(2.6)		276	(16.0)		c	c		c	c
	Jordan	419	(2.9)		421	(2.7)		433	(4.5)		433	(5.0)		434	(6.1)
	Kazakhstan	387	(1.5)		389	(1.5)		377	(2.8)		389	(4.0)		366	(3.7)
	Kosovo	353	(1.1)		355	(1.1)		333	(8.3)		339	(9.3)		c	c
	Lebanon	353	(4.3)		364	(4.4)		313	(8.4)		306	(13.1)		316	(9.3)
	Macao (China)	525	(1.2)		512	(2.2)		533	(1.8)		528	(2.5)		540	(2.8)
	Malaysia	415	(2.9)		417	(2.8)		410	(16.7)		413	(13.0)		c	c
	Malta	448	(1.7)		452	(1.8)		451	(6.8)		433	(16.3)		457	(8.3)
	Moldova	424	(2.4)		428	(2.4)		428	(13.8)		433	(14.4)		c	c
	Montenegro	421	(1.1)		422	(1.1)		429	(4.5)		438	(6.5)		415	(6.5)
	Morocco	359	(3.1)		361	(3.2)		305	(11.0)		c	c		c	c
	North Macedonia	393	(1.1)		397	(1.2)		369	(14.1)		372	(17.2)		c	c
	Panama	377	(3.0)		381	(2.9)		408	(10.1)		375	(14.3)		426	(12.1)
	Peru	401	(3.0)		403	(2.9)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Philippines	340	(3.3)		344	(3.3)		274	(12.8)		c	c		261	(14.4)
	Qatar	407	(0.8)		368	(1.3)		445	(1.2)		423	(2.6)		454	(1.4)
	Romania	428	(5.1)		431	(5.3)		c	c		c	c		c	c
	Russia	479	(3.1)		480	(3.1)		478	(6.3)		491	(6.9)		457	(8.4)
	Saudi Arabia	399	(3.0)		400	(3.1)		436	(4.7)		435	(5.7)		437	(6.2)
	Serbia	439	(3.3)		441	(3.1)		447	(6.8)		447	(7.3)		449	(13.5)
	Singapore	549	(1.6)		546	(1.5)		565	(4.3)		587	(4.0)		554	(6.0)
	Chinese Taipei	503	(2.8)		504	(2.8)		428	(49.1)		c	c		c	c
	Thailand	393	(3.2)		394	(3.2)		356	(20.0)		348	(15.5)		c	c
	Ukraine	466	(3.5)		468	(3.4)		443	(9.9)		456	(11.7)		419	(18.7)
	United Arab Emirates	432	(2.3)		386	(2.0)		476	(2.7)		465	(2.6)		484	(3.4)
	Uruguay	427	(2.8)		429	(2.7)		402	(18.6)		399	(19.4)		404	(31.4)
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.10 [5/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Change in reading performance between PISA 2009 and PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
		All students			Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	-12	(4.5)		-11	(4.5)		-13	(7.6)		-8	(8.5)		-17	(8.2)
	Austria	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belgium	-13	(4.8)		-13	(4.8)		-6	(8.2)		4	(9.1)		-21	(10.4)
	Canada	-4	(4.2)		-3	(4.2)		1	(5.8)		13	(6.4)		-12	(6.8)
	Chile	3	(5.4)		5	(5.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Colombia	-1	(6.1)		-1	(6.0)		42	(28.6)		m	m		m	m
	Czech Republic	12	(5.2)		14	(5.2)		-17	(17.2)		12	(21.0)		-51	(23.0)
	Denmark	6	(4.5)		8	(4.5)		6	(6.3)		1	(6.7)		12	(10.3)
	Estonia	22	(4.8)		24	(4.8)		20	(8.7)		22	(8.9)		-17	(24.4)
	Finland	-16	(4.8)		-11	(4.6)		-33	(15.2)		-37	(17.6)		-29	(20.2)
	France	-3	(5.4)		-3	(5.8)		5	(10.6)		12	(11.1)		-3	(17.9)
	Germany	1	(5.3)		8	(5.5)		1	(8.7)		20	(9.7)		-46	(13.5)
	Greece	-25	(6.6)		-24	(6.5)		-18	(13.5)		-36	(13.0)		-23	(18.4)
	Hungary	-18	(5.2)		-18	(5.2)		-18	(13.3)		-17	(17.0)		-24	(20.4)
	Iceland	-26	(4.2)		-23	(4.2)		-16	(14.4)		m	m		-15	(16.0)
	Ireland	22	(5.1)		20	(5.2)		35	(8.8)		1	(14.3)		42	(9.9)
	Israel	-4	(6.3)		1	(6.0)		-8	(9.8)		6	(9.6)		-64	(14.3)
	Italy	-10	(4.6)		-8	(4.7)		21	(7.3)		-1	(11.6)		23	(9.1)
	Japan	-16	(5.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Korea	-25	(5.7)		-25	(5.7)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Latvia	-5	(4.9)		-5	(4.8)		2	(13.1)		-6	(13.8)		m	m
	Lithuania	7	(4.5)		7	(4.5)		9	(15.7)		6	(16.3)		m	m
	Luxembourg	-2	(3.9)		-4	(4.4)		13	(4.4)		11	(5.4)		14	(6.4)
	Mexico	-5	(4.9)		-6	(4.8)		-2	(16.8)		-9	(17.0)		0	(24.8)
	Netherlands*	-24	(6.8)		-17	(6.9)		-44	(10.6)		-37	(11.1)		-72	(18.4)
	New Zealand	-15	(4.7)		-16	(4.9)		-5	(6.8)		20	(10.5)		-20	(7.0)
	Norway	-4	(4.9)		1	(4.9)		1	(8.3)		0	(11.2)		3	(10.2)
	Poland	11	(5.1)		11	(5.1)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Portugal*	2	(5.3)		3	(5.4)		-3	(11.1)		7	(14.3)		-20	(13.1)
	Slovak Republic	-19	(4.9)		-18	(4.9)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Slovenia	12	(3.9)		14	(3.9)		-2	(8.5)		17	(9.8)		9	(12.5)
	Spain	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Sweden	8	(5.5)		18	(5.2)		1	(9.7)		18	(10.5)		-6	(13.7)
	Switzerland	-17	(5.3)		-10	(5.2)		-14	(6.9)		-17	(7.3)		-7	(9.9)
	Turkey	1	(5.4)		1	(5.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Kingdom	10	(4.9)		12	(4.9)		14	(9.3)		1	(10.8)		30	(12.3)
	United States*	6	(6.2)		4	(6.3)		19	(9.1)		28	(9.3)		-6	(12.0)
	OECD average-35a	-4	(3.6)		-2	(3.6)		0	(4.1)		1	(4.2)		-12	(4.6)
	OECD average-36a	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.9.10 [6/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Change in reading performance between PISA 2009 and PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
		All students			Non-immigrant			Immigrant			Second-generation immigrant			First-generation immigrant
		Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s	Score dif.	S.E.	s
Partners	Albania	21	(5.7)		18	(5.6)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Argentina	3	(6.5)		3	(6.6)		43	(17.1)		48	(16.1)		39	(27.9)
	Baku (Azerbaijan)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Belarus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Brazil	1	(4.9)		2	(4.9)		17	(17.7)		11	(23.2)		m	m
	Brunei Darussalam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	B-S-J-Z (China)	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Bulgaria	-9	(8.5)		-8	(8.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Costa Rica	-16	(5.8)		-15	(5.9)		-20	(9.5)		-11	(12.9)		-30	(12.6)
	Croatia	3	(5.3)		3	(5.3)		11	(8.4)		8	(8.7)		12	(14.9)
	Cyprus	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Dominican Republic	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Georgia	5	(5.0)		6	(5.0)		-60	(16.3)		-65	(19.0)		m	m
	Hong Kong (China)*	-9	(4.9)		-6	(5.3)		-9	(6.8)		-11	(6.4)		-10	(9.5)
	Indonesia	-31	(5.7)		-30	(5.8)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Jordan	14	(5.7)		14	(5.4)		15	(8.1)		12	(8.9)		22	(11.2)
	Kazakhstan	-4	(4.9)		-1	(5.0)		-19	(10.7)		-26	(13.2)		0	(10.3)
	Kosovo	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Lebanon	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Macao (China)	38	(3.8)		30	(4.6)		44	(4.1)		39	(4.5)		50	(5.0)
	Malaysia	1	(5.4)		3	(5.3)		11	(20.1)		9	(17.1)		m	m
	Malta	6	(4.2)		7	(4.3)		3	(15.6)		m	m		10	(17.8)
	Moldova	36	(5.1)		39	(5.1)		-21	(18.0)		-17	(20.8)		m	m
	Montenegro	14	(4.1)		13	(4.1)		14	(8.9)		5	(12.6)		10	(11.6)
	Morocco	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	North Macedonia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Panama	6	(8.0)		-2	(7.2)		58	(28.9)		-23	(32.3)		102	(34.9)
	Peru	31	(6.1)		29	(6.0)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Philippines	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Qatar	35	(3.7)		37	(4.0)		16	(4.0)		32	(5.0)		-2	(4.3)
	Romania	3	(7.5)		5	(7.5)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Russia	19	(5.7)		16	(5.7)		39	(10.1)		56	(12.2)		13	(11.5)
	Saudi Arabia	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Serbia	-3	(5.4)		-1	(5.3)		-10	(9.0)		-19	(10.6)		3	(15.8)
	Singapore	24	(4.0)		19	(4.0)		36	(7.0)		43	(8.4)		33	(8.5)
	Chinese Taipei	7	(5.2)		8	(5.2)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Thailand	-28	(5.5)		-27	(5.4)		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Ukraine	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	United Arab Emirates	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m
	Uruguay	1	(5.2)		2	(5.1)		-10	(40.8)		m	m		m	m
	Viet Nam	m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m		m	m

* Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.

Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

Statlink

Table II.B1.10.1 [1/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background

Based on students’ reports

		Percentage of immigrant students			Index of perception of competence
					All students			Non-immigrant students			Immigrant students			Difference immigrants - non-immigrants
		%	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s	Mean index	S.E.	s	Dif.	S.E.	s
OECD	Australia	27.7	(0.8)		0.20	(0.01)		0.21	(0.01)		0.18	(0.02)		-0.03	(0.02)
	Austria	22.7	(1.2)		0.32	(0.02)		0.38	(0.02)		0.15	(0.03)		-0.23	(0.04)
	Belgium	18.1	(0.9)		-0.25	(0.01)		-0.25	(0.01)		-0.24	(0.02)		0.01	(0.02)
	Canada	35.0	(1.4)		0.28	(0.01)		0.31	(0.01)		0.24	(0.02)		-0.07	(0.02)
	Chile	3.4	(0.4)		-0.18	(0.01)		-0.18	(0.01)		-0.21	(0.08)		-0.03	(0.08)
	Colombia	0.6	(0.1)		-0.15	(0.02)		-0.15	(0.02)		-0.28	(0.21)		-0.13	(0.21)
	Czech Republic	4.1	(0.4)		-0.17	(0.01)		-0.17	(0.01)		-0.28	(0.06)		-0.12	(0.06)
	Denmark	10.7	(0.4)		0.30	(0.01)		0.30	(0.01)		0.26	(0.03)		-0.05	(0.03)
	Estonia	10.4	(0.5)		-0.11	(0.01)		-0.08	(0.02)		-0.37	(0.04)		-0.30	(0.04)
	Finland	5.8	(0.5)		0.09	(0.02)		0.10	(0.02)		-0.07	(0.07)		-0.18	(0.07)
	France	14.3	(0.9)		-0.21	(0.02)		-0.21	(0.02)		-0.21	(0.04)		0.00	(0.04)
	Germany	22.2	(1.1)		0.17	(0.02)		0.19	(0.02)		0.06	(0.04)		-0.13	(0.04)
	Greece	11.7	(0.7)		0.07	(0.01)		0.10	(0.01)		-0.12	(0.04)		-0.22	(0.04)
	Hungary	2.6	(0.3)		-0.06	(0.02)		-0.06	(0.02)		-0.09	(0.08)		-0.03	(0.08)
	Iceland	5.6