OECD Economic Surveys: European Union and Euro Area 2025

Basic statistics of the European Union, 2024

 

(Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)

LAND, PEOPLE AND ELECTORAL CYCLE
Population (million, 2023)	448.8		Population density per km² (2023)	112.3	(39.2)
Under 15 (%, 2023)	14.6	(16.9)	Life expect. at birth (years, 2023, OECD: 2022)	80.4	(80.6)
Over 65 (%, 2023)	21.6	(18.2)	Men (2023, OECD: 2022)	77.4	(78.0)
International migrant stock (% of pop., 2023)	15.4	(15.7)	Women (2023, OECD: 2022)	83.4	(83.2)
Latest 5-year average growth (%)	0.1	(0.4)
ECONOMY
Gross domestic product (GDP)			Value added shares (%, 2023)
In current prices (billion USD)	19 398.3		Agriculture, forestry and fishing	2.3	(2.7)
In current prices (billion EUR)	17 933.7		Industry including construction	25.1	(27.1)
Latest 5-year average real growth (%)	1.1	(1.7)	Services	72.7	(70.2)
Per capita (thousand USD PPP)	59.1	(59.0)
GENERAL GOVERNMENT
Expenditure (% of GDP, 2023)	49.0	(42.4)	Gross financial debt (% of GDP, 2023)	88.8	(110.5)
Revenue (% of GDP, 2023)	45.5	(37.8)	Net financial debt (% of GDP, 2023)	50.4	(67.0)
EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS
Exchange rate (EUR per USD)	0.92		Main exports (% of total merchandise exports, 2023)
PPP exchange rate (USA = 1)	0.66		Machinery and electronics	21.0
In per cent of GDP			Chemicals	13.9
Exports of goods and services *	50.7	(30.5)	Transportation	12.3
Imports of goods and services *	46.2	(30.1)	Main imports (% of total merchandise imports, 2023)
Current account balance	0.7	(-0.6)	Machinery and electronics	21.2
			Fuels	13.2
			Transportation	12.5
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Employment rate (aged 15 and over, %)	54.7	(58.0)	Unemployment rate, LFS (aged 15 and over, %)	5.9	(4.9)
Men	60.4	(65.4)	Youth (aged 15-24, %)	14.9	(11.1)
Women	49.3	(51.0)	Long-term unempl. (1 year & over, %, 2023)	2.1	(1.0)
Participation rate (aged 15 and over, %)	58.1	(61.0)	Tertiary educational attainment (aged 25-64, %, 2023)	37.3	(41.0)
Average hours worked per year (OECD: 2023)	1 601	(1742)	Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP, 2021)	2.3	(2.9)
ENVIRONMENT
Total primary energy supply per capita (toe)	2.8	(3.7)	CO₂ emiss. from fuel combustion pc (tonnes, 2023)	5.2	(7.6)
Renewables (%)	19.5	(12.5)	Municipal waste per capita (tonnes, 2023)	0.5	(0.6)
Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 μg/m³ of PM 2.5, % of population, 2020)	62.8	(56.5)
SOCIETY
Income inequality (Gini coefficient, latest available)	0.296	(0.316)	Education outcomes (PISA 2022 score)
Relative poverty rate (%, 2022)	10.6	(11.7)	Reading	469	(476)
Median disposable household income (thousand USD PPP, 2022, OECD: 2021)	30.6	(30.0)	Mathematics	472	(472)
Public and private spending (% of GDP)			Science	481	(485)
Health care (2023)	8.7	(9.2)	Share of women in parliament (%, 2023)	33.0	(32.8)
Pensions (2021)	10.4	(9.9)	Net official development assistance (% of GNI, 2022)	0.4	(0.4)
Education (total spending, % of GDP, 2020)	4.6	(5.1)

Note: The year is indicated in parenthesis if it deviates from the year in the main title of this table (2024). Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 80% of member countries.

* The figure refers to the average value of the EU and the OECD member countries, respectively. This includes total trade, i.e. intra- and extra- EU and OECD trade, respectively. In 2024, extra-EU exports accounted for 22.8% of GDP, while extra-EU imports accounted for 20.5% of GDP.

Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the following organisations: OECD, International Energy Agency, International Labour Organisation, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, World Bank.