Access to justice refers to the capacity of individuals and enterprises to prevent conflicts and obtain effective, affordable, fair, equitable and timely resolution of their legal and justice-related needs (OECD, 2021). Ensuring access to justice is essential for protecting rights, enabling people to resolve disputes, participate fully in society and the economy, and hold institutions accountable. On average, SEA countries scored 0.52 out of a maximum score of 1 on the accessibility and affordability of civil justice in the 2023 World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index (Figure 6.10). Singapore (0.63) and Thailand (0.60) were assessed as having the highest scores in the SEA region. The regional average on this index has increased by 0.06 points since 2014, when the SEA average was 0.46. In five out of six SEA countries, performance on this measure has improved since 2014. The largest improvements were observed in Thailand (+0.13 points) and Viet Nam (+0.12 points).
Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms (ADRs) are more flexible justice services than a court. They can increase access to justice, as not everyone can afford formal court or legal fees. The integrity of ADRs is essential. These mechanisms must be accessible and free from undue influence, ensuring fair outcomes for all parties involved. In 2024, the average score for SEA countries on the accessibility, impartiality and effectiveness of alternative dispute resolution was 0.58 out of a maximum score of 1 (
Figure 6.11). This is an increase from 2014 (0.50). Singapore (0.75) had the highest score among SEA countries in 2024. The largest improvements were in Thailand (+0.21), the Philippines (+0.18) and Indonesia (+0.11).
An independent justice system is important for the fair resolution of legal disputes and for maintaining public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of judicial processes. Independence of the judicial system ensures that decisions are made based on the law rather than external pressures, which is essential for upholding the rule of law and protecting fundamental rights. On average, the SEA region scored 0.42 out of 1 on freedom of the civil justice system from improper government influence in 2024 (Figure 6.12). This is similar to the 2014 average score of 0.40. Among SEA countries in 2024, Singapore had the highest score (0.71), followed by Indonesia (0.48) and Thailand (0.47). The largest improvement occurred in Viet Nam, with an increase from 0.20 in 2014 to 0.33 in 2024. Thailand also increased between 2014 and 2024, from 0.35 to 0.47.
