Monitoring progress on positive incentives
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) calls on scaling up positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (Target 18). Additionally, it calls to progressively align all relevant public and private activities, and fiscal and financial flows with biodiversity objectives. Economic instruments provide continuous incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, while most are also able to generate revenue or mobilise finance. Consistent, comparable data on these instruments across countries is key to monitoring progress towards achieving Target 18 (on positive incentives) of the KMGBF.
Overview of biodiversity-positive incentives
The trends in the uptake of biodiversity-positive incentives since 1980 are depicted below, illustrating that there has been a gradual increase over time. In 2026, the total number of active biodiversity-positive incentives in the PINE database is 924.
Tracking Economic Instruments and Finance for Biodiversity: Trends in biodiversity-positive incentives 1980-2026
Mainstreaming biodiversity across sectors
The instruments are also tagged by industry sector, which provides insights on the extent of mainstreaming biodiversity across different sectors of the economy. The largest proportion of biodiversity-positive incentives are applied in the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector (40%), followed by the water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (16%) and manufacturing (10%). Within the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry code, the biodiversity-positive incentives are approximately equally distributed.
Distribution of active biodiversity-positive incentives by sector, 2026
Related policy issues
Questions? Reach out to us
For more information, please contact Katia Karousakis and Edward Perry from the Biodiversity team of the OECD Environment Directorate.