Publications

Evidence, OECD practices and reform directions

Sera disponible le 22 Juin 2026
Langue: anglais
Pages: 182

Recruitment and selection are central to workforce capability, organisational performance and the delivery of effective public services. In a context of evolving skill requirements, technological change and increasing labour market competition, public administrations need to adopt more strategic and forward-looking approaches to attract and select talent. This paper brings together robust research evidence on recruitment and selection, alongside an analysis of advanced practices in selected OECD countries, to establish a foundation for assessing current systems in Western Balkan and EU Eastern Neighbourhood administrations. Drawing mainly on SIGMA assessments, it identifies persistent weaknesses and uneven levels of professionalism and effectiveness. The analysis highlights the need to strengthen the professionalisation of the human resource management function, improve job-relatedness and predictive validity of personnel assessment methods, and enhance strategic workforce planning, public service employer branding and data use. Overall, the paper argues that more evidence-based and adaptable systems are essential to ensure public administration remains fit for purpose.

Economic implications

Sera disponible le 22 Juin 2026
Langue: anglais
Pages: 28

As countries around the world raise defence spending, understanding the implications of a defence production footprint for local economies is becoming increasingly important for policy. Yet comparable evidence remains limited, partly because defence procurement data are rarely available at the local level. This paper studies the economic footprint of defence production using a new measure of defence-industrial presence across TL3-level localities in 15 European countries. Rather than estimating local fiscal multipliers, the paper identifies localities that host defence production establishments and their supply chain and assesses whether those localities display systematically different economic outcomes. The empirical strategy estimates the long-run conditional association between a defence industrial presence and output using panel Dynamic OLS. The paper also examines whether the association is stronger in more innovative places and computes impulse response functions based on local projections to assess whether localities hosting defence-related production have experienced different output trajectories after the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014. Results show defence industrial presence is positively and significantly associated with higher regional income levels. The findings provide insights to inform debates on defence spending, industrial capacity and local economic development.

Sera disponible le 22 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: français
Pages: 127

Le cadre d'évaluation de la performance du système de santé (HSPA) pour le Luxembourg est un outil conçu pour suivre la santé de la population et la performance du système de santé, soutenir l'élaboration de politiques et la prise de décisions fondées sur des données probantes, et renforcer l'engagement du public sur des questions clés de politique de santé, telles que la littératie en santé et les soins centrés sur la personne. Ce rapport décrit le cadre de référence HSPA pour le Luxembourg et documente son élaboration à travers un processus inclusif et collaboratif. Il décrit également les indicateurs qui ont été sélectionnés pour alimenter le cadre de référence HSPA du Luxembourg, en détaillant la méthodologie de sélection des indicateurs et l’implication des parties prenantes. En outre, le rapport présente la structure de gouvernance de la HSPA du Luxembourg et identifie des stratégies visant à intégrer ses informations dans l'élaboration des politiques nationales. La mise en œuvre du cadre de référence HSPA pour le Luxembourg renforcera la responsabilisation et la transparence des principales parties prenantes du système de santé, permettra l'élaboration de politiques fondées sur des données probantes et guidera les améliorations stratégiques à l'échelle du système.

Sera disponible le 22 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 27

Mongolia has set out ambitious plans to expand its transport infrastructure in the coming years. As climate-related risks such as floods and droughts intensify, ensuring that transport assets are planned and managed in a climate-resilient way will be critical to avoid locking in long-term vulnerabilities and costs. This policy paper presents findings from an OECD policy dialogue conducted in Mongolia on mainstreaming climate resilience into transport infrastructure planning and design. It outlines the rationale for strengthening climate resilience, takes stock of current policy practices and explores options to adapt transport infrastructure to a changing climate.

Sera disponible le 22 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 8

Many barriers still prevent adults from taking part in upskilling and reskilling, even when training opportunities exist. These challenges can arise at any stage – before adults consider training, while exploring options, during decision-making and even once enrolled. Governments play a critical role in removing these obstacles through policies such as training leave, career guidance and financial incentives. Training providers also share responsibility, within their available resources, by raising awareness, offering flexible formats and creating inclusive learning environments. This policy brief examines the barriers adults face throughout the training process and highlights interventions by governments and providers to overcome them. Its aim is to help policymakers and training organisations identify the most relevant solutions for their context.

Soutenir les priorités nationales

Sera disponible le 22 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: français
Pages: 108

Sera disponible le 23 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 101

The Compendium of Productivity Indicators provides an overview of recent and long-term productivity trends across OECD countries and, where possible, accession candidate countries. It decomposes aggregate productivity figures to identify the contributions of labour, capital inputs, and multifactor productivity to economic growth. Using more detailed industry level data than earlier editions, this year’s report explores variation across industries. It also examines productivity differences across and within enterprise size classes and regions. A dedicated chapter discusses how the growth accounting framework can be extended to develop environmental-adjusted measure of productivity.

Sera disponible le 23 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 95

The report Developing Vocational Education and Training with Artificial Intelligence examines how artificial intelligence (AI) is beginning to transform the development of curricula, qualifications and occupational standards in vocational education and training (VET). Commonly lengthy and resource-intensive, the development processes face increasing pressure to respond to fast changing labour market needs driven by digitalisation, green transitions and structural shifts – as well as AI itself. The report analyses current and emerging applications and pilots of AI in VET development, from labour market analysis and competency mapping, to automated drafting and compliance checks. It identifies opportunities to enhance relevance, agility and efficiency in VET, while emphasising potential risks, governance needs and the continuing importance of a human-centred approach. The report provides policy considerations for effective and secure integration of AI into VET development, ensuring that VET curricula and qualifications remain relevant, trusted and future-ready. It draws on survey results across 25 countries and case studies from Croatia, England (United Kingdom), Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Korea, Lithuania, Mexico, Netherlands and Switzerland.

Sera disponible le 23 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 42

Young people today interact in a range of digital environments – from browsing the Internet and playing video games, to connecting with their peers on social media platforms. As social media has become central to how young people communicate and consume information, parents, educators and policymakers increasingly worry that social media use may contribute to lower academic performance and negatively affect well-being. This paper reviews the literature on the impacts of social media use on young people and then explores trends in how they use social media. It analyses the associations between social media use and academic outcomes and skills, focusing on creative thinking. Finally, the paper discusses how policy can support young people in making the most of social media’s many opportunities, while protecting them against related risks in ways that safeguard freedom of expression, privacy, innovation and fair competition.

Sera disponible le 23 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 11

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to support the development and updating of vocational education and training (VET) curricula and qualifications. While AI use can improve efficiency, responsiveness and the use of evidence in VET development, it raises important questions about governance, quality, accountability and ownership. VET development is typically governed by regulated, multi stakeholder processes with strong implications for labour market outcomes and public trust. Without clear VET-specific guidance, AI risks being applied in fragmented ways that may weaken collective decision making, blur responsibility or reinforce divides between stakeholders. This policy brief highlights VET-specific guidance by setting out five principles for the effective and secure use of AI in VET development. The principles emphasise human centred use, diversity and inclusiveness, accountability, transparency, and data quality, security and protection, ensuring that AI supports collective expert judgement and collaborative decision making while strengthening quality, legitimacy and trust in VET systems.

Sera disponible le 23 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langues: ukrainien-anglais
Pages: 14

Повномасштабне вторгнення росії в Україну та посилення фіскальних обмежень обмежують спроможність держави забезпечити фінансування широкомасштабних проєктів, що підкреслює необхідність мобілізації приватного капіталу як складової ширшої стратегії фінансування. У цьому аналітичному огляді висвітлюється ключова роль страхування воєнних ризиків як інструменту відновлення довіри інвесторів та підвищення інвестиційної привабливості довгострокових інфраструктурних активів. Водночас наголошується, що за відсутності чіткішої нормативно-правової бази та надійних механізмів компенсації страхове покриття залишається обмеженим і фрагментованим. Крім того, фінансування у середньостроковій перспективі може бути посилене шляхом сек’юритизації дохідних «браунфілд» активів за умови формування належного законодавчого підґрунтя та забезпечення надійних механізмів експлуатації і структури власності. Нарешті, у довгостроковій перспективі цільовий та операційно незалежний національний банк розвитку може відігравати каталізуючу роль шляхом заповнення ринкових прогалин у сфері довгострокового фінансування, зниження ризиків інфраструктурних проєктів та залучення приватних інвестицій через механізми гарантування, спільного кредитування та змішаного фінансування. Використання зазначених інструментів дозволить забезпечити баланс між механізмами зниження ризиків та інституційним розвитком з метою масштабного залучення приватного фінансування та підтримки стійкого відновлення, узгодженого з довгостроковими цілями економічного зростання та європейської інтеграції України.

Sera disponible le 23 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langues: ukrainien-anglais
Pages: 141

Delivering Better Justice Outcomes for People

Sera disponible le 23 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 206

Ukraine’s justice system is operating under the strain of war while continuing a far-reaching programme of reform. This report examines how courts and other justice institutions have maintained services despite damaged infrastructure, increased demand and disrupted working conditions, and how they are adapting to support recovery and European integration. It looks at how justice is organised and delivered in practice, including access to services, the handling of cases, the use of digital tools and the experience of people navigating the system. It also explores how the system is addressing the threefold challenge of maintaining ordinary justice services, ensuring accountability for war crimes and laying the foundations for transitional justice. The report highlights both the resilience of institutions and the pressures they face, from staff shortages and funding constraints to growing legal needs linked to war and displacement. The report provides an overview of how the justice system is functioning today and where improvements could help ensure that services remain effective and responsive to people’s needs across the country.

Sera disponible le 23 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 257

Further Results from TALIS Starting Strong 2024

Sera disponible le 24 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 187

Sera disponible le 24 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langues: espagnol-anglais
Pages: 61

Este informe evalúa el progreso de Perú en la alineación de su marco de política regulatoria con los principios y mejores prácticas de la OCDE. Examina la evolución de las bases legales e institucionales de Perú para una mejor regulación, la adopción gradual de herramientas de gestión regulatoria y los mecanismos de gobernanza que sustentan la calidad regulatoria en los niveles nacional y subnacional. El análisis destaca reformas clave, como la Ley General de Mejora de la Calidad Regulatoria y su Reglamento de 2025, que fortalecen las funciones institucionales, refuerzan el uso del análisis de impacto regulatorio (AIR), la participación de las partes interesadas y la simplificación administrativa, y promueven una mayor coherencia en la administración pública. El informe documenta los avances en la elaboración de normas basadas en evidencia, la transparencia y la consulta, así como el papel de los reguladores económicos en la incorporación de prácticas alineadas con la OCDE. También identifica desafíos persistentes relacionados con la implementación desigual, las limitaciones de capacidad, la rotación de personal y las deficiencias de coordinación. Finalmente, analiza el progreso de Perú en la respuesta a recomendaciones seleccionadas del Comité de Política Regulatoria de la OCDE, incluyendo las medidas para formalizar la AIR proporcional, introducir la evaluación ex post y extender las prácticas de mejor regulación a los gobiernos subnacionales. En general, el informe ofrece una visión detallada del sistema de política regulatoria del Perú en una etapa crítica de consolidación y reforma.

Sera disponible le 24 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 63

Cities worldwide are navigating common challenges, from housing affordability pressures to strained transport systems, demographic change, and resilience concerns, often within tight fiscal and administrative constraints. Subnational governments drive a substantial share of public investment and service delivery, making effective local action critical. In this context, city governments are turning to ideas developed elsewhere to accelerate implementation, reduce uncertainty and improve outcomes. Yet, these practices often remain fragmented and informal rather than structured and deliberate. As part of the OECD’s work on inclusive growth in cities, this toolkit explores how cities learn from each other and offers practical guidance to support more strategic idea adoption among cities. Drawing on evidence from a survey of 76 city governments across 43 countries, 16 in-depth case studies and a series of expert and practitioner workshops, the toolkit recognises the diversity of institutional structures, political priorities and resource endowments shaping local policymaking and proposes a set of 14 concrete actions to guide city officials through the idea adoption process.

Sera disponible le 24 Juin 2026 à 09:30 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 279

Động lực cho giai đoạn tăng trưởng tiếp theo

Sera disponible le 25 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langues: vietnamien-anglais
Pages: 33

FDI là nền tảng quan trọng của quá trình chuyển đổi kinh tế Việt Nam, góp phần mở rộng xuất khẩu, phát triển các ngành công nghiệp và tạo việc làm. Khi đất nước bước vào một giai đoạn phát triển mới, việc duy trì tốc độ tăng trưởng mạnh mẽ sẽ phụ thuộc ít hơn vào quy mô đầu tư và nhiều hơn vào chất lượng của nó – cụ thể là mức độ mà đầu tư đó góp phần nâng cao năng suất, chuyển giao kiến thức, hỗ trợ các doanh nghiệp Việt Nam và mang lại lợi ích cho người lao động. Báo cáo này phân tích cách thức nguồn vốn FDI có thể thúc đẩy giai đoạn tăng trưởng tiếp theo của Việt Nam thông qua việc đẩy mạnh ứng dụng công nghệ, chuyển đổi số, nâng cao kỹ năng lao động, tạo ra việc làm chất lượng, mở rộng cơ hội cho phụ nữ và thúc đẩy quá trình chuyển đổi sang nền kinh tế xanh. Báo cáo này đánh giá cách thức các chính sách đầu tư hiện hành được triển khai trên thực tế, cách các cơ quan nhà nước phối hợp với nhau và cách thức theo dõi tiến độ thực hiện. Báo cáo này đề xuất các biện pháp cải cách cụ thể nhằm thu hút các nhà đầu tư có tinh thần đổi mới, đào tạo lao động địa phương và hợp tác với các nhà cung cấp trong nước – từ đó giúp các doanh nghiệp Việt Nam vươn lên trong chuỗi giá trị và đảm bảo rằng các khoản đầu tư mang lại lợi ích rộng rãi hơn cho toàn bộ nền kinh tế. Phiên bản tóm tắt này bao gồm lời nói đầu, tóm tắt nội dung chính và chương tổng quan của báo cáo đầy đủ.

Sera disponible le 25 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 52

Veneto is one of Europe’s manufacturing powerhouses, generating 9.5% of Italy’s GDP. While labour productivity growth has been slower than in peer regions since 2005, the region has maintained international competitiveness, supported by contained labour costs and high employment rates. The analysis highlights opportunities to raise productivity by further developing high value added activities, including by strengthening links between manufacturing and services and by expanding private business investment. There is scope for improving skills matching, notably in STEM fields, leveraging the strong enrolment of local students in those subjects. Veneto’s labour market is also gradually adapting to the green transition, with around 30% of recent job postings involving green tasks

Supporting Evaluation across the Thematic Areas of Bulgaria’s Programme Education

Sera disponible le 25 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 86

Bulgaria’s Programme “Education”, funded through the European Social Fund Plus and the national budget, supports reforms designed to improve access, inclusiveness, quality and labour market relevance across the education sector. This report aims to help strengthen implementation and long-term impact by proposing ways to enhance evaluation practice across the Programme, generating constructive learning about what works in different contexts. Building on existing monitoring and operational systems, it provides a toolbox of measures for fund managers and beneficiaries. Drawing on document review, interviews and international examples, the report finds that while Programme “Education” has clear objectives and a well-established monitoring system, the expected causal links between activities, mechanisms and outcomes are not always explicit. Moreover, there is scope to strengthen learning during implementation by encouraging greater reflection among beneficiaries on what contributes to change, for whom, and under what conditions. Finally, although Bulgaria has rich administrative data, limitations in access and linkage can constrain more robust analysis of outcomes. The report proposes practical recommendations, including greater use of simple theories of change; indicators that better capture outputs, mechanisms and outcomes; improved access to administrative data; more learning-oriented implementation practices; and better conditions for rigorous evaluation where appropriate.

Hatching Growth

Sera disponible le 25 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 172

Sera disponible le 25 Juin 2026 à 14:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 150

Sera disponible le 26 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langues: français-anglais
Pages: 27

Début 2026, plus de 1.4 million de combattants en Ukraine étaient enregistrés comme anciens combattants, soit le triple du chiffre de 2022. Une fois les hostilités terminées, une vague massive de militaires fera la transition vers la vie civile – beaucoup seront déplacés, beaucoup seront blessés et beaucoup devront faire face à des traumatismes psychologiques. Cette ampleur dépasse tout ce qui a été observé dans les pays de l’OCDE au cours de l’histoire récente, alors que l’Ukraine est simultanément confrontée à un taux de pauvreté élevé, à un déclin démographique, à des services publics contraints dans leur fonctionnement et à des infrastructures de santé mentale gravement mises à rude épreuve par des années de guerre totale. Malgré les réformes en cours et la création d’outils numériques tels que Diia et MARTA, les systèmes ukrainiens d’identification précoce des besoins et de soutien intégré et opportun en matière de santé mentale restent sous-développés – alors que ce sont précisément ces domaines qui détermineront le succès à long terme de la réintégration. S’appuyant sur l’expérience des politiques de soutien aux anciens combattants en Australie, au Canada, en France, au Royaume Uni et aux États-Unis, ce document se concentre sur la transition de la vie militaire à la vie civile et sur divers aspects des politiques de santé mentale dans le cadre de cette transition.

The Role of Worker‑Oriented Policies

Sera disponible le 29 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 150

Canada’s longstanding productivity challenges have become increasingly urgent amid significant structural shifts related to demographic ageing, the net-zero transition, digitalisation and artificial intelligence, and global trade realignment. This Review provides concrete policy recommendations to support broadly shared productivity growth in Canada by taking a labour market perspective with an emphasis on worker-oriented policies in relation to skills, job mobility and structural change. While reviving productivity growth in Canada requires a broad range of policies related to product, housing and financial markets, policies that support the adaptability of workers to structural transformation can contribute to this process and reinforce the effectiveness of growth-enhancing policy initiatives in other domains.

Sera disponible le 29 Juin 2026 à 11:15 CET
Auteurs: OCDE, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture
Langue: anglais
Pages: 180

Typology of Applications, Opportunities and Challenges for Democratic Innovation

Sera disponible le 30 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 70

Insights from Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal

Sera disponible le 30 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 80

Progress and Challenges through the Lens of the OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators

Sera disponible le 30 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 89

Sera disponible le 30 Juin 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 52

Latvia's regions and municipalities face persistent disparities in economic performance, connectivity, and access to services - yet many possess significant untapped assets in natural capital, cultural amenities, and entrepreneurship. This report supports Latvia in translating those assets into more balanced and sustainable territorial development, by providing two interconnected contributions. First, it introduces the OECD Regional Attractiveness framework, applied at the municipal level for the first time in any OECD country, as a practical tool for subnational governments to diagnose territorial strengths and constraints, identify opportunities for co-operation, and monitor progress against regional development objectives. Five concrete use cases demonstrate how multidimensional, internationally comparable indicators can strengthen evidence-based policymaking across the full regional development cycle - from strategy design and investment programming to monitoring and evaluation. Second, it examines Latvia's multi-level governance framework, identifying the co-ordination, financing, and capacity gaps that currently limit the ability of planning regions and municipalities to fulfil their mandates. Together, the two analyses point toward a more integrated approach to regional development - one in which stronger governance frameworks, better-resourced subnational institutions, and systematic use of multidimensional territorial data reinforce each other in support of more attractive, competitive, and resilient Latvian regions.

Taxing Informal and Hard-to‑Tax Sectors

Sera disponible le 30 Juin 2026 à 03:30 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 250

This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics for the period 1990‑2024 for 38 economies, including Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, People’s Republic of China, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Georgia, Hong Kong (China), Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Maldives, the Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu and Viet Nam. Additionally, it provides information on non-tax revenues for selected economies and includes a special feature on taxing the informal and hard-to-tax sectors. The publication applies the OECD Revenue Statistics methodology to Asian and Pacific economies, facilitating consistent comparison of tax levels and structures within the region as well as globally. The high-quality, disaggregated data and accompanying analysis found in the report are a key basis for domestic resource mobilisation and international tax co‑operation as well as knowledge-sharing across the Asia‑Pacific region. The publication is produced in co‑operation with the Asian Development Bank, the Pacific Islands Tax Administrators Association and the Pacific Community.

Concrétiser les engagements

Sera disponible le 30 Juin 2026 à 12:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langues: anglais-français
Pages: 34

L’édition inaugurale des Perspectives de l’OCDE sur la conduite responsable des entreprises offre la première évaluation mondiale de la manière dont les pratiques de conduite responsable se reflètent dans les pratiques des entreprises et sont promues par les politiques publiques. Elle examine l’adoption par les entreprises des pratiques de diligence raisonnable environnementale et sociale – c’est-à-dire les processus par lesquels elles identifient, préviennent, atténuent et réparent les impacts négatifs de leurs opérations, de leurs chaînes d’approvisionnement et de leurs autres relations commerciales. Le rapport analyse les informations publiques des 10 000 plus grandes entreprises cotées au monde, couvrant différentes régions, secteurs et tailles d’entreprises. Il examine également comment les gouvernements promeuvent les pratiques de conduite responsable dans les 52 pays adhérant aux Principes directeurs de l’OCDE à l’intention des entreprises multinationales, en s’appuyant sur une recherche documentaire et une enquête auprès des gouvernements. Cette version abrégée contient l’introduction ainsi que les résumés des chapitres traitant de la manière dont les entreprises exercent leur devoir de diligence en matière de conduite responsable des entreprises et de la manière dont les pouvoirs publics en assurent la promotion. Elle contient également des considérations relatives à l’action publique.

Sera disponible le 1 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 350

The 2026 edition of OECD Tourism Trends and Policies analyses tourism performance and policy developments across 53 OECD and partner countries. It explores how governments are adapting policy action to strengthen resilience and deliver more balanced economic, social, and environmental outcomes in an uncertain and changing landscape. The report emphasises the need for flexible, co-ordinated policy approaches to put tourism on a more sustainable, resilient and competitive path, and presents data and evidence on the scale, structure and significance of the tourism economy. Tourism policy priorities and reforms are analysed, and examples of country practices highlighted. Thematic chapters provide insights on enhancing the social benefits of tourism and strengthening the sector’s capacity to adapt to extreme weather-related events.

New Results from the 2023 Survey of Adult Skills

Sera disponible le 1 Juillet 2026 à 09:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 100

One in three adults across OECD economies lack the foundational skills to participate effectively in the labour market and society. This share has grown over the past decade, making low foundational skills one of the most persistent structural challenges facing advanced economies. Drawing on the 2023 Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), this report examines the scale, nature and consequences of low foundational skills in OECD countries and beyond. It analyses how the depth of skill deficits varies across countries and domains; it pinpoints the strongest predictors of low skills and uncovers distinct profiles among low-skilled populations; it highlights how these findings can inform effective policy responses. The report underscores that adults with low foundational skills are not a homogeneous group: deficits differ in severity, are distributed differently across literacy and numeracy, and reflect varying roles of migration and language background. Adults with low foundational skills face substantial and compounding disadvantages in employment, earnings, health and civic participation. Yet those who would benefit most from adult learning are consistently the least likely to engage in upskilling activities. Closing this gap requires active outreach through trusted intermediaries, provision that is contextualised and sufficiently intensive, and a sustained commitment to reaching adults whom adult learning systems have repeatedly failed to serve.

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 33

This Test Guideline is designed to be used for assessing short- and long-term effects of chemicals on earthworms in soils under field conditions. Species diversity, abundance and biomass of earthworm communities collected from test plots in the field treated with a test chemical are compared with those collected from untreated control plots. Sampling is performed on at least four occasions during the year with one pre-sampling within 2 weeks prior to the application, and at least three post-samplings after application (ca. 1 month, 5-7 months and 12 months after application). Sampling is performed by a combination of two methods: hand-sorting and an application of an extraction fluid. The test duration is usually one year but may be prolonged depending on the properties of the test chemical and/or the effects observed after one year. Test endpoints include abundance and biomass of total earthworms, of single species, of life stages, of morphological groups, and of the relevant ecological groups.

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 51

This Test Guideline describes the use of human-derived metabolic competent hepatic test systems (e.g. cryopreserved differentiated HepaRGTM cells) to assess the potential of test chemicals to induce (i.e. increase the synthesis and activity) three Phase I biotransformation enzymes: the cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4, CYP1A2 and with less certainty CYP2B6 subfamily which are susceptible to induction and are highly expressed in human liver. Besides detoxifying chemicals or increasing their toxicity due to formation of toxic metabolites, CYP enzymes play a key role in the biosynthesis of endogenous substrates (e.g. steroid hormones). Chemical CYP enzyme activity induction may therefore cause dysregulation of normal metabolism and homeostasis, with potential toxicological effects. In one plate, cells are exposed to (I) test chemical(s) at least at six concentrations (II) reference chemicals at set concentrations (providing experimental positive controls) and (III) solvent-containing medium (e.g. 0.1% DMSO if nécessary) serving as the negative control. After the required incubation period, CYP enzyme activity is determined by applying fresh medium containing a combination (“cocktail”) of the CYP-selective probe substrates: phenacetin (CYP1A2), bupropion (CYP2B6) and midazolam (CYP3A subfamily). CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A subfamily enzymes present in the test system will metabolise these probe substrates into the known metabolites acetaminophen, hydroxy bupropion and 1-hydroxy midazolam, which can be quantified with an appropriate analytical technique, such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The amount of metabolites formed per unit of time and normalised to the protein content is a direct measurement of CYP enzyme activity.

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 34

The Test Guideline describes a transactivation assay of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is a hormone-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily of steroid hormone receptors, and different forms are ubiquitously expressed in almost every cell in the body. The GR is involved in a wide range of key physiological processes, including the regulation of stress response, immune function, inflammation, and metabolism. A cell line (HMLN-hGR) stably transfected with a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the ligand/chemical bound GR was developed, forming the basis for a human GR transactivation (TA) assay that enables detection of both GR agonists (activation) and antagonists (inhibition). Ligand activation of GR leads to transcription of the luciferase gene which subsequently can be measured by light emission when its substrate luciferin is converted to oxyluciferin by the expressed luciferase. Transcriptional activation is measured by evaluating the concentration–response relationship of the test chemicals under agonist conditions. Antagonists can be detected in antagonist mode, where the chemicals are tested in the presence of an agonist.

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 20

This Test Guideline describes a chronic oral toxicity test on adult worker bumblebees under laboratory conditions over an exposure period of 10 days. Adult worker bumblebees are individually exposed to 50 % (w/v) aqueous sucrose solution containing the test chemical through continuous and ad libitum feeding over a period of 10 days. Mortality and behavioural abnormalities are observed and recorded daily during the test period. The chronic effects of the test chemical are evaluated by comparing the results of the treated groups to those of the respective control group. The test is designed for the determination of the following endpoints: LC50 (Median Lethal Concentration) and the LDD50 (Median Lethal Dietary Dose) values, and NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and NOEDD (No Observed Effect Dietary Dose).

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 37

This Test Guideline describes methods recommended to determine the dissolution and dissolution rate of nanomaterials (NMs) for environmental fate assessment at environmentally relevant pH values, using passive pH control (buffers). The test procedures are performed at room temperature (in the range of 20 - 22 °C), and in the dark. This Test Guideline consists of two parts: Part A (simple batch test) and part B (extended, time-resolved batch test). Part A is a batch test that delivers the apparent solubility of a NM after 24h at pH 7 (as default; in addition, pH values between 5 and 8 can be applied). Testing at pH 7 serves as reference to enable the comparison of different studies and NMs. Testing of additional pH values might be of relevance depending on specific context and purpose. Part B is a time-resolved batch test that delivers the apparent solubility of a NM after 72h at pH 5, 7 and 8, and the dissolution rate, if depletion of the NM or saturation of the solution is not reached before 4 hours). If complete dissolution is observed, the solubility of the tested NM should be given as ≥ initial concentration. Once a choice for Part A or B has been made, user can directly consult the respective section of this Test Guideline. To estimate and report solubility and dissolution rate based on the Test Guideline, the use of the provided MS-Excel evaluation files for Part A and B are mandatory (these are available as supporting material).

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 105

This Test Guideline on the dustiness determination of manufactured nanomaterials was developed to address the need for standardised dustiness test methods applicable to powders containing granular and fibrous Nano-Objects, and their Aggregates and Agglomerates (NOAA). Dustiness is the propensity of a powder or finely divided solid material to generate airborne dust during its handling under a mechanical or aerodynamic stimulus. The dustiness of a material can be measured using various measurands including health-related dustiness mass fractions, a number-based dustiness index, and a number-based emission rate. These measurands are valuable for several applications, although their selection should be tailored to the specific objectives of each test. This Test Guideline describes six methods applicable to powders containing NOAA. The methods are the Rotating Drum, Small Rotating Drum, Continuous Drop, Vortex Shaker, Fluidizer, and Venturi. Overall, dustiness data is essential for effective risk management, material development, and workplace safety improvements.

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 33

This Test Guideline describes a stem cell-based reporter assay that identifies the genotoxic properties of chemicals by combining six fluorescent reporter genes that are selectively activated by different cellular signalling responses. Two of the signalling responses are associated with direct genotoxicity. The other four stress response pathways are associated with cytotoxic effects like oxidative stress or protein damage that indirectly may lead to genotoxicity. The six genetically engineered reporter genes, each expressing a different GFP-tagged reporter, are exposed to the test chemical both with and without an exogenous source of metabolic activation. Activation of the GFP reporter genes is measured by flow cytometry. The differential induction of each reporter compared to the solvent control cells is used to predict genotoxicity and inform on the genotoxic/non-genotoxic mechanism of action of the test chemical. Simultaneously, cytotoxicity of the tested chemicals is determined by relative cell count in chemical-exposed cultures compared to the solvent control cultures.

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026 à 08:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 130

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026 à 08:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 245

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026 à 15:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 92

Promoting Social Connectedness Through Food presents food-centred evidence and case studies to contribute to practical knowledge on how government and non-government actors can work together to boost opportunities and spaces for connection within communities. As loneliness and social isolation rise on the policy agenda, the report focuses on how growing, preparing, and eating food with others can provide accessible and adaptable ways to improve connectedness among people alongside broader well-being outcomes, including for populations facing greater barriers to social participation (such as elderly or socio-economically disadvantaged people). The report also draws insights for well-designed programme implementation to combat loneliness and isolation – with relevance for food-based activities and beyond – such as volunteer support, models for cross-sector collaboration and the need for robust evaluation evidence.

Sera disponible le 2 Juillet 2026 à 15:00 CET
Auteurs: OCDE, Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement
Langue: anglais
Pages: 70

Sera disponible le 3 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 179

In recent years, Greece has undergone major economic and social transformations. Given the significant emigration of the Greek population and the recognition of the contributions of the diaspora, Greek authorities are seeking to better understand this pool of talent residing abroad, which has great potential to contribute to the economic and social development of the country. This review presents the first comprehensive portrait of the Greek diaspora in OECD countries. Through a detailed profiling of Greek emigrants’ demographic characteristics, educational attainment and labour market outcomes, this review aims to strengthen the evidence base on Greeks abroad and support the design, refinement and consolidation of policies aligned with Greece’s evolving approach to diaspora engagement.

A Methodology

Sera disponible le 3 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 100

Sera disponible le 3 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 165

Sera disponible le 3 Juillet 2026 à 09:30 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 220

Sera disponible le 6 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 300

Sera disponible le 6 Juillet 2026 à 08:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 140

Panama is an open and services-oriented economy and a cornerstone of international trade, reflecting its privileged geographic position, excellence in transportation logistics and strong air and seaborne transportation infrastructure. As Panama seeks to position itself within the global semiconductor value chain, its regulatory framework provides important incentives for prospective foreign investors and it has been actively investing in initiatives to promote semiconductor-related talent, research and innovation. Continued investment in talent, reliable utilities infrastructure and the development of a local ecosystem of semiconductor suppliers and customers could help Panama capitalise on emerging opportunities to develop its ecosystem for semiconductors. This report examines opportunities and challenges for Panama’s ecosystem for semiconductors and provides recommendations to foster its development. Using both quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as insights from a diverse group of stakeholders, the report offers policy recommendations across four key themes: co-ordinating and aligning incentives through the recently established Commission for Innovation in Microelectronics and Semiconductors, investing in skills and attracting talent to develop a semiconductor workforce, developing an ecosystem of local suppliers and customers for semiconductor firms, and ensuring reliable and sustainable utilities infrastructure.

Implementing the Convention and Related Legal Instruments

Sera disponible le 7 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 30

Implementing the Convention and Related Legal Instruments

Sera disponible le 7 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 30

Sera disponible le 7 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 110

Successive economic crises in the 2010s had a profound and long-lasting impact on Greece’s population. While economic growth has picked up in recent years and labour market and social outcomes are improving, this report shows that deep structural challenges continue to affect the life of young people today: unstable and low-paid employment, restricted access to affordable housing with modest housing-related assistance, and limited family support for those starting a family. Supporting young people in achieving economic independence and starting an autonomous life under decent conditions requires a co-ordinated approach across ministries, institutions, and other relevant stakeholders to address the multi-dimensional nature of the challenges they face. The report offers tailored recommendations on 1) skills, employment, and entrepreneurship policies; 2) active labour market policies and social protection; and 3) family and housing policies. This report on Greece is the fourteenth in a series of country reports on investing in youth.

Sera disponible le 7 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 50

Global value chains (GVCs) remain highly globalised in the post-COVID-19 era but are being reconfigured in more complex ways. New OECD evidence shows that, in real terms, the use of imported goods and services in world production is near its historical peak in 2024. Recent changes are driven more by shifts across sectors and sourcing structures than by post-pandemic shortening or reshoring of supply chains. This report highlights changing bilateral dynamics among major economies and the growing role of connector economies. It shows that multinational enterprises remain central to international production, with foreign affiliate output rebounding after 2020. In addition, services – especially those supplied through foreign affiliates – are shown to be a larger and more complex dimension of GVCs than cross-border statistics alone suggest. These findings draw on three complementary OECD datasets: real-terms GVC indicators, ownership-based input-output tables and services trade by mode of supply.

Implementing the Convention and Related Legal Instruments

Sera disponible le 7 Juillet 2026 à 11:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 100

Implementing the Convention and Related Legal Instruments

Sera disponible le 7 Juillet 2026 à 11:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 100

Geographic Disparities in Jobs and Incomes

Sera disponible le 7 Juillet 2026 à 14:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 380

Where people live shapes their chances of finding good jobs and moving up the income ladder. The OECD Employment Outlook 2026 documents large and persistent gaps in employment, unemployment and disposable incomes across regions. Regional access to job opportunities plays a key role in determining both income levels and income mobility. By contrast, mobility across regions alone is insufficient to close existing gaps in labour market outcomes, and can even widen them. Local labour markets are also being reshaped by trade and technology shocks, including artificial intelligence, with some regions losing manufacturing jobs while others are creating more service jobs and non-routine work. However, adjustment to such changes often occurs through transitions into joblessness and job opportunities for newcomers rather than because affected workers move across sectors, leaving lasting scars for displaced workers. The report calls for integrated, place-based strategies that combine regional and industrial policies with effective employment and social support to help workers and communities develop new opportunities and navigate structural change. The Outlook also examines recent labour market developments and investigates changes in how skills translate into pay and job prospects, as well as aspects of labour regulation such as employment protection legislation and non-compete agreements.

Sera disponible le 8 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 66

Models and Approaches for Investments that Last

Sera disponible le 9 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 150

Sera disponible le 9 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 134

From Global Commitments to Country Action

Sera disponible le 13 Juillet 2026
Auteurs: OCDE, OIF
Langue: anglais
Pages: 200

Sera disponible le 13 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 250

Over the past two decades, Peru’s agriculture and food sector has undergone major transformations, with market-oriented reforms driving strong productivity gains and the emergence of dynamic and thriving export-oriented activities. At the same time, small-scale farmers continue to face significant barriers, including limited access to markets, technology, finance and infrastructure. This report reviews Peru’s agricultural and food system policies, including a first assessment of government support for agriculture, and provides recommendations to strengthen the productivity, sustainability and resilience of its agricultural sector. It highlights actions to improve policy coherence, to enhance agriculture and food system innovation, and to better align its support policies with national priorities.

Sera disponible le 13 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 48

Colombia joined the OECD in 2020, bringing to a successful conclusion an accession process that began in 2013. During the accession process, Colombia made important reforms and progress in the area of labour market and social policies, converging towards OECD best policies and practices. However, the OECD invited the Colombian government to continue its reform agenda in four areas in particular: (1) labour informality and subcontracting; (2) labour law enforcement; (3) collective bargaining; and (4) crimes against trade unionists. This report is the OECD’s third post accession assessment.

Sera disponible le 13 Juillet 2026 à 11:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 688

This publication is the 11th edition of the condensed version of the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital, a key reference used by OECD Members and non-Members as a basis for negotiating, applying and interpreting bilateral tax treaties. It plays a central role in removing tax-related barriers to cross border trade and investment, helping to prevent tax evasion and avoidance, and addressing issues of international double taxation. This edition contains the Articles and Commentaries of the Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital as it read on 18 November 2025, as well as non-Member economies’ positions, but not the historical notes and background reports that are included in the full version. The Model Tax Convention is updated regularly to reflect developments in international taxation.

Volumes I and II

Sera disponible le 13 Juillet 2026 à 11:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 2600

This publication is the 11th edition of the full version of the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital, a key reference used by OECD Members and non-Members as a basis for negotiating, applying and interpreting bilateral tax treaties. It plays a central role in removing tax-related barriers to cross border trade and investment, helping to prevent tax evasion and avoidance, and addressing issues of international double taxation. This edition contains the full text of the Model Tax Convention as it read on 18 November 2025, including the Articles, Commentaries, non-Member economies’ positions, the Recommendation of the OECD Council, as well as the historical notes and background reports. The Model Tax Convention is updated regularly to reflect developments in international taxation.

Development Assistance and Beyond

Sera disponible le 15 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 85

Southeast Asia’s development trajectory is closely intertwined with its blue economy – a diverse range of economic activities reliant on and non-market ecosystem services provided by the region’s rich coastal, marine, and freshwater resources. However, as highlighted in the ASEAN Blue Economy Framework, the overarching policy guiding Southeast Asia’s blue economy priorities, adequate and effective finance and investment are essential for the region to realise the potential of the blue economy for sustainable development. A key consideration is the need to move beyond excessive reliance on development assistance towards longer-term financing solutions, particularly in light of increasing pressures on international public finance. To support this shift and the implementation of the ASEAN Blue Economy Framework, this report assesses the current landscape of development assistance for the blue economy in Southeast Asia and examines the range of financial sources and instruments that can be leveraged to advance sustainable blue economy financing in the region.

Coherent Policies for Water, Energy, Industry and Cities

Sera disponible le 15 Juillet 2026 à 17:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 126

Policy Options for Buildings and Transport

Sera disponible le 16 Juillet 2026 à 08:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 214

This report reviews Romania's environmentally-related tax framework in the residential buildings and road transport sectors, focusing on greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. It identifies opportunities for tax reform to better align existing taxes with key tax policy principles. The report provides a comprehensive overview of current environmentally-related taxes in Romania and draws on relevant international experience and good practices to inform reform options. Using simulation-based analysis, it assesses the potential fiscal, environmental and distributional outcomes of selected reforms. Based on this assessment, the report presents strategic recommendations to support the development of a more effective, efficient, and equitable environmental tax framework in Romania.

Highlights of a National Dialogue on Water

Sera disponible le 17 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 80

Sera disponible le 21 Juillet 2026 à 11:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 103

Corporate Tax Statistics is an OECD flagship publication on corporate income tax, providing comprehensive data on corporate taxation, multinational enterprise group (MNE) activity, and base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) practices. It supports the measurement and monitoring of tax avoidance through a wide range of indicators, including data on corporate income taxes, corporate tax rates, revenues, effective tax rates, and tax incentives for research and development (R&D) and innovation. The publication also includes anonymised and aggregated country-by-country reporting (CbCR) data providing an overview on the global tax and economic activities of thousands of MNEs. The 2026 edition covers anonymised and aggregated CbCR data on the activities of almost 9 400 MNEs headquartered in over 60 jurisdictions and includes improved geographical breakdowns for many jurisdictions. These continuing improvements allow for a more detailed and robust analysis of the distribution of key financial variables, such as profits, revenues and taxes across jurisdictions.

A Policy Framework

Sera disponible le 24 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 100

Effective Policies for Transformation

Sera disponible le 30 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 171

From Streamlining to Structured Bargaining

Sera disponible le 31 Juillet 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 102

Sera disponible le 1 Septembre 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 250

Sera disponible le 2 Septembre 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 77

Sera disponible le 15 Septembre 2026
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 86

State ownership can entail risks both at the enterprise and portfolio levels. This report explores how governments can move beyond fragmented, enterprise-level approaches to build a consolidated understanding of risks across their state-owned enterprise (SOE) portfolios and inform strategic portfolio management. It examines relevant risks affecting SOE portfolios, including financial, operational, sustainability, and corruption and integrity-related risks, as well their potential interlinkages. The report also considers how risk management can be integrated into ownership steering, oversight and performance monitoring moving beyond a narrow compliance exercise. Building on international standards and selected case studies, it outlines the key elements for the design and implementation of portfolio level risk management frameworks that can be adapted to different institutional settings and ownership models.

Sera disponible le 22 Septembre 2026 à 09:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 218