Closing gender gaps in labour force participation both in numbers of men and women and paid working hours could increase annual growth by 0.22 percentage points, boosting GDP per capita by 8.8% by 2060 on average across the OECD. Women are currently under-represented in employment and entrepreneurship, and they are paid less than men. Combatting discrimination in hiring practices and career progression, promoting the reconciliation of work and family commitments for fathers and mothers are among the objectives that governments and social partners can pursue to enhance the quality of economic participation of both men and women and long-term economic growth. Trade indicators will be added to this broad policy grouping at a later stage.
OECD Dashboard on Gender Gaps
An international comparison focused on gender equality challenges, outcomes, and policies
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Employment & Entrepreneurship
Labour force participation
Labour force participation rate is the ratio between the total labour force (employed and unemployed) divided by the total working-age population. This indicator is measured as a percentage of each age group.
Employment
The employment to population ratio is the ratio between the employment population divided by the total working-age population. This indicator is measured as a percentage of each age group.
Unemployment
Unemployment rate is the share of the labour force without work. Unemployed people are those of a working age who do not have a job, are available for work and have taken specific steps to find a job in the previous four weeks. Labour force is the total number of employees, the self-employed, unpaid family workers and the unemployed.
Part-time employment
This indicator presents the incidence of part-time employment ie. people in employment (whether employees or self-employed) who usually work less than 30 hours per week in their main job.
Gender wage gap
These indicators contain gender wage gap unadjusted and defined as the difference between wages of men and women relative to the wages of men. The indicators of gender wage gap (unadjusted) are based on gross earnings of full-time employees by earnings deciles (upper limits) reported in the OECD Earnings database.
Gender pension gap
The gender pension gap is calculated as the difference between the mean pension income of men and women (aged 65+) over the mean pension income of men (aged 65+), among pension beneficiaries.
Women on boards
This indicator presents the share of women as part of board members of the largest publicly listed companies.
Time use in unpaid work
This indicator presents time spent on unpaid work per day (in minutes) by gender. This includes housework, shopping, child and adult care, volunteering, travel related to household activities and other unpaid work.
Attitudes toward jobs
These indicators present the percentage of the population aged 18 years and above agreeing or strongly agreeing that "when a mother works for pay, the children suffer." and that "when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women."
Self-employment
Those who are self-employed with employees/ without employees are people whose primary activity is self-employment and who employ/do not employ others. The incorporated self-employed are only partly or non-included in the counts of self-employed in several countries. This indicator is measured by sex as percentage of total employment.
Gender gap in self-employment earnings
The gender gap in self-employment earnings is defined as the difference between the average earnings of self-employed men and women, relative to the average earnings of self-employed men.