About the book:
Background and ordering information

• Foreword
• Towards a measurement agenda for innovation
• Innovation today 
• Empowering people to innovate 
• Unleashing innovation in firms 
• Investing in innovation 
• Reaping returns from innovation 
• Addressing global challenges

Foreword

Towards a Measurement Agenda for Innovation 

Chapter 1: Innovation today

Sources of growth

Decomposition of growth in GDP per capita, 2001-08

New sources of growth

Labour productivity growth: adding the contribution of intangible assets, 1995-2006

Intangible assets

Investment in fixed and intangible assets as a share of GDP, 2006

Innovation beyond R&D

New-to-market product innovators, 2004-06

Protection of innovation

Patents and trademarks per capita, 2005-07

Trademarks

Service-related trademarks, 2008

Comparing cycles: United States Gross Domestic Product and trademark applications at the USPTO, 1999-2010

Mixed modes of innovation

Complementary innovation strategies in manufacturing, 2004-06

Complementary innovation strategies in services, 2004-06

Collaboration in innovation

Firms with national/international collaboration on innovation, 2004-06

Collaboration on innovation, 2004-06

Mapping hot research areas

Hot research areas on a science map, 2008

Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research

Locations of inter-/multidisciplinary research areas on the science map, 2008

New players in research

Scientific articles and co-authorship, 1998 and 2008

Scientific collaboration

Trends in co-operation on scientific articles, 1985-2007

Scientific collaboration with BRIC countries, 1998 and 2008

Clusters of knowledge

Patents per million inhabitants, Europe, average 2005-2007

Patents per million inhabitants, North America, average 2005-2007

Patents per million inhabitants, Japan and Korea, average 2005-2007

Patents per million inhabitants, Australia and New Zealand, average 2005-2007

Innovation hotspots

Innovation hot spots in renewable energy, 2005-07

Innovation hot spots in biotechnologies and nanotechnologies, 2005-07

Science for environmental innovation

The innovation-science link in “green” technologies, 2000-07

Technological innovation for climate change

Trends in technological innovation for climate change mitigation, 1978-2006

Transfers of environmental technologies

Transfer of wind (top) and solar photovoltaic (bottom) technologies, 1990-2007

Chapter notes

Chapter 2: Empowering people to innovate

2.1

Basic scientific skills

• Reading, mathematics and science proficiency at age 15, 2006
• Length of time students have been using a computer and mean PISA science score, 2006

2.2

Tertiary education

• Transition from upper secondary education to graduation at the university level, 2007
• Annual tuition fees charged by public universities and public subsidies to private entities, 2007
• Private net present value for an individual obtaining tertiary education as part of initial education, 2005

2.3

Doctorate holders

• Graduation rates at doctorate level, 2007
• Science and engineering graduates at the doctoral level, 2007
• New graduates at doctorate level by country of graduation, 2007

2.4

Skills mismatch

• Unemployment rate of university graduates, 2007
• Supply of and demand for highly skilled employees, 2009
• Percentage difference in median gross annual earnings between doctorate holders working as researchers and those not working as researchers, 2006

2.5

International mobility

• International students, 2007
• Job-to-job mobility of human resources in science and technology (HRST), employed 25-to-64-year-olds, 2007
• International mobility of doctorate holders by main destination, 2006

2.6

Entrepreneurial talent

• Self-employed by place of birth, 15-to-64-year-olds, 2008
• Percentage of the population 18 to 64 years old who received any type of training in starting a business, during or after school, 2008

2.7

GAP page - Innovative workplace and skills for innovation

• Firms engaged in innovation-related training activities by size, 2004-06

2.8 

Consumers' demand for innovation

• Final consumption expenditure of households, by selected category, 2008
• Percentage of households having invested in environmentally friendly products in the last ten years, 2008
• Monthly household expenditures on communication services, by type of access, 2007

Chapter notes

Chapter 3: Unleashing innovation in firms

3.1

Entry and exit

• Entry rate, average 2000-07
• Employer enterprise birth rate (2006) and death rate (2005) in the manufacturing sector
• Employer enterprise birth rate (2006) and death rate (2005) in the services sector

3.2 

Mobilising private funding

• Long-term interest rates, 2008
• Venture capital investment, 2008
• Business angels, 2007

3.3

Policy environment

• Days needed to start a business, 2010
• Barriers to entrepreneurship, 2008
• Taxation on personal income and corporate income, 2009

3.4

Young and innovative firms

• One- and two-year-old employer enterprises in manufacturing and in services, 2006
• Patenting activity of young firms, 2005-07
• Patenting and survival - within a two-year window, 2006

Chapter notes

Chapter 4: Investing in innovation

4.1

Firms investing in R&D

• Business enterprise expenditure on R&D, 2008
• Direct and indirect government funding of business R&D and tax incentives for R&D, 2007

4.2

Firms investing in innovation

• Expenditure on innovation, by firm size, 2006
• Firms receiving public support for innovation, by size, 2004-06
• Firms' turnover from product innovation, by type, 2006

4.3

Government funding R&D

• Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D, 2007
• Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D by selected socio-economic objectives, 2008
• Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D by national sector of performance, 2008 (updated 30 March 2011)

4.4

Higher education and basic research

• Higher education expenditure on R&D, 2008
• Government funded R&D in higher education by type of funding, 2008
• Basic research performed in the public sector, 2007

4.5

Information and communication technologies

• ICT investment by asset in OECD countries, 2008
• Increase in the probability to innovate linked to ICT use, manufacturing, 2006
• Increase in the probability to innovate linked to ICT use, services, 2006

4.6

Firms and smart infrastructure

• OECD broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants, by technology, June 2009
• Evolution of a representative DSL broadband subscription over time, 2005-09

4.7

Governments and smart infrastructure

• E-government readiness index, 2008
• Relation between broadband penetration and citizen uptake of e-government services, 2008

4.8

GAP page - Measuring innovation in the public sector

• Total expenditure of general government, 2008

4.9 

GAP page - Multi-level governance of innovation

• Share of sub-national government in public investment, 2007

Chapter notes

Chapter 5: Reaping returns from innovation

5.1

Scientific collaboration

• Scientific articles by type of collaboration, 2008
• Highly cited (top 1%) scientific articles by type of collaboration, 2006-08

5.2 

Science and industry linkages

• Patents filed by public research organisations, 2000-07
• Main scientific fields cited in “green” patents by inventor country, 2000-07
• Relative citation rate in “green” patents by main scientific fields 2000-07

5.3

Knowledge clusters

• R&D intensity by region, 2007
• Regional average of PCT patents with co-inventor(s) by location, 2005-07

5.4

Commercialisation

• Patents granted at the European Patent Office by 2009
• ICT-related patents granted at the European Patent Office by 2009
• Biotechnology patents granted at the European Patent Office by 2009
• Nanotechnology patents granted at the European Patent Office by 2009
• Renewable energy patents granted at the European Patent Office by 2009

5.5

Knowledge circulation

• International technology flows (royalties and licence fees), 1997-2008 (updated 30 March 2011)
• Patenting firms licensing out at least one patent to non-affiliated companies, 2006
• Foreign inventions owned by countries, 2005-07

Chapter notes

Chapter 6: Addressing global challenges

6.1 

Health

• Total expenditure on health, 2007
• Health R&D in government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D, 2008
• Public funding of health-related R&D, 2007

6.2

Climate change

• Renewable energy patents, 1998-2006
• Patents for climate change mitigation technologies, 2007
• Government research, development and demonstration (RD&D) expenditures on selected climate change mitigation technologies, 2004-08

6.3

Other environmental challenges

• Patent applications in pollution abatement and waste management technologies, 2002-07
• Government R&D budget devoted to control and care for the environment, 2008
• Facilities with environmentally-related R&D in selected manufacturing sectors, 2003

Chapter notes