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Publications & Documents


  • 7-December-2023

    English

    Financing Uzbekistan’s Green Transition - Capital Market Development and Opportunities for Green Bond Issuance

    The scale of Uzbekistan’s green transition requires a marked increase in private financing to fill the existing spending gap. The outsized role of the state in Uzbekistan’s economy and its underdeveloped domestic capital market act as significant constraints and call for a diversification of sources to finance the green transition. Since 2021, Uzbekistan has made green bonds a central part of its strategy to fill the financing gap and mobilise new sources of capital for its domestic green infrastructure projects. This publication explores the current market and institutional set-up in Uzbekistan, the reforms that have led to recent issuances of both sovereign and corporate thematic bonds, and the remaining barriers to further uptake of the instrument. The report also provides policy recommendations related to the market's institutional set up, Uzbekistan's regulatory framework for debt capital markets and emerging opportunities for further green bond use aimed at key stakeholders, including policy makers and market participants.

  • 4-December-2023

    English

    Climate adaptation: Why local governments cannot do it alone

    Given the direct impacts of climate change are felt first and foremost at the local level, many have called for climate adaptation to be a local responsibility. Indeed, local authorities have a major influence on climate change adaptation - such as through their land use and permitting decisions. Yet, their actions are strongly determined by the national fiscal, regulatory and policy contexts in which they are embedded in. This policy paper provides an overview and a discussion of the roles and responsibilities for climate adaptation across levels of government. It argues that co-operation across levels of government is needed to strengthen adaptation at the local level. This policy paper was prepared as part of the OECD Territorial Approach to Climate Action and Resilience programme, which supports subnational authorities in their efforts to accelerate the net zero transition and build systemic resilience.

  • 1-décembre-2023

    Français

    Le coût du soutien aux énergies fossiles a pratiquement doublé en 2022 sous l’effet de la flambée des prix de l’énergie

    Le coût des mesures de soutien à la production et à la consommation d’énergies fossiles est monté en flèche en 2022, en raison des politiques publiques adoptées pour amortir l’impact de l’envolée des prix de l’énergie sur les ménages et les entreprises. C’est ce que l’OCDE et l’AIE révèlent dans une analyse qui paraît ce jour.

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  • 30-novembre-2023

    Français

    Pavillon virtuel de l'OCDE pour la COP28

    Le Pavillon virtuel de l'OCDE pour la COP28 se déroule du 23 novembre au 12 décembre 2023, couvrant un éventail de sujets et réunissant des experts, des décideurs politiques et la société civile, le pavillon présente les contributions de l'OCDE pour conduire une action efficace à l'échelle mondiale sur le changement climatique. Découvrez le programme et inscrivez-vous pour participer aux discussions.

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  • 29-November-2023

    English

    Financing cost impacts on cost competitiveness of green hydrogen in emerging and developing economies

    Green hydrogen, produced from water and renewable power through the electrolysis process, can play a crucial role in the low-carbon transition to achieve the net-zero emission targets. Currently, the production cost of green hydrogen is not competitive when compared to hydrogen produced from natural gas. High capital costs are a major factor constraining its cost-competitiveness. This working paper utilises financial market data to address the knowledge gap concerning the range of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for green hydrogen projects. It also conducts a survey among investors and financiers to identify key risk factors contributing to the high WACC. The key risks that have been identified include offtaker risks, lack of credible offtakers, price uncertainty of green hydrogen, and the absence of hydrogen trading markets. These risks are closely connected to the available risk mitigation strategies and tools. The paper summarises key risk mitigation strategies identified through case studies of lighthouse green hydrogen projects that have either reached or are nearly point of reaching financial investment decisions.

  • 29-November-2023

    English

    Financing solutions to foster industrial decarbonisation in emerging and developing economies

    Industry decarbonisation is a cornerstone to reach net-zero emissions by this mid-century. The diversity of industrial activities, processes and products, the complexity of global industrial value chains, and the international competition make industry decarbonisation a challenging objective. Annual investments in low-carbon technologies for industry decarbonisation need to increase by a factor of three to five by 2030 compared to current levels to align industrial emissions with net-zero pathways. This paper analyses available financing solutions to scale up investments at pace, especially in emerging and developing economies where industrial production is growing rapidly whilst available finance is limited. It highlights de-risking and financial instruments and models that can help accelerate investments and draws lessons from twelve financing industry decarbonisation case studies which demonstrate how private capital can be mobilised.

  • 27-November-2023

    English

    Development Finance for Climate and Environment

    The OECD DAC measures and monitors development finance targeting climate change objectives using two Rio markers: Climate Change Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation.

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  • 27-November-2023

    English

    Effective Carbon Rates 2023 - Pricing Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Taxes and Emissions Trading

    Successfully transitioning to net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions requires effective mitigation policy packages, which include carbon pricing measures: a cost-effective policy instrument that not only reduces emissions but also generates revenue to support the transition. This fourth edition of Effective Carbon Rates provides an overview of the carbon pricing landscape, examining fuel excise taxes, carbon taxes, and emissions trading systems (ETSs) through 2021, with updates on developments until 2023. The policy mechanisms examined directly impact the cost of emitting GHGs, influencing shifts in production, consumption, and investment towards low- or zero-carbon options. The analysis covers 72 countries which together account for approximately 80% of global GHG emissions. The report focuses on developments in ETSs and transport fuel taxes amidst the energy crisis and provides comprehensive and comparable data on the current status of GHG emissions pricing that can assist policymakers in identifying priorities and refining carbon mitigation strategies.

  • 21-novembre-2023

    Français

    Forum sur la croissance verte et le développement durable - Naviguer dans la double transition : verte et numérique

    Regardez la rediffusion du Forum basé sur la convergence des transitions verte et numérique et sur la manière de tirer parti des complémentarités et de minimiser les concessions entre elles afin de continuer à progresser vers des sociétés plus vertes et plus équitables, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives de l'OCDE "Zéro émission nette+" et "Vers le numérique".

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  • 20-November-2023

    English

    Environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity - Accounting for renewable natural resources and ecosystem services

    Multifactor productivity is a comprehensive measure of productivity where the underlying production function accounts for multiple factor inputs, traditionally labour and produced capital. While single-factor productivity is intuitively simple, such measure offers a biased picture of the economy because it attributes all variation in output growth to a single factor input (e.g. consumption of fossil fuels or material resources) while the role of other factors is ignored. Multifactor productivity aims at addressing this shortcoming, and as such it is a valuable component of the OECD set of Green Growth headline indicators. This paper presents further progress in measuring the EAMFP and related growth accounting indicators in 52 countries for 1996-2018. An important novelty is the inclusion of renewable natural resources such as land, timber and fisheries, and ecosystem services such as coastal and watershed protection. Exploratory results on accounting for renewable energy resources are also included.
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