Gros plan sur la relance verte

À ne pas manquerAccélérer la transitionSuivre le progrèsMobiliser la financeRessources
À ne pas manquerAccélérer la transitionSuivre le progrèsMobiliser la financeRessources
EN
AccueilDonnées déchiffréesRéponses clésCountry Policy TrackerFocus on an inclusive recoveryFocus on social challengesFocus on the global economyFocus on resilient healthcare

L’amélioration de la qualité de l’air et de l’eau, une gestion efficace des déchets et une protection renforcée de la biodiversité réduisent la vulnérabilité des populations face aux pandémies et renforcent la résilience. Ces actions peuvent aussi stimuler l’activité économique, engendrer des revenus, créer des emplois et faire reculer les inégalités.

Découvrez ci-dessous comment une relance verte permet de gagner sur tous les tableaux et comment les pouvoirs publics ont une occasion unique d’assurer un redressement durable, à condition qu'ils :

  • Intensifient l'action en faveur d'une reprise verte et inclusive.

  • Accélèrent la transition vers une économie à faibles émissions.

  • Suivent les progrès au moyen de données pertinentes, comparables et à jour.

  • Mobilisent des fonds pour investir dans la relance verte.

Relance verte, emploi, revenus et croissance

Lors de leur réunion à Paris en 2015, les chefs d’État et de gouvernement du monde entier sont parvenus à un vaste accord mondial, ambitieux et universel, sur le changement climatique. Mais les températures atteignent des niveaux records et beaucoup de pays en développement ont été frappés par des cyclones dévastateurs cette année. Ne rien faire face au changement climatique revient à avancer comme des somnambules vers une catastrophe.

LIRE LA DÉCLARATION

Intensifier l'action en faveur d'une reprise verte

Beaucoup de gouvernements ont inclus des mesures de relance « verte » dans leur plan de redressement économique, par exemple sous la forme de subventions, de prêts et d’allégements fiscaux en faveur des transports verts, de l’économie circulaire, et de la recherche sur les énergies propres, de leur développement et de leur déploiement.

Mais pour l’instant, le rapport entre dépenses vertes et non vertes n’est pas favorable à la protection de l’environnement.

D’après une analyse récente des mesures de relance verte réalisée par l’OCDE, plusieurs gouvernements utilisent les mesures post‑COVID pour faire marche arrière et revenir sur les réglementations et la fiscalité environnementales existantes, et développer des infrastructures et des modes de production d’électricité gourmands en énergies fossiles.

Pour créer des emplois et stimuler l’activité économique, ces mesures comprennent aussi de nouveaux financements et programmes axés sur la remise en état des écosystèmes, la lutte contre les espèces exotiques envahissantes et la sauvegarde des forêts.

Que peuvent faire les gouvernements pour soutenir une reprise verte ?

MIEUX RECONSTRUIRE

Si elles ne sont pas maîtrisées, les urgences environnementales mondiales comme le changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité pourraient provoquer des dommages sociaux et économiques bien plus importants que ceux causés par la pandémie de COVID-19. Pour éviter cela, les mesures de relance économique devraient être conçues de façon à "reconstruire en mieux".

> Découvrir

ACCÉLÉRER LA TRANSITION VERS UNE ÉCONOMIE BAS CARBONE

Les priorités actuelles sont bien sûr de faire face à cette crise sanitaire et d’aider les entreprises et les travailleurs touchés par cette crise. Mais les programmes de relance post-crise nous offrent aussi une belle opportunité : aligner plus étroitement les politiques publiques sur les objectifs climatiques, et limiter le risque que nos sociétés ne restent captives d’infrastructures à forte intensité de carbone.

> Découvrir (en anglais)

RENFORCER LA PROTECTION DE LA BIODIVERSITÉ

La perte de biodiversité est l’un des principaux facteurs à l'origine des maladies infectieuses émergentes, et elle pose de nombreux autres risques croissants. Investir dans la préservation de la biodiversité, son utilisation durable et sa restauration peut nous aider à faire face à ces risques, tout en créant des emplois, des opportunités économiques et bien d’autres avantages pour la société.

> Découvrir

AMÉLIORER LA SANTÉ DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT

Améliorer la santé de notre environnement, c’est veiller à une meilleure qualité de l'air, de l'eau et de l'assainissement, une meilleure gestion des déchets, et faire des efforts pour sauvegarder la biodiversité. Tout cela réduira la vulnérabilité des communautés aux pandémies et améliorera ainsi le bien-être et la résilience de nos sociétés.

> Découvrir

Accélérer la transition vers une économie bas carbone

Avec une relance verte, les pouvoirs publics ont la possibilité de libérer l’innovation, d’élargir le dialogue avec les secteurs critiques et de les restructurer en profondeur, d’accélérer les plans existants en faveur de l’environnement et de puiser dans des réserves de projets écologiquement durables. Les prix du pétrole devraient se maintenir à un niveau relativement bas pendant un certain temps, ce qui crée une occasion idéale d’intensifier les initiatives de tarification du carbone et de réformer les subventions aux énergies fossiles. Assurer une relance verte est essentiel pour relever les défis urgents et interconnectés du changement climatique et de la perte de biodiversité.

Les premières analyses donnent à penser que les mesures vertes visent pour l’instant principalement les secteurs de l’énergie et des transports de surface. D’autres secteurs, comme l’industrie, l’agriculture, la sylviculture et la gestion des déchets, sont pourtant tout aussi utiles à une reprise verte et résiliente.

Une occasion de transformer le secteur du pétrole et du gaz

Un nombre croissant de compagnies pétrolières et gazières ont défini des objectifs ambitieux pour passer à zéro émission nette de carbone d'ici 2050. Qu'est-ce qui motive ces promesses, en période de graves difficultés financières pour le secteur ? Et quelles implications pourraient-elles avoir sur les mesures de relance économique des gouvernements et sur l'Accord de Paris ?

> Is the COVID-19 crisis spurring a transition to net-zero emissions in the oil and gas sector?

Les secteurs verts offrent des perspectives de création d'emploi

Les énergies renouvelables emploient plus de personnes que la production d’énergies fossiles, à égalité d’investissement et de production, et elles pourraient procurer du travail à plus de 40 millions d’actifs d’ici 2050. Si la communauté internationale exploitait pleinement leur potentiel, les effectifs du secteur de l’énergie pourraient atteindre 100 millions en 2050, contre environ 58 millions aujourd’hui.

> COVID-19 and low-carbon transition
> Investing in climate, investing in growth

Les secteurs verts offrent des perspectives de création d'emploi

Les infrastructures durables contribuent à réduire les émissions

Les investissements dans les infrastructures, surtout les grandes infrastructures de transport, affectent l’environnement. Les programmes de relance et d’investissement peuvent davantage aligner les infrastructures avec les objectifs à long terme - climat, biodiversité, gestion de l’eau, des déchets, et utilisation efficace des ressources.

> Financing Climate Futures: Rethinking Infrastructure
> The challenges of greening urban mobility

Les infrastructures durables contribuent à réduire les émissions

Suivre le progrès grâce à des données pertinentes, comparables et à jour

Le suivi de l’impact des mesures de redressement sur la situation environnementale, au moyen d'indicateurs quantifiables, comparables et à jour, est indispensable pour garantir une mise en œuvre ciblée et efficace de la relance verte.

Pour y contribuer, l’OCDE a recensé dans ses bases de données et publications 13 indicateurs clés de l’environnement : intensité des émissions de carbone ; énergies renouvelables dans le bouquet énergétique ; prix effectifs du carbone ; soutien aux énergies fossiles ; modifications de la couverture des sols ; zones protégées ; instruments économiques en faveur de la biodiversité ; exposition à la pollution de l’air ; productivité matérielle ; stress hydrique ; recherche et développement ; recettes des taxes liées à l'environnement ; aide publique au développement liée à l’environnement

Voir toutes les données déchiffrées

Mobiliser la finance pour investir dans la relance verte

Pour assurer la transition vers une économie bas carbone, il est essentiel, entre autres, de mobiliser des investissements dans les infrastructures. D’ici 2030, il faut investir à peu près 6 300 milliards USD par an dans les infrastructures énergétiques, de transport, hydrauliques et de télécommunications pour soutenir la croissance et améliorer le bien‑être.

Ces dernières années, des milliers de milliards de dollars ont été consacrés à des investissements évalués sur la base de critères environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance (ESG).

Ces critères aident à sensibiliser les entreprises et les investisseurs et à renforcer leurs engagements, mais il est urgent de continuer à creuser ce sillon pour faire en sorte que les notations d’ESG soient adaptées aux objectifs. D’un marché à l’autre, il y a une large variété, et parfois des divergences, dans les méthodologies, les indicateurs de performance et les structures de produits qui s’y rapportent. Il reste beaucoup à faire pour rendre les investissements ESG plus équitables, plus transparents et plus efficaces.

La pandémie de COVID-19 met en évidence le besoin urgent de prendre en compte la résilience dans la finance, non seulement dans le système financier lui-même, mais aussi grâce au rôle des capitaux et des investisseurs pour rendre les systèmes économiques et sociaux plus dynamiques et capables de résister aux chocs externes. Il s'agit notamment des risques liés au changement climatique, qui, au-delà de la pandémie, sont peut-être les défis les plus urgents pour la stabilité et la résilience financières.

À l’heure où beaucoup de pays entrent dans la prochaine phase de la crise du COVID-19, les gouvernements ont une chance unique de jeter les bases d’une reprise verte et inclusive.

VOIR LES 25 ACTIONS

Explorez nos ressources pour en savoir plus

De la pollution de l’air et de l’eau au climat en passant par l’agriculture et l’économie circulaire, cette collection porte sur toutes les dimensions de l’environnement, de la santé environnementale et de la durabilité. Elle rassemble des analyses et des données de l’OCDE embrassant une multitude de secteurs et d’enjeux, dont beaucoup donnent lieu à des remises en question dans le contexte de la crise du COVID‑19.

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01/04/2021
Paper
The economic and environmental benefits from international co-ordination on carbon pricing
This paper assesses quantitative estimates based on economic modelling studies of the economic and environmental benefits from different forms of international co-ordination on carbon pricing. Forms of international co-ordination include: harmonising carbon prices (e.g. through linking carbon markets), extending the coverage of pricing schemes, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, developing international sectoral agreements, and establishing co-ordination mechanisms to mitigate carbon leakage. All forms of international co-operation on carbon pricing can deliver benefits, both economic (e.g. lower mitigation costs) and/or environmental (e.g. reducing GHG emissions and carbon leakage). Benefits tend to be higher with broader participation of countries, broader coverage of emissions and sectors and more ambitious policy goals. Most, but not all, countries gain economic benefits from international co-operation, and these benefits vary significantly across countries and regions. Complementary measures outside co-operation on carbon pricing (e.g. technology transfers) could ensure that co-operation provides economic benefits for all countries.
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24/03/2021
Report
Water Governance in African Cities
The COVID-19 pandemic has acted as a magnifying glass on pressing water and sanitation challenges in African cities, stressing and widening inequalities, especially for the 56% of the urban population living in informal settlements, lacking basic handwashing facilities, and relying on public water points and shared toilets. Before the pandemic, African countries and cities were already facing mounting water challenges with, in Sub-Saharan Africa only, 418 million people lacking basic access to water supply and 717 million to sanitation, in addition to concomitant floods, droughts and pollution issues. Megatrends related to climate change, urbanisation and population growth add more pressure on water resources and require urgent attention for African cities to cope with future water challenges. Building on a Survey on Water Governance across 36 cities of all size in Africa, this report provides a regional overview of the allocation of roles and responsibilities for water management, the existence and implementation of institutional, policy and regulatory frameworks, as well as the critical governance gaps that need to be bridged in order to boost city government capacity to drive water security in the continent.
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22/03/2021
Report
Toolkit for Water Policies and Governance
The Toolkit for Water Policies and Governance compiles policies, governance arrangements and related tools that facilitate the design and implementation of water management practices in line with the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. It is designed to inspire and support countries which have either adhered to, are considering adhering to, or aim to converge towards the OECD standard.The Recommendation was unanimously adopted by the OECD Council in December 2016. The adoption marked the outcome of a two-year consultation process with delegates from ministries active in the fields of agriculture, development assistance, environment, public governance, regional development, and regulatory policy, as well as with relevant stakeholders (the business sector, trade unions, environmental organisations) and the OECD Water Governance Initiative.The Recommendation puts forward an international standard with high-level policy guidance on a range of topics relevant for the management of water resources and delivery of water services. The areas covered include managing water quantity, water risks and disasters, improving water quality, ensuring good water governance as well as sustainable finance, investment and pricing for water services.The practices reported in the toolkit have been compiled by the OECD Secretariat, in close consultation with delegates from adhering countries. Regular updates will be made available.
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18/03/2021
Paper
Monitoring, evaluation and learning for climate risk management
This working paper focuses on the role of monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) for promoting effective climate risk management. It aims to introduce a conceptual framework that governments and development co-operation providers can draw on when developing MEL frameworks for their interventions on climate risk management. The paper also presents existing methods and tools to address the technical challenges to developing such MEL frameworks. Further, it provides examples of good practice for adjusting or updating existing MEL frameworks in support of climate risk management. It contributes to the project Strengthening Climate Resilience: Guidance for Governments and Development Co-operation of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
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16/03/2021
Report
Strengthening Climate Resilience
This guidance provides a tool governments and development co-operation can draw on in their efforts to strengthen the resilience of human and natural systems to the impacts of climate change. It highlights three aspirations to consider when planning and implementing action to build climate resilience (country ownership; inclusiveness; and environmental and social sustainability). The guidance also outlines four mechanisms (governance; sector-level approaches; finance; and monitoring, evaluation and learning) and three enablers (data and information; capacity; and technologies) in support of climate resilience, proposing concrete actions in the form of checklists.
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15/03/2021
Paper
The inequalities-environment nexus
The COVID-19 crisis has amplified the urgency of addressing together the dual challenges of inequality and environmental degradation. This paper contributes to the debate on the inequalities-environment nexus by analysing the consequences of the environmental degradation and of environmental policies on four well-being dimensions: health, income and wealth, work and job quality, and safety. The analysis shows that the impacts of environmental degradation tends to be concentrated among vulnerable groups and households. At the same, the benefits and costs of environmental policies are also likely to be unevenly distributed across households. In this context, policy packages for an inclusive green transition should aim at: (i) mitigating the possible regressive impact of pricing environmental externalities, (ii) investing in human capital and upgrading skills to facilitate labour reallocation, (iii) addressing systemic inequalities with sectoral and place-based policies, (iv) ensuring efficient and responsive governance. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for an effective framework to measure progress towards a people-centred green recovery, and possible areas of future work.
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04/03/2021
Blog article
Let’s choose to challenge the climate crisis with a gender lens
Sigita Strumskyte, Dimitra Xynou, Amelia Smith and Shanda Moorghen from the OECD Environment Directorate discuss the climate crisis with a gender lens in the context of the International Women’s Day. This year, it is being celebrated amidst dual health and environmental crises that have economic ramifications for all, but whose interconnected impacts risk undermining recent progress towards gender equality.
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17/02/2021
Blog article
Why should developing countries implement carbon pricing when even advanced economies fall woefully short?
Jonas Teusch and Konstantinos Theodoropoulos discuss taxing energy use for sustainable development. Why should low-income countries implement carbon pricing policies to reduce carbon emissions when the world’s most advanced economies are falling woefully short of the prices needed to reach the objectives of the Paris Agreement?
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17/02/2021
Policy response
COVID-19 and greening the economies of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia
As in many countries, the economies of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) have been negatively affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Their governments responded by addressing the health impacts and providing relief to affected businesses and workers. Many EECCA countries have also implemented measures that will help advance environmental objectives as part of their rescue and recovery plans. Nevertheless, much more needs to be done to ensure that recovery plans accelerate a green transition, thereby building resilience against external shocks. This policy paper analyses measures related to COVID-19 in 11 EECCA countries based on their potential to advance the transition to a greener, climate-resilient and low-carbon economy. Recommendations suggest ways to ensure that governments align efforts to support economic recovery with their objectives on climate change, biodiversity and wider environmental protection.
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13/02/2021
Report
Green Budget Tagging
Green budget tagging can be a useful tool in an overall approach to green budgeting. This introductory guidance was developed by the OECD under the Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting in collaboration with institutional partners working under Helsinki Principle 4 of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action (IADB, IMF, UNDP, World Bank) and draws lessons from existing country practices. It was informed by a series of round-table events with countries implementing green budget tagging. The document aims to provide high-level guidance in relation to designing, implementing and improving green budget tagging.
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25/01/2021
Blog article
2021: Adaptation comes to the fore
Catherine Gamper and Nicolina Lamhauge from the OECD Environment Directorate discuss how governments are responding to the simultaneous health emergency and economic crisis as well as the failure to prepare for what has been a well-known (pandemic) risk for many years. With other looming global challenges, climate change is to be taken seriously.
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11/01/2021
Report
Making Better Policies for Food Systems
Food systems around the world face a triple challenge: providing food security and nutrition for a growing global population; supporting livelihoods for those working along the food supply chain; and contributing to environmental sustainability. Better policies hold tremendous promise for making progress in these domains. This report focuses on three questions. What has been the performance of food systems to date, and what role did policies play? How can policy makers design coherent policies across the triple challenge? And how can policy makers deal with frictions related to facts, interests, and values, which often complicate the task of achieving better policies? Better policies will require breaking down silos between agriculture, health, and environmental policies, and overcoming knowledge gaps, resistance from interest groups, and differing values. Robust, inclusive, evidence-based processes are thus essential to making better policies for food systems.
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23/12/2020
Blog article
Securing natural capital on land
Kumi Kitamori and Shanda Moorghen from the Environment Directorate discuss how the continued pressures on land, and the ecosystem services such as water retention, carbon storage, soil health and all living organisms that it supports, are bound to bring about biodiversity loss and climate change.
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18/12/2020
Paper
Addressing the COVID-19 and climate crises
This paper provides decision-makers with a framework for prioritising different economic, social and environmental goals and analysing the options available to achieve them. To this end, it develops three stylised COVID-19 recovery pathways (“Rebound”, “Decoupling” and “Wider well-being”) that differ in the extent to which they encompass greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and the integration of mitigation and wider well-being outcomes or, broadly equivalently, SDGs. A number of real-world examples of COVID-19 recovery measures in the surface transport and residential sectors were identified, and the paper maps these measures onto these three stylised pathways. The paper finds a wide divergence in the environmental and social impacts of COVID-19 recovery measures developed to date, with several countries putting in place measures that correspond to all three pathways. The nature and pace of economic recovery in different countries and in aggregate will have important implications for existing, updated and new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, and the paper also highlights the possible impact of the COVID-19 recovery measures being put in place on NDCs– including on the ambition of both current and future NDCs. The paper concludes that it will be important for governments to improve their understanding of the impact of their recovery measures across multiple policy dimensions (economic, social, environmental) as well as across different time periods (short and long-term) and spatial scales.
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16/12/2020
Report
Blended Finance in the Least Developed Countries 2020
The least developed countries (LDCs) are the furthest from achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They are also likely to be hit the hardest by the COVID-19 crisis and badly need the additional private finance that blended finance can unlock. Yet evidence shows that too little private finance is mobilised for investment in LDCs. How can this be fixed?The Blended Finance in the Least Developed Countries 2020 report is the third edition and second joint UNCDF-OECD report. It builds on UNCDF research and transactional experience, OECD data and analysis on private finance mobilized by official development finance, and a series consultations with and contributions by blended finance experts, LDC governments, UN missions, donors, civil society and research institutions. The report provides an update on the deployment of blended finance in LDCs. It also analyses its potential role in helping those countries recover from the COVID-19 crisis, and provides an Action Agenda for unlocking capital for the achievement of the SDGs in LDCs, as called for in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda.
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11/12/2020
Report
Improving Transport Planning for Accessible Cities
Cities are places of opportunity. They provide not just jobs but a whole range of public, cultural, social and consumption amenities. Transport is what connects people to these opportunities and cities provide access with varying degrees of success – especially when it comes to modes of transport that favour a green transition. This report argues that building sustainable transport networks for accessible cities requires a holistic planning approach, a sound institutional framework, reliable sources of funding, strong governmental capacity, and should build on community engagement. Urban accessibility requires coherent allocation of responsibilities across levels of government to support strategic planning. The report proposes concrete actions that cities can take to adapt their institutional framework, to improve transport planning and ensure they have access to sustainable sources of funding to implement their plans.
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11/12/2020
Statement
The Paris Agreement 5 years on: Taking stock and looking forward
When world leaders gathered in Paris in 2015, they succeeded in agreeing a comprehensive, ambitious and universal global agreement on climate change. But temperatures are hitting record levels and many developing countries have been hit by devastating cyclones this year. We are sleepwalking into a catastrophe if we let climate change rise unchecked.
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10/12/2020
Report
OECD Review of Fisheries 2020
The OECD Review of Fisheries 2020 aims to support policy makers and sector stakeholders in their efforts to deliver sustainable and resilient fisheries that can provide jobs, food, and livelihoods for future generations. The Review updates and analyses the OECD fisheries support estimate (FSE) database, the most comprehensive, detailed, and consistent collection of country level data on governments support to fisheries. It also presents and analyses newly-assembled data on the health of fish stocks; on the management of key stocks of commercial interest; and on the governance of fisheries across OECD countries and emerging economies with large fishing sectors. The report sheds light on how governments are managing fisheries to minimise detrimental impacts on resources and ecosystems, eliminate illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing, while increasing the socio-economic benefits from fishing. It suggests priorities for action both at the national level and for the international community.
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07/12/2020
Report
Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport
Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.
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02/12/2020
Blog article
Is the COVID-19 crisis spurring a transition to net-zero emissions in the oil and gas sector?
Almost all economic sectors have suffered due to the evolving COVID-19 crisis. For the oil and gas industry, already battered on one side by low prices due to an oil price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia, and on the other by the push to decarbonise the global economy, the crisis hit at an especially challenging time.Nevertheless, an increasing number of international oil and gas companies have set out seemingly ambitious goals to transition to “net-zero” carbon emissions by 2050.
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