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With tightening public finances, land value capture (LVC) can be an attractive fiscal tool to finance ever-increasing demands for transport infrastructure. This paper begins by discussing the principles of LVC and individual LVC instruments in the context of infrastructure provision, with a focus on the opportunities and challenges for LVC implementation. It then presents unique case studies of LVC use in France, Japan, Korea and the United Kingdom, highlighting how it was used to fund the construction of major subways and railways. Based on these case studies, the paper discusses some key insights, including how to use LVC together with expropriation, enacting enabling legal frameworks, and diversifying revenue streams. It also highlights some common considerations for successful implementation, most notably for eliciting public support, promoting transit-oriented development, and establishing fair and transparent rules for LVC.

L’intégration des migrants permet non seulement leur propre développement socio-économique mais contribue aussi au développement et à la résilience des régions qui les accueillent. Or, l’intégration locale résulte de différentes politiques conçues et mises en œuvres par différents acteurs à différents niveaux de gouvernement. Une première étape pour améliorer l’intégration est donc de savoir « qui fait quoi ». L’OCDE s’est attachée à répondre à cette question en proposant un outil matriciel permettant de comparer l’allocation des compétences dans les domaines de l’emploi, de l’éducation, du logement, de l’aide sociale et de la santé dans dix pays de l’OCDE - Allemagne, Autriche, Canada, Espagne, France, Irlande, Italie, Nouvelle-Zélande, Pays-Bas et Suède. Les messages clés de ce travail sont présentés en première partie de ce document. Ils soulignent la grande complexité de l’action publique et la nécessité d’une coordination efficace entre les parties prenantes. Pour répondre à ce besoin de gouvernance pluri-niveaux et améliorer l'intégration des migrants, différents instruments politiques sont mobilisés par les pays. Les Contrats territoriaux d'accueil et d'intégration des réfugiés (CTAIR) signés en France entre l’État et des grandes villes sont ici analysés.

Increasingly, countries are recognising the contribution social enterprises make to economic and inclusive growth and sustainable development. While some form of legislation on social enterprises exists in 16 EU countries, and explicit policies or strategies to boost their development exist in the other 11 EU countries, policy makers recognise that legislation can help address current shortcomings and facilitate future social enterprise development. Based on consultations with more than 80 experts, policy makers and stakeholders from 10 European countries, this manual explains the rationale behind legal frameworks for social enterprises, identifies the critical factors for legal framework design and recommends actions to ensure legislation fully meets the needs of social enterprises. It lays out the fundamental steps related to the life cycle of legal frameworks and provides options that policy makers can use in the design and implementation process.

The policy paper presents the results of an OECD-European Committee of the Regions joint survey on how local and regional governments are leveraging the SDGs to shape their recovery strategies from the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings underline a solid engagement of local and regional governments in the implementation of the SDGs through actions ranging from measurement systems to track progress, awareness raising and dedicated strategies to multi-level co-operation, and a promising uptake of the SDGs as a guiding framework for place-based recovery. Yet, the survey reveals that more efforts are needed to engage local and regional governments in Voluntary National Reviews, address funding gaps caused by the pandemic and strengthen human and technical capacities. The results of the survey also show that local and regional governments could further harness the SDGs to develop holistic recovery strategies that address pressing local sustainability priorities such as decarbonising electricity production, mitigating and adapting to climate change, accelerating digitalisation and building trust.

This publication is part of the OECD workstream on Preparing Regions for Demographic Change. It elaborates a case study for the Portuguese region of Alentejo and focuses on improving the delivery of educational services taking into account the multi-level governance context. The study highlights the need to better articulate and co-ordinate the delivery of educational services among levels of government to improve access and quality. It also sheds light on the decisive role that geography plays and the importance of adopting a spatial lens to mitigate the rising inequality present in Portugal in access to education services. Alentejo is a rural region that expects to lose 30% of its population between 2020 and 2080, hence it needs to put in place forward-looking and effective policy levers to delivery sustainable education services to citizens living in rural communities.

Ireland is at a turning point for the transition to a circular economy. The 2022 Whole of Government Circular Economy Strategy provides the policy framework for the circular economy in the country, and the forthcoming Circular Economy Bill is expected to strengthen waste and circular economy legislation. Nevertheless, with a circularity material use rate of 2% in 2020, Ireland shows significant scope for progress. The report analyses the state of play and challenges of the circular transition in Ireland and provides policy recommendations for circular economy policy across levels of government. It is the result of a two-year policy dialogue between the OECD, the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, as well as a broad range of public, private and civil society stakeholders.

The COVID-19 crisis caused profound disruptions in the global economy, with SMEs and entrepreneurs, particularly hard hit. Swift measures implemented by governments and public financial institutions provided a crucial lifeline for liquidity-strapped SMEs. The 10th edition of Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2022: An OECD Scoreboard sheds light on the impacts of the crisis on SME finance, tracking the latest developments in debt, equity, asset-based finance, and framework conditions, along with recent policy developments for 48 countries around the world. It shows that lending continued to flow to SMEs during the pandemic, with unprecedented growth in outstanding SME loans. What is more, credit conditions relaxed significantly: interest rates registered record lows, interest rate spreads narrowed considerably, and collateral requirements declined in most Scoreboard countries. In contrast, alternative sources of finance such as leasing and factoring declined significantly, in part because of the large uptake of credit. Evidence on equity finance shows a resilient venture capital sector, with some fragility in early-stage finance. The thematic chapter of this report assesses the evolution of SME financing support during the crisis, from the rescue to recovery phases. It documents a fall in the level of SME-related support in national recovery packages compared to earlier rescue measures.