Trade and Employment in Italy

International economic integration, while generating important benefits, requires a flexible and efficient social security system that assists workers displaced by external competition or other structural changes, according to this study of trade, employment and wages in Italy.

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Trade and Labour Market Outcomes in Germany

Trade has little impact on individual-level wages, according to this analysis of the link between trade and labour market outcomes (such as wages and employment) in Germany.

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Trade and Employment in Japan

This paper examines the effects of exports on employment (i.e. the number of workers), working-hours, and total worker-hours (i.e. employment times working-hours) in Japan.

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Agricultural Trade and Employment in South Africa

Agriculture continues to create jobs in rural areas of South Africa, albeit mainly in low-wage occupations, and future trade liberalisation would increase employment in the agricultural sector, according to this study.

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Trade and Occupational Employment in Mexico since NAFTA

The reduction in trade costs associated with Mexico's entry to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is related to larger employment expansions in low-skill occupations, according to this study.

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Wage Implications of Trade Liberalisation: Evidence for Effective Policy Formation

Imports tend to bring wages up for skilled workers rather than push wages down, according to this study of the relationship between wages and trade in 55 countries and 40 industries. This positive effect is evidence of the increased productivity of firms who import inputs.

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• Trade liberalisation

Trade in Tasks

Trade in tasks represents the latest turn in a virtuous cycle of deepening specialisation of labour, expansion of the market and productivity growth. This paper analyses the task content of goods and services and sheds light on structural changes that take place following trade liberalisation.

Trade in Information and Communications Technology and its Contribution to Trade and Innovation

Trade liberalisation in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector, a major contributor to innovation and productivity growth, can help foster competition and reduce prices for consumers, according to this study.

Intra-Firm Trade: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications

Offshoring by OECD-based multinationals is mainly carried out in other OECD economies and often in high-cost countries, for high-value, knowledge-intensive activities. Developing economies must try to attract these types of activities and not be confined to low-value activities.

Trade and Innovation: Pharmaceuticals

Emerging economies are increasingly important in the pharmaceutical sector as markets and as research and development (R&D) participants. Further involvement by these economies in international trade facilitating measures will help trade, innovation and globalisation of R&D.

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• Trade and Innovation: Report on the Chemicals Sector