29-July-2016
English
The present Test Guideline addresses the human health hazard endpoint skin sensitisation, following exposure to a test chemical. Skin sensitisation refers to an allergic response following skin contact with the tested chemical, as defined by the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS). This Test Guideline (TG) provides an in vitro procedure (the human cell Line Activation Test h-CLAT method) used for supporting the discrimination between skin sensitisers and non-sensitisers in accordance with the UN GHS. The h-CLAT method is proposed to address the third key event of the skin sensitisation AOP by quantifying changes in the expression of cell surface markers associated with the process of activation of monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) (i.e. CD86 and CD54), in the human monocytic leukaemia cell line THP-1, following exposure to sensitising test chemical. These surface molecules are typical markers of monocytic THP-1 activation and may mimic DC activation, which plays a critical role in T-cell priming. The changes of surface marker expression are measured by flow cytometry following cell staining with fluorochrome-tagged antibodies. The relative fluorescence intensity of surface markers compared to solvent/vehicle control are calculated and used in the prediction model, to support the discrimination between sensitisers and non-sensitisers.
21-July-2016
English
OECD Environmental Performance Reviews provide independent assessments of countries’ progress towards their environmental policy objectives. Reviews promote peer learning, enhance government accountability, and provide targeted recommendations aimed at improving environmental performance, individually and collectively. They are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data, and evidence-based analysis. Each cycle of Environmental Performance Reviews covers all OECD countries and selected partner economies.
This report is the second Environmental Performance Review of Chile. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on climate change and biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
19-July-2016
English
Israel’s growing population and rising incomes have seen consumption increase substantially, bringing with it considerable pressure on the environment. One of the main environmental pressures is from the ever-increasing transport activity, especially the use of private vehicles. Although travelling in a private vehicle brings benefits to the individual using it, this entails costs to society as a whole.
11-July-2016
English
France has improved its environmental performance over the last decade, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, reducing some air pollutants and cutting its use of fresh water. Further effort will be needed, however, to reduce pollution by nitrates and pesticides and meet ambitious renewable energy targets, according to a new OECD report.
8-July-2016
English
This database provides information on environmentally related taxes, fees and charges, tradable permit systems, deposit refund systems, environmentally motivated subsidies and voluntary approaches used in environmental policy in OECD member countries and a number of other countries. Developed in co-operation between the OECD and the European Environment Agency.
30-June-2016
English
An efficient transport sector is important for economic development and for the wellbeing of people. However, transport activities can generate various negative environmental impacts. The OECD has carried out several studies to identify instruments and other approaches for reconciling transport and environmental policies.
27-June-2016
English
This page contains a list of the Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals.
10-June-2016
English
The OECD will convene its 6th Workshop on Regional trade agreements and the environment on 10 June 2016, at the OECD Headquarters. The focus of the workshop will be on chapters of regional trade agreement (RTAs) that are concerned mainly with issues other than the environment, such as market access, investment, or government procurement, TBT, regulatory coherence or dispute settlement.
9-June-2016
English
Air pollution is a serious issue in most countries around the world and every year it causes severe damage to human health and the environment. The WHO estimates that ambient air pollution is the greatest environmental risk to health – causing more than 3 million premature deaths worldwide every year.
9-June-2016
English
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic consequences of outdoor air pollution in the coming decades, focusing on the impacts on mortality, morbidity, and changes in crop yields as caused by high concentrations of pollutants. Unless more stringent policies are adopted, findings point to a significant increase in global emissions and concentrations of air pollutants, with severe impacts on human health and the environment. The market impacts of outdoor air pollution are projected to lead to significant economic costs, which are illustrated at the regional and sectoral levels, and to substantial annual global welfare costs.