Italy has embarked on a wide-ranging strategy to restore fiscal sustainability and improve long-term growth. Combined with measures at the euro area level, these welcome actions have reduced downside risks and the economy should emerge from recession during 2013.
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Japan's key challenges are to achieve sustained growth and fiscal sustainability. The three-pronged strategy combining bold monetary policy, flexible fiscal policy and a growth strategy should be effectively implemented to realise these goals.
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China’s exceptional economic expansion has led to rising energy demand and pollution as well as other environmental pressures. Strong efforts by the government have moderated emissions of some types of air and water pollution from high levels but others, including greenhouse gas emissions, continue to rise. Poor air and water quality threaten human health, create other costs and reduce well-being.
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