Environment, conflict and peace

See below for sources referenced in the issues briefs on:
Overview of the links between the environment, conflict and peace -
land - water - valuable minerals - forests

International initiatives:

• Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights
• Kimberley Certification Process to tackle conflict diamonds
• Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative

 OECD:

• OECD Sahel and West Africa Club
  • "Land and Conflict in Mano River Countries and Cote d'Ivoire: Implications for West Africa", OECD Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC) Policy and Practice Brief (2003)
  • re Land, Agricultural Change and Conflict in West Africa: Historical review to contribute to future debate and action  - SWAC Information note 6 (June 2005) 
• “Land, Violent Conflict and Development”.  OECD Development Centre Working Paper No. 233 (2004)
• OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises - see also work on conducting business with integrity in weak governance zones.

Participant documents:

The following documents have been published by CPDC participants

: Canada

• Commerce & Conflict: Angola & DiamondWorks (2005) Country Indicators for Foreign Policy (CIFP) Project, the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University.

 European Commission:

• EU Action plan for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT)

 Germany:

• Natural Resource Management - GTZ web page with links to information and publications on (i) land and forests, (ii) water catchment areas, (iii) aquaculture and fisheries.
• see also Clearing house on environment, conflict, and cooperation

 Netherlands:

• Strategic Environmental Assessment in Post-Conflict Settings (Commission for Environmental Impact Assessment)

 Sweden: 

• Livelihood Conflicts: Linking poverty and environment as causes of conflict (2000)

 Switzerland

• Transforming War Economies - Conference report (October 2004)
• Water 2015 - Policy Principles and Strategic Guidelines for Integrated Water Resource Management (2005)

 United Kingdom:

• Tackling Illegal Logging: The UK's Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) Programme (2005)

 United States:

• The Trampled Grass: Mitigating the impacts of armed conflict on the environment (2001)
• Land and Conflict: A Toolkit for Intervention (2004)
• Minerals and Conflict: A Toolkit for Intervention (2004) 
• Conflict Timber: Dimensions of the Problem in Asia and Africa: Volume I Synthesis Report (2004)
• Forests and Conflict: A Toolkit for Intervention (2005)

 United Nations:

• UN Global Compact
• UN Environment Programme
  • Post-Conflict Assessment Unit
  • Freshwater portal
    • Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database
• United Nations Office for West Africa
• UN Habitat - Regional Office for Africa and Arab States
• Food and Agriculture Organization (2004) - re Land Tenure and Conflict Management.
• Backgrounder for International Year of Freshwater
• Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Poverty eradication & sustainable livelihoods: Focusing on artisanal mining communities (2003)

 World Bank Group:

• Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy
• Natural resources and violent conflict: options and actions (2003)
• Natural resources and civil war: An overview with some policy options (2002 paper)
• Land Sessions Translating Principles Into Action: Lessons and Challenges (2004)
• Deringer, K (2003) Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction. A World Bank Policy Research Report 
• World Bank Operational Policy 7.50 relating to water
• Forests and forestry programme

Sources referenced in the overview issues brief on environment, conflict and peace:

• Acord - Gender Sensitive Programme Design and Planning in Conflict Affected Situations
• Adelphi Research (Germany)
• African Centre for Technology Studies (Kenya)
• Center for Unconventional Security Affairs (USA)
• Clearing house on environment, conflict, and cooperation
• Environment & Development Challenges (Sweden)
• Fundación Futuro Latinoamericano (Ecuador)
• New Security Programme at Fafo Institute (Norway)
• Foundation for Environmental Security and Sustainability
• Global Witness (UK)
• Green Cross International (Switzerland)
• Institute for Environmental Security (Netherlands)
• International Alert (UK) - Conflict-Sensitive Business Practice - Guidance for Extractive Industries (2005).
• International Institute for Sustainable Development (Canada)
• OSCE Envsec Initiative - An Environment Agenda for Security and Cooperation in South Eastern Europe and Central Asia
• Partnership for African Environmental Sustainability (Uganda)
• University for Peace (Costa Rica)
• Women’s Environment and Development Organization
  • Women’s Access to Natural Resources and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (2003)
• Woodrow Wilson Centre (USA) - Environmental Change and Security Project
• World Conservation Union
• Zivile Krisenprävention - Umwelt und Ressourcen (Germany)

Sources referenced in the issues brief on land:

• CDR Associates
• Centre de Recherche en Economie du Développement
• Consultative Group On International Agricultural Research
• Global Rights
• International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
• International Land Coalition
• International Development Research Centre
• Land Tenure Centre
• Natural Resources Institute
• Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies
• Social Science Research Council
• School of Oriental and African Studies, UK
• The Terra Institute
• The North-South Institute
• GRET – Research and Technological Exchange Group

Sources referenced in the issues brief on water:

• Ashton, Peter (2000), “Southern African water conflicts: Are they inevitable or are they preventable?” in Green Cross International (Ed.): Water for peace in the Middle East and Southern Africa.
• Carius, A. Dabelko, G., Wolf, A. (2003) Water, Conflict and Co-operation
• International Water Management Institute
• Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database (2002), Atlas of international freshwater agreements. UNEP, FAO, University of Oregon.
• Wolf, Aaron T. (1999) Water and human security

Sources referenced in the issues brief on valuable minerals:

• International Alert (2005) Conflict-Sensitive Business Practice: Guidance for Extractive Industries
• International Peace Academy and FAFO ‘Economic Agendas in Armed Conflict’ project and 'Business and International Crimes’ project
• Oxfam America (2001) - Extractive Sectors and the Poor
• Mining Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) project report, Breaking New Ground
  
• Ballentine, K. and Sherman J. (eds.) (2003), Beyond Greed and Grievance: Policy Lessons from Studies in the Political Economy of Armed Conflict, International Peace Academy
• Extractive Industries Review (2003), Striking a better balance - the final report
• Renner, Michael (2002), The Anatomy of Resource Wars, Worldwatch Paper 162.
• Ross, M. (2002), Natural resources and civil war: An overview with some policy options. Draft report prepared for conference on "The Governance of Natural Resources Revenues," World Bank and the Agence Française de Développement, Paris, December,  2002.

Sources referenced in the issues brief on forests:

• Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
• Forest Integrity Network (FIN) hosted by Transparency International
• Global Forest Watch at World Resources Institute
• Global Witness
• International Alert
• Forests and the European Union Resource Network (FERN)
• Worldwatch Institute
• International Model Forest Network (IMFN) - Secretariat, International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
• Forest Trends
• FAO/RECOFTC Training Guide
• Royal Institute of International Affairs (UK) - Energy, Environment and Development Programme: website on Illegal Logging

• Baker, M., Clausen, R., Kanaan, R., N’Goma, M., Roule, T. and Thomson, J. (2003) Conflict timber: Dimensions of the problem in Asia and Africa
• Castro, A. Peter and Erik Nielsen (2003): Natural resource conflict management case studies: An analysis of power, participation and protected areas. Food and Agriculture Organization.
• Centre for International Forestry Research (2003) Fact sheets: Forest and conflict.
• European Tropical Forest Research Network (2005) Special issue newsletter on forests and conflict