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OECD has published several titles on managing disasters:
Large-Scale Disasters: Lessons Learned
Recent years have witnessed a succession of large-scale disasters that have taken a massive toll in human lives, wealth and property. They have disrupted vital systems such as transport and energy supplies, spilled over into neighboring but also quite distant regions, generated widespread anxiety, and in some cases created deep-seated public mistrust of governments' ability to protect their citizens.
This book is based on a report prepared between May and July 2003 by a multi-disciplinary team of experts from inside and outside of the OECD. It examines the economic and social impacts of past large-scale disasters, and draws a number of key lessons for the future. Its focus is on better prevention of disasters, and on restoring trust and securing recovery in their aftermath.
Table of Contents
Introduction by Michael Oborne
Chapter 1. Lessons Learned by Reza Lahidji
Chapter 2. Key Issues
-1. Economic Recovery from Past by Patrick Lenain
-2. Budgetary Impact by Patrick Lenain
-3. Impact on Insurance and Financial Markets by Sebastian Schich
-4. An Insurance Perspective on Disaster Management by Cecile Vignial-Demain
-5. Compensation Issues by Cecile Vignial-Demain
-6. Housing and Reconstruction by Josef Konvitz
-7. Lessons Learned from Nuclear Accidents by Edward Lazo
Chapter 3. Case Study. The 1999 Marmara Earthquakes in Turkey
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Catastrophic Risks and Insurance
Recent years have seen the emergence, on a world-wide basis, of risks of potentially catastrophic magnitude. This phenomenon concerns several types of risks originating from natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, droughts and landslides but also from industrial and technological risks, such as those that stem from the use of nuclear energy, which result from human actions.
Both frequency and the magnitude of the losses stemming from such disasters have increased since the late 1980’s and there are strong grounds to expect this trend to continue. The losses involved in such catastrophes pose a serious concern and challenge to governments, policymakers and a wide range of private sector specialists, including insurers and reinsurers worldwide.
These events have reinforced the recognition among OECD member governments that risks associated with large-scale disasters have the potential for inflicting considerable damage to the vital systems and infrastructures which our societies and economies depend upon. The fundamental question in this regard is whether the insurance and reinsurance industries alone can continue to cope with such large amounts of losses at very short notice and will be prepared to do so in particular in emerging economies.
This book presents a synthesis of the various alternatives to best handle the losses caused by these large-scale catastophes which were exposed and discussed during the high-level OECD Conference on catastrophic risks and insurnace held at OECD headquarters, Paris on 22-23 November 2004 and sponsored by the Japanese Government.
Table of Contents
Part I. Insurability of Catastrophic Risks
Chapter 1. Some Aspects of the Economics of Catastrophic Risk Insurance by Christian Gollier
Chapter 2. Industrial, Technological and Other Catastrophes by Christian Lhanstein
Chapter 3. Recent Trends in the Catastrophic Risk Insurance/Reinsurance Market by Patrick Murphy O'Connor
Chapter 4. Insurance of Atmospheric Perils - Challenges Ahead by Peter Zimmerli
Chapter 5. National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism Losses by Lloyd Dixon and Robert Reville
Chapter 6. Current State of the Coverage for War and Terrorism Risks in the Aviation Sector by Eugene Hoeven
Chapter 7. Terrorism Insurance: An Overview of the Private Market by Ben Garston
Part II. Financial Markets Solutions to Manage Catastrophic Risks
Chapter 8. Current Challenges in the Securitization of Terrorism Risk by Gordon Woo
Chapter 9. Financing Disaster Risks in Developing and Emerging Economy Countries by Reinhard Mechler
Chapter 10. The Potential for New Derivatives Instruments to Cover Terrorism Risks by Michele David
Chapter 11. Catastrophic Risk Securitization: Moody's Perspective by Rodrigo Araya
Part III. Role of Government and Public-Private Partnerships for Catastrophic Risks Management
Chaper 12. Comparative Analysis of Large Scale Catastrophic Compensation Schemes by Paul K. Freeman and Kathryn Scott
Chapter 13. Rapid Onset Natural Disasters: The Role of Risk Financing in Effective Catastrophic Risk Management by Eugene Gurenko and Rodney Lester
Chapter 14. Designing a Disaster Insurance Pool: Participatory and Expert Approaches in Hungary and Turkey
Chapter 15. The French Experience in the Management and Compensation of Large Scale Disasters by Suzanne Vallet
Chapter 16. Disaster Risk Management in Japan by Non-Life Insurance Rating Organisation and K. Kawachimaru
Chapter 17. Natural Disasters Fund (FONDEN) by Carlos Bayo Martinez
Chapter 18. The Spanish Experience in the Management of Extraordinary Risks, Including Terrorism by Ignacio Machetti
Chapter 19. The Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) and Compulsory Earthquake Insurance Scheme by s. Yazici
Chapter 20. Natural Disasters and Disaster Relief Policy in China by Y Zheng and J. Mu
Chapter 21. Disaster Management in India by D. Madan
Chapter 22. Management of Extraordinary Risks, Including Terrorism, in India: Achievements and Prospects by C. S. Rao
Chapter 23. Earthquake Risk Management Policy in Indonesia by Werner G. Bugl
Chapter 24. Disaster Risk Management Policy in the Philippines by Ronald I. Flores
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Terrorism Risk Insurance in OECD Countries
Who should compensate the losses stemming from new forms of terrorism? To what extent and under what conditions can insurers and reinsurers continue to cover this exposure? Could financial markets provide additional capacity? Should governments be called upon to participate in the financial coverage of terrorism risk?
Answers to these questions have gradually emerged in OECD countries since the 11 September 2001 attacks and are continuing to take shape. Several years after these events, and while the renewal of government-backed terrorism compensation schemes is being discussed in some of its member countries, the OECD reviews market evolutions and existing national arrangements to cover terrorism exposures. It also draws attention to several questions and concerns that remain unanswered.
This book presents OECD policy conclusions and leading academic analysis on the financial management of terrorism risk nearly four years after the World Trade Centre attacks. It examines how the insurance market reacted after the 9/11 attacks, financial market solutions for terrorism risk, and possible roles for governments in the coverage of terrorism risk. It includes a table comparing terrorism insurance schemes in various OECD countries as well as an analysis of terrorism coverage experience in South Africa, Israel, and India.
Table of Contents
Part I. Summary of Conclusions and Policy Options
-1. The New Terrorism Threat: A Major Challenge to the Insurance World
-2. Towards Sustainable Policy Options to Cover Unpredictable Terrorism Risks
Part II. Policy Issues
-Chapter 1. Insurability of Terrorism risk
-Chapter 2. Financial Market Solutions for Terrorism Risk
-Chapter 3. Possible Role of Government in the Coverage of Terrorism Risk
-Chapter 4. Compensation of Mega-Terrorism Risk
-Chapter 5. Terrorism Insurance Schemes in OECD Countries 2005 (Comparative Tables)
Part III. Reports by the Experts to the OECD Task Force on Terrorism Insurance
-Chapter 6. Insurability of Mega-Terrorism Risk: Challenges and Perspectives by H. Kunreuther and E. Michel-Kerjan
-Chapter 7. International Financing Solutions to Terrorism Risk Exposures by T. J. Andersen
-Chapter 8. The Role of Government in the Coverage of Terrorism Risk by D. Jaffee
-Chapter 9. The Coverage of Terrorism Risks at National Level by J. Cooke
Annex: Terrorism Coverage in Selected Non-Member Countries (South Africa, Israel, India) by A. Monti
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Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes
Earthquake-prone communities need earthquake-resistant schools. In 2002, a primary school in San Giuliano, Italy, collapsed killing 29 children and one teacher. In May 2003, a medium-sized earthquake in the city of Bingöl, Turkey, caused the collapse of three new schools and a dormitory, killing many children as they slept. All too frequently, earthquakes cause the collapse of school buildings and the injury and death of staff and students. Further, when schools are closed because of earthquake damage, education is hampered, community life disrupted, and potential emergency shelters unavailable. Where school attendance is compulsory, communities have an obligation to provide a safe study and work environment.
Why do schools collapse even during moderate earthquakes? Experts agree that many collapse due to avoidable errors in design and construction. Often, the needed technology is not applied and laws and regulations are not sufficiently enforced. Application of existing knowledge can significantly lower the seismic risk of schools and help prevent further injury and death of school occupants during earthquakes. Moreover, this can be accomplished at reasonable cost and within a reasonable period.
Table of Contents
Preface by Richard Yelland and Brian Tucker
Executive Summary
Reader's Guide
Introduction: Acknowledging the Importance of Improving Earthquake Safety in Schools by Hannah von Ahlefeld
Part I. Recognising the Obstacles to Improving the Seismic Safety of Schools
1. Earthquake Vulnerability of School Buildings in Algeria by Fouad Bendimerad
2. Learning about Seismic Safety of Schools from Community Experience in Berkeley, California by Arrietta Chakos
3. Seismic Safety of Schools in Italy by Mauro Dolce
4. Obstacles to Improving Seismic Safety of School Buildings in Turkey by Polat Gulkan
5. Seismic Risk in Schools: The Venezuelan Project by Oscar A. Lopez, Julio J. Hernandez, Gianina Del Re, Jose Puig, and Magnolia Santamaria
6. Towards Effective Mitigation and Emergency Response in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by Zoran Milutinovic and Jean-Pierre Massue
7. Making Schools Safer: The New Zealand Experience by Brian Mitchell
8. Damage in Schools in the 1998 Faial Earthquake in the Azores Islands, Portugal by Jorge Miguel Proenca
9. Earthquakes and Educational Infrastructure Policy in Mexico by Jaime de la Garza Reyna
Part II. Defiing Seismic Safety Principles for Schools
10. Fundamental Concepts and Principles for Assuring Acceptable Performance of Schols and the Education System by Dennis Bellet
Part III. Assessing Vulnerability and Risks to Schools and Other Public Buildings
11. Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule: Measuring the Community's Commitment to Adopting and Enforcing Building Codes by Dennis Gage
12. Translating Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Measures from One Country to Another: A Case Study by Christopher Rojahn
13. Seismic Risk Mitigation Practices in School Buildings in Istanbul Turkey by Ozal Yuzugullu, Gulay Barbarosoglu and Mustafa Erdik
Part IV. Identifying Strategies and Programmes for Improving Seismic Safety
14. A Brief Review of School Typologies in Italy: Specific Vulnerability and Possible Strategies for Seimsic Tetrofitting by Nicola Cosentino, Giovanni Manieri, and Andrea Benedetti
15. Implementing School Seismic Safety Programmes in Developing Countries by Sudhir K. Jain
16. Supporting Local Seismic Experts: Experiences in Nepal and India by Richard Sharpe
17. Evaluating Earthquake Retrofitting Measures for Schools: A Cost-Benefit analysis by A. W. Smith, G. Deodatis, G. Franco, Y. He and T. Gurvich
18. Strengthening School Buildings to Resist Earthquakes: Progress in European Countries by Robin Spence
Part V. Taking an Initial Step Towards Improving Earthquake Safety in Schools: Ad Hoc Experts Group Report on Earthquake Safety in Schools
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