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Contact person: Yoon-Jong Kim |
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Email: yoon-jong.kim@oecd.org |
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Tel : |
(33-1) 45 24 95 27 |
Fax : |
(33-1) 45 24 18 90 |
DEFINITIONS
AND SOURCES
Country Total Support Estimate (TSE) and derived indicators in Table 1 cover all agricultural production, i.e. all agricultural commodities produced in the country. Definitions of basic data sets refer to the specific name of the programmes. For the Producer Support Estimates (PSE) and Consumer Support Estimates (CSE), the description of policy measures indicates the commodities covered by the measures, as well as the method of allocation of the corresponding transfers among commodities. "MPS commodities", which vary across countries, are those for which market price support is explicitly calculated in Table 2.
Market Price Support (MPS) and Consumer Support Estimates (CSE) by commodity in Table 2 are calculated for the following commodities: wheat, maize, barley, oats, milk, beef and veal, pigmeat, poultry meat, sheep meat, wool, and eggs. Definitions are provided only for basic data sets from which all the other data sets in this table are derived, following the formula indicated in each commodity table. Specific sources are indicated in square brackets.
Producer Support Estimates (PSE) by commodity in Table 3 are calculated only for the commodities produced in the country within a common set of commodities (wheat, maize, barley, oats, rice, soybeans, sunflower, rapeseed, sugar, milk, beef and veal, pigmeat, poultry meat, sheep meat, wool, and eggs), provided that the value of production of that commodity exceeds 1 per cent of the total value of production in the country concerned. All data sets in the calculation of PSE by commodity come from Tables 1 and 2 where definitions are included.
Definitions of the indicators, criteria of classification of
programmes included, and methods of calculation can be seen in OECD, Methodology
for the measurement of support and use in policy evaluation [http://www.oecd.org/agr/policy].
Conversion factors:
Milk tonnes = thousand litres / 1.031
Eggs tonnes = million dozen x 12 (eggs) x 58.5 (grams per egg)
Sheep tonnes = number exported live x 0.020
Wool cons. tonnes = clean wool consumed x 1.33
Crop years:
Marketing years: Vary according to livestock products. The following examples are referred to as "1986":
milk:
beef and veal, pigmeat, poultrymeat,
sheepmeat:
wool:
eggs:
Abbreviations:
MAF New Zealand, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
MISA Meat Income Stabilization Account [no longer exist]
NZDS New Zealand Department of Statistics [now
SNZ: Statistics New Zealand]
NZMPB New Zealand Meat Producers Board [no longer exists]
SONZA(F) Situation and Outlook for
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
Table 1.
Definitions:
I. Total value of production (at farm gate): Total agricultural production valued at farm gate prices, i.e. value (at farm gate) of all agricultural commodities produced in the country [1].
1. Of which share of MPS commodities (%): Share of commodities for which MPS is explicitly calculated (in Table 2) in the total value of agricultural production.
II. Total value of consumption (at farm gate): Consumption of all commodities domestically produced valued at farm gate prices, and estimated by increasing the value of consumption (at farm gate) of the MPS commodities according to their share in the total value of agricultural production [(II.1) / (I.1) x100].
1. Of which MPS commodities: Sum of the value of consumption (at farm gate prices) of the MPS commodities as indicated in Table 2.
III.1 Producer Support Estimate (PSE): Associated with total agricultural production, i.e. for all commodities domestically produced [Sum of A to H; when negative, the amounts represent an implicit or explicit tax on producers].
A. Market Price Support: On quantities domestically produced (excluding for on-farm feed use -- excess feed cost) of all agricultural commodities, estimated by increasing the MPS for the MPS commodities according to their share in the total value of agricultural production [(A.1) / (I.1) x 100].
1. Of which MPS commodities: Sum of the MPS (net of price levies and excess feed cost) for the MPS commodities as calculated in Table 2.
B. Payments based on output
1. Based on unlimited output
Reserve bank interest concessions (up
to 1986): Interest concession on the annual
average balance of the Meat Income Stabilization Account (MISA) and of the
New Zealand Dairy Board’s account, used for its price smoothing scheme
(the Dairy Industry Reserve Account) at the Reserve Bank of New Zealand;
calculated as the difference between the interest charged (received) on the
account when in deficit (surplus) and the interest that would have been charged
(received) had a market rate of interest been applied. Hence, when the annual
average balance was negative, a positive number (subsidy) was entered in the
table and when positive, a negative number (tax) was entered. This scheme was
removed in 1986.
2. Based on limited output
One-off transitional payment: Of NZ$ 25/tonne announced after the harvest and granted to all wheat sold for the 1986/87 harvest.
C. Payments based on area
planted/animal numbers
1. Based on unlimited area or animal
numbers
2. Based on limited area or animal
numbers
D. Payments based on historical
entitlements
1. Based on historical
plantings/animal numbers or production
2. Based on historical support
programmes
Producer board debt write-off: Budgetary expenditure on debt write-off by sheepmeat
and beef producer boards. [This scheme was removed in
1986.]
E. Payments based on input use
1. Based on use of variable inputs
Fuel payment: Value of the exemption on the proportion of the Motor Spirits Duty
paid to the National Roads Fund, allocated 50 per cent to cereal production and
50 per cent to livestock according to their share in the value of
production of this group of commodities. [This scheme was removed in 1986.]
Agricultural pest
control: Budgetary expenditures
for rabbits control and grants to pest destruction boards for carrying out pest
eradication as well as operating costs of the Agricultural Destruction Council
[terminated in 1992/93]. Pest management: (From 1994) Budgetary expenditure
allocated by MAF for control of tuberculosis vectors (primarily possums) and
also by Regional Councils for control of animal and plant pests (to protect
health and life of agricultural plants and livestock, plus native flora and
fauna). Allocated to all commodities according to their share
in the total value of production.
Noxious weeds
eradication: (up to 1989/91) Budgetary expenditure on the control of noxious seeds,
including payments for employment of Noxious Plants Officers, for the Nassella Tussock Boards, for the eradication of Australian
Sedge and the noxious plant control scheme. The scheme was discontinued in February 1985
but payments continued to be made through 1991/92. Allocated
to all commodities according to their share in the total value of production.
Animal health
division (disease control) (up to 1989/90): Budgetary expenditure on
programmes to safeguard the health of New Zealand’s agricultural animal
population, namely export quality assurance for live animals, promotion on
animal health and the reduction of production limiting diseases, disease
surveillance and disease eradication. Allocated to livestock according to share
in production.
Labour payment: Budgetary expenditure covering part of wages for a maximum period of twenty-six weeks for workers employed under the Job Opportunity Scheme, terminated in 1986; allocated to sheepmeat, wool, beef and milk.
Fertiliser payment: Budgetary expenditure to the fertiliser industry to cover costs associated with reduced prices paid by farmers, terminated on 30 June 1986; allocated to all commodities according to their share in the value of production.
2. Based on use of on-farm services
Extension: Budgetary expenditure on the Advisory and Services Division of MAF allocated to all commodities according to their share in the total value of production. [These services were privatised in 1992.]
3. Based on use of fixed inputs
Capital grants: Budgetary expenditure under the Livestock Incentive
Scheme (LIS) and the Land Development and Encouragement Loan
Scheme (LDELS) on payments to farmers as "an incentive to the
improvement of reverted or under-utilized land". Allocated
to commodities according to their shares in LIS and LDEL loans. [This scheme was removed in 1993.]
Interest concessions: Provided by the Rural Banking and Finance Corporation, the
Department of Maori Affairs and the Department of Lands and Survey. Total value calculated as the difference between the market rate
and the subsidized rate paid by the farmers, multiplied by the value of
outstanding loans to purchase fixed inputs. Not applicable since 1990/91. Allocated to beef and sheepmeat according
to their relative values of production. [This
scheme was removed in 1991.]
F. Payments based on input constraints
1. Based on constraints on variable
inputs
2. Based on constraints on fixed
inputs
3. Based on constraints on a set of
inputs
G. Payments based on overall farming
income
1. Based on farm income level
Climatic disaster
relief scheme: Formerly
budgetary expenditure on interest concessions by the Rural Banking and Finance
Corporation (RBFC) on loans to farmers for restoring boundary fences and stock
water supplies due to adverse climatic conditions and payments related to hail
damage for horticultural crops. [The RBFC no longer exists.] Now budgetary expenditure through MAF to
assist with recovery in the aftermath of large-scale climatic disasters that are beyond the ability of a region or community to
manage. Allocated to livestock products, crops and
horticulture according to their share in total value of production.
2. Based on established minimum
income
H. Miscellaneous payments
1. National payments
2. Sub-national payments
III.2 Percentage PSE [(III.1) / ((I) + (Sum of B to H)) x 100]
III.3 Producer NPC: For all agricultural commodities the Producer NPC
is estimated as a weighted average of the producer NPC calculated for the
individual MPS commodities and shown in Table 2. For each commodity
Producer NPC = [domestic price received by producers (at the farm gate) +
unit payments based on output] / border price (also at the farm gate).
III.4 Producer NAC [1 / (100 - (III.2)) x 100]
IV. General Services Support Estimate
(GSSE): Total budgetary expenditure
to support general services provided to agriculture [Sum of I to
O] .
I. Research and development
Budgetary expenditure by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Department of Lands and Survey up to 1988/89. From 1990 onward, budgetary expenditure provided through the Public Good Science Fund (PGSF), administered by the Foundation of Science, Research and Technology (FRST).
From 2001, Sustainable
Farming Fund (SFF) has been provided in order to help rural communities in the
sustainable use of land-based resources. Eligible projects are those of up to
three years’ duration that help with the transfer of the information and
technology from experts into the hands of the wider community
J. Agricultural
schools
Budgetary expenditure on agricultural education by the Tertiary Education Commission (TEC) to Industry Training Organizations. [No data available up to 1995].
K. Inspection services
Meat and dairy inspection programme: Until mid-1990s, budgetary
expenditure for the control of hygiene standards and grading; replaced,
in 1990, by a Quality Assurance programme for inspection, laboratory
analysis, audit and certification; plus costs of seed certification for wheat
and coarse grains.
Regulatory system (primary processing): From
mid-1990s, budgetary expenditure on regulatory programme for animal products,
dairy products, agricultural compounds and veterinary medicines (includes
standard setting, programme development, systems audit, verification, and
enforcement).
Agricultural quarantine service: Until mid-1990s, budgetary
expenditure on the control of agricultural products’ entry into the country.
Regulatory system (biosecurity): From mid-1990s,
budgetary expenditure on all aspects of the biosecurity
system relevant to agricultural production (includes standard setting,
operational systems, accreditation, official assurances, border clearances,
surveillance programmes, and response activities).
L. Infrastructure
Community irrigation schemes: (since 1990/91) Budgetary expenditures under the community
irrigation scheme covering the operation and maintenance of the Crown’s
existing irrigation schemes until they are sold to private buyers, the cost of
the sale of irrigation assets.
Soil conservation: Since 1994,
budgetary expenditures by Regional Councils on cost-share programmes to
encourage best land management practices, e.g. prevention of erosion.
Flood control and land
drainage: Since 1994, budgetary expenditures by Regional
Councils to support initial construction of flood
protection and land drainage schemes to reduce the effects of flooding on life
and property.
East Coast Forestry Project: Since 1994, 50% of
budgetary expenditures on grants and administration of the Project, which
provides for erosion control treatments on the worst areas of severely eroding
land within the East Coast District.
M. Marketing and promotion
N. Public stockholding
O. Miscellaneous
1. National expenditure
Sustainable Management Fund grants:
Grants provided by the Ministry for the Environment
for sustainable resource management (includes only those grants that have some
potential to improve agricultural production).
2. Sub-national expenditure
V.1 Consumer Support Estimate (CSE): Associated with agricultural production, i.e. for the quantities of commodities domestically produced, excluding the quantities used on-farm as feed -- excess feed cost. [Sum of P to S; when negative, the amounts represent an implicit tax on consumers].
P. Transfers to producers from consumers: Associated with market price support on all domestically produced commodities, estimated by increasing the transfers calculated for the MPS commodities according to their share in the total value of production [(P.1) / (I.1) x 100].
1. Of which MPS commodities: Sum of the values of transfers from consumers to producers associated with market price support for the MPS commodities as calculated in Table 2.
Q. Other transfers from consumers: Transfers to the budget associated with market price support on the quantities imported of domestically produced commodities, estimated by increasing the transfers calculated for the MPS commodities according to their share in the total value of production [(Q.1) / (I.1) x 100].
1. Of which MPS commodities: Sum of the transfers to the budget associated with market price support on the quantities imported of the MPS commodities as calculated in Table 2.
R. Transfers to consumers from
taxpayers
S. Excess Feed Cost: Associated with market price support on quantities domestically produced and used on-farm as feed as calculated in Table 2.
V.2 Percentage
CSE [(V.1) / ((II) - (R)) x 100]
V.3 Consumer NPC: For all agricultural commodities the Consumer NPC
is estimated as a weighted average of the consumer NPC calculated for the
individual MPS commodities and shown in Table 2. For each commodity
Consumer NPC = domestic price paid by consumers (at the farm gate)/ border
price (also at the farm gate).
V.4 Consumer NAC [(1 / (100 -(V.2)) x 100]
VI. Total Support Estimate [(III.1) + (IV) + (R)] and [(T) + (U) - (V)]
T. Transfers from consumers [(P)+(Q)]
U. Transfers from taxpayers [(III.1)-(P)+(IV)+(R)]
V. Budget
revenues [(Q)]
Table 3. Producer Support Estimate by commodity
Definitions and Sources: see Tables 1 and 2 above.