Résumé

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Air service providers are still highly restricted in their ability to develop the supply of services on the basis of technological and commercial considerations. There are differences between countries and regions as to the availability of cargo-relevant traffic rights, but as a general rule, the international design by different categories of carriers. Carriers are also constrained by a range of other rules affecting operational and 'doing business opportunities'. These rules restrain their corporate and business structures, notably their ownership and control structures, the possibility to contract freely with domestic/local carriers abroad, and to diversify into complementary services such as trucking and, in certain instances, freight-forwarding, in order to develop seamless transport services for domestic and international customers. Service providers also face severe practical hindrances, including the time required for customs to clear air cargo in airports that erode the advantage of the air mode; quality and costs problems in the ground handling of their cargo and access problems to airport runways at cargo-relevant periods of the day - notably because of airport curfews and noise restrictions. Overall, the industry will have to face these problems, independent of any liberalisation in air cargo services.